PHYSICS 570 – Master's of Science Teaching “Electricity...
Transcript of PHYSICS 570 – Master's of Science Teaching “Electricity...
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PHYSICS 570 – Master's of Science Teaching
“Electricity”Lecture 10 – Current, Power, Resistance, and Ohm's Law.
Instructor – Richard [email protected]8356434
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Big ideasIf you know Voltage, Current and Resistance … you know a lot.
We know Voltage (lectures 8/9) … now we meet current and resistance.
Current is the flow of electric charge.
Electrons bump into the atoms in conductors, this atomicscale “friction”causes resistance.
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Conductors
To conduct electricity, you need a conductor.
Conductors have charges that are free to move. (They are still usually electrically neutral).
Salt water and blood are conductors.Copper is a conductor.
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IonicConductors
Salt waterIs electricallyNeutral …
The ionsCan move.
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5Why are metals conductors of electricity while most gasses, oxides and plastics are insulators?
Metals have charges that are free to move.
Insulators bind all their electrons tightly to their atoms.
You can “break down” an insulator by ripping its electrons from its atoms.
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Copper conducts electricity because its lone 4s electron is free to “wander”http://www.schoolphysics.co.uk/animations/Electric_current/index.html
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Metal wires are actually “tubes” for electrons (the internet is a series of tubes!)
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Water current is total mass that passes an observer per second.
Electrical current is charge flow rate past a fixed point.Units (C/s)
J=nm vd
I=Q t
=dQdt
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9Hydraulic Analogy
Mass of water (M) Charge (Q)
Water current Current (I = dQ/dt)(dM/dt)
Water pressure (P) Voltage (V)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydraulic_analogy
(Homework 103)
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The charge of a single electron is
The number of electrons in a coulomb is:
1.60×10−19 C
(A )1
(B)6.02×1023
(C)6.25×1018
(Homework 104)
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The charge of a single electron is
The number of electrons in a coulomb is:
1.60×10−19 C
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Wire “W” carries 1.5 Amperes. A current of one Ampere means a coulomb of electrons pass a point every second. How many electrons pass through W every second?
I=Q t
=dQdt
A 1.5
(B)1.5×10−19
(C)9×1018
D6.02×1023
(Homework 105)
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Wire “W” carries 1.5 Amperes. A current of one Ampere means a coulomb of electrons pass a point every second. How many electrons pass through W every second?
I=Q t
=dQdt
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The charge on a capacitor is givenby
What is the current after 1 second?
(A) 9 Amps(B) 7 Coulombs(C) 3 Amps(D) -9 Amps(E) 7 Amps
I=Q t
=dQdt
Q=12−4t2
+1t
Calculus Bonus Problem … (not required!)
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The charge on a capacitor is givenby
What is the current after 1 second?
I=dQdt
Q=12−4t2
+1t
Calculus Bonus Problem … (not required!)
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16Power, Current, and Voltage
The voltage coming out of a wall outlet in North America is 120 V. How much current does it take to operate a 1800 Watt hair dryer?
A 15Amps
C9×1018 Amperes
B115Amps
D1800A
P=I V
(Homework 106)
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17Power, Current, and Voltage
The voltage coming out of a wall outlet in North America is 120 V. How much current does it take to operate a 1800 Watt hair dryer?
P=I V
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18Power, Current, and Voltage
High power appliances like electric dryers often run on 240 V instead of 120 V.How much current does it take to run a 5000 W (5 kW) dryer at 240 V?What if you tried to run the dryer at 120 V?
P=I V
(Homework 107)
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19Power, Current, and Voltage
If you look at the power-brick for your laptop (or iPad) you might see that it provides 500 mA at 12 Volts.
How much power does your laptop use?
P=I V
(Homework 108)
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Power, Current, and Voltage
Voltage is Energy per unitCharge
Power is Work per unit time(or Energy expended per Unit time)
For constant voltage (e.g.Current coming from a batteryOr an electric outlet)
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Power, Current, and Voltage
Voltage is Energy per unitCharge
Power is Work per unit time(or Energy expended per Unit time)
For constant voltage (e.g.Current coming from a batteryOr an electric outlet)
V=UQ
→U=QV
P=WΔ t
=ΔUΔ t
ΔUΔ t
=ΔQΔ t
V=I V
P=I V
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Ohm's Law
Not as universal as P=IV or U=qVOr F=ma or Coulomb's law – but it does work for things called “resistors”.
Resistors have resistance, measured in Ohms ( Ω )
V=IR Ohm'sLaw
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What's a resistor … Why do I want one?Resistors are devices that are meant to resist current flow. They obey Ohm's law.They make a good way of turning electricity into heat (hairdryers, electric stoves, spaceheaters)
They stop batteries from discharging all at once.
They are unavoidable – because even if you don't want one, all wires have some resistance (except superconductors!).
Body tissues have resistance.
Resistance is one of the “big three” basic circuit properties (capacitance and inductance are the other two)
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24Time for the Ohm's law simand the battery + resistor sim.
An electric burner with 35 Ohms resistance consumes 1.5 kiloWatts.At what voltage does it operate?
(A) 120 V(B) 230 V(C) 52,500 V(D) 14,400 V(E) 42.8 V
(Homework 109)