Physics 3 notes: light and sound mechanics including eyes, ears, longitudinal waves &...
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Physics 3Physics 3Sound & LightSound & Light
ppt. by Robin D. Seamon
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SoundSound
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Sound wave- longitudinal wave made by vibrating material, carried through the medium, transferring the Energy
Sound needs a medium, no sound in a vacuum/space
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LAB: Tuning Forkp. 469
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The Human EarOuter ear: funnel
Middle ear: hammer, anvil, stirrip (levers that increase the size of vibrations
Inner ear: vibrations to electrical signal to brain
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Sound is:1. Collected (by outer ear)
2. Amplified (by middle ear: hammer, anvil, stirrup)
3. Converted to Electrical signals for the brain (by inner ear)
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1.Sound waves vibrate the ear drum (lightly stretched membrane in middle ear)
2.Vibration of ear drum vibrates hammer-anvil-stirrup
3.Oval window vibrations create waves in liquid in cochlea
4.Movement of liquid causes tiny hair cells to bend
5.Bending of hair cells stimulates nerves, sends electrical signals to brain
HSW Sound/How we hear VIDEO (not saved)
HSW New Hearing Implant VIDEO
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LAB: EAR DIAGRAMLAB: EAR DIAGRAMDirections: 1.Label the parts of the Human Ear.
2. Put numbers to show the order in which the sound reaches our brains.3. Circle the area that collects YELLOW; Circle the area that amplifies BLUE; Circle the area
that converts to electrical signals GREEN.
___ Inner ear
___ Auditory nerve
___ Middle ear
___ Hammer
___ Cochlea
___ Ear drum
___ Anvil
___ Stirrup
_1_ Outer ear
Human Ear
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The The speedspeed of sound depends on the of sound depends on the 1. medium1. medium2. temperature2. temperature
Tap on desk.
AIR LIQUID SOLID
FasterSlower
Cool Warm
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PitchPitch- how high or low a sound seems- how high or low a sound seems
FrequencyFrequency- (number of waves in a given - (number of waves in a given amount of time)amount of time)
batbat 2,000-2,000- 110,000 hz110,000 hz
porpoiseporpoise 75-75- 150,000 hz150,000 hz
CatCat 45-45- 64,000 hz64,000 hz
BelugaBeluga 1,000-1,000- 123,000 hz123,000 hz
ElephantElephant 16-16- 12,000 hz12,000 hz
HumanHuman 20-20- 20,000 hz20,000 hz
dogdog 67-67- 45,000 hz45,000 hz
Frequencies Heard by Different Animals
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Doppler effectDoppler effect: apparent change in frequency of : apparent change in frequency of sound caused by motion of observer or source.sound caused by motion of observer or source.
Sound waves are moving forward/same direction of the train: Constructive interference makes it sound louder.
http://www.windows2universe.org/earth/images/doppler_effect_jpg_image.html&edu=high
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Loudness-Loudness- how well a sound can be heard how well a sound can be hearddecibeldecibel (loudness unit) (loudness unit)
0 dB: softest humans can hear0 dB: softest humans can hear 120 dB: hurts 120 dB: hurts
LOUDER
oscilloscopeoscilloscope graphs representations of sound waves to ‘see’ them on computer
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Echo strength-Echo strength- depends on reflecting surfacesoft pads & irregular shapes diffuse sound
EcholocationEcholocation- - use of reflected sounds to find food
HSW Sound: Infrasound & Echolocation VIDEO (4 min)
HSW Elephant Communication (3 min)
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Ultrasonography- use echoes to ‘see inside’
http://www.virtualmedicalcentre.com/healthinvestigations.asp?sid=8&title=Ultrasound-(Ultrasound-Scanning-or-Sonography-and-Doppler)
http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/images/ency/fullsize/1058.jpg
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Sonic boom-Sonic boom- explosive sound explosive sound when shock wave reaches when shock wave reaches your earyour ear
Noise makes sound waves, pushing air out, as plane moves forward, it meets up with the sound wave. If faster than the sound wave, plane leaves the sound wave behind, creating a sonic wave (BOOM)
HSW Sonic Boom (8 min)
http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2005/08/0808_050808_soundbarrier.html
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Sound quality- the result of the blending of several pitches through interference
Noise- any sound; random mix of frequencies or pitches
MUSICFundamental: lowest resonant frequencyovertones: higher resonance (2X)second overtone: higher resonance (3X)third overtone: higher resonance (4X)
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TEXTBOOK: Holt Science & Technology Grade 6
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String instrument played with vibration of played with vibration of string/metalstring/metal
Wind instrument played with the vibration played with the vibration of air through tube/holeof air through tube/hole
Percussion instrument played by played by pounding rhythm; impactpounding rhythm; impact
ADVANCE
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BACK TEXTBOOK: Holt Science & Technology
Grade 6
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BACK TEXTBOOK: Holt Science & Technology
Grade 6
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BACK
TEXTBOOK: Holt Science & Technology Grade 6
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Mini TestMini Test Did You Hear a Did You Hear a Sound?Sound? Mini DiagramMini Diagram ObservationsObservations
Feel? Hear?Feel? Hear? Type of MaterialType of Material
knock on the knock on the chalkboard while chalkboard while partner listenspartner listens
tap the desk with a tap the desk with a ruler while partner ruler while partner listenslistens
ring a bell under ring a bell under waterwater
hold a tuning fork hold a tuning fork under waterunder water
say "hello" to a say "hello" to a friend across the friend across the roomroom
hold a balloon hold a balloon against a speaker against a speaker as music is playedas music is played
SOUND LABSOUND LAB1. Perform each mini-test.
2. Complete each column with each min-test
HEADER:
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LightLight
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1. Light is refracted through the cornea
2. Light passes through pupil (opening)
3. Iris controls size of pupil (colored part)
4. Light goes through lens, refracts light to focus an image on back of eye
5. Receptors in retina (back of eye) pick up light with rods & cones
6. Nerves attached to rods & cones send info to brain
HUMAN EYE
RodsRods: sense dim light: sense dim light
ConesCones: sense bright light: sense bright light
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___Iris
___Lens
___Optic nerve
___Retina
___Cornea
___Pupil
LAB: EYE DIAGRAMDirections: 1.Label the parts of the Human EYE.
2. Put numbers to show the order in which the image reaches our brains.
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All humans have a blind spot right near the middle of their pupil. To find it, hold your arm out in front of you, but off to the side, with your index finger extended. Cover one of your eyes, stare straight ahead with the other and slowly bring your extended finger closer to the middle of your field of vision. As your finger approaches you should see your fingertip disappear when it reaches the blind spot. Mind = blown.
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Near sightednessNear sightedness person person can see something clearly if it can see something clearly if it is nearby; blurry vision of is nearby; blurry vision of things far away; eye is too things far away; eye is too longlong
Far sightednessFar sightedness person can person can see something clearly far see something clearly far away; blurry vision of things away; blurry vision of things up close; eye is too shortup close; eye is too short
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Electromagnetic wave- Electromagnetic wave- wave that can travel wave that can travel through empty space & matter; changing of through empty space & matter; changing of electric and magnetic fieldselectric and magnetic fields
Electric field
Magnetic field
http://www.isvr.soton.ac.uk/spcg/Tutorial/Tutorial/Tutorial_files/light1.gif
KEY:
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Electric field: surrounds a charged object N-S
Magnetic field: surrounds all magnets; attracts objects to it
Electromagnetic wave- vibration of electrically charged particle; makes electric field vibrate, making a vibrating magnetic field
Radiation: transfer of Energy as electromagnetic waves
Radiation LINK HSW VIDEO (2 min)
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--Light travels about 300,000,000 m/s--Light travels about 300,000,000 m/s
--8.3 min for light to travel from sun to Earth--8.3 min for light to travel from sun to Earth
----Visible lightVisible light: electromagnetic waves that humans : electromagnetic waves that humans can seecan see
Light wavelength: 100 X thinner
than the human hair!
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Law of reflectionLaw of reflection incidence equals reflectionincidence equals reflection
Regular reflection light beams reflected at the same angle (shinier)
Diffuse reflection light beams reflect at different angles (duller)
http://www.worsleyschool.net/science/files/reflectionlaw/page.html
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We see We see objects objects because a light is reflecting off of it because a light is reflecting off of it into our eyes. into our eyes. (illumination)(illumination)
We see a We see a light sourcelight source even in the dark because it even in the dark because it goes directly into your eyes.goes directly into your eyes.
Room with a lamp on Room with a lamp off
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Absorption: transfer of light waves to particles of matter
air particles absorb some of the light Energy… ray becomes dimmer farther out
Scattering: an interaction of light with matter that causes light to change its Energy, direction of motion, or both
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RefractionRefraction: bending of light: bending of light
Lens:Lens: transparent object that refracts light to form transparent object that refracts light to form an imagean image
Convex lens
center bulges out
Concave lens
center buckles in
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Transmission: passing of light through matter
1. transparent clear
2. translucent slightly cloudy
3. opaque light cannot pass through
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TranslucentTranslucent TransparentTransparent OpaqueOpaque
LAB: Translucent, Transparent, OpaqueLAB: Translucent, Transparent, OpaqueMaterials:cardboardwoodmottled glass *paper towelfeltStyrofoam trayscolored plastic lidstin foil"almost" clear plastic lidsplastic wrapclear glass *"bubble" packing materiallaminating material tissue paperwaxed paper clear plastic lidsconstruction papercloth
DEFINE:
Translucent _______________________________________________________________________________
Transparent_______________________________________________________________________________
Opaque__________________________________________________________________________________
Header:
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Prism:Prism: clear piece of glass or water that refracts white light into the whole color spectrum
--refracts light twice, breaking up the spectrum
HSW Video: Prisms (1:45)
HSW Video: A look at Light (1:45)
ROY G BIV
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Long
Short
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LIGHT ISLIGHT IS::
1.1. TransmittedTransmitted
2.2. ReflectedReflected
3.3. AbsorbedAbsorbed
COLOR: the color we see is determined by which wavelength is bounced back to our eye
Black- all colors are absorbed
White- all colors are reflected to you
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LIGHT THEORY
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PIGMENT… PaintingPIGMENT… Painting
Pigment: material that gives a substance color by absorbing some & reflecting others (chlorophyl, melanin, paint)
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Color PrintsColor Prints
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LAB: PrismsLAB: Prisms
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Reflection: when the wave bounces back towards the source
Refraction: waves are deflected when they go through a source & are usually bent
Diffraction: when a wave goes through a small hole and has a flared out geometric shadow of the slit or seems to bend around an object; makes shadow blurry
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Diffraction:Diffraction:
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Constructive interferenceConstructive interference wave crests & troughs wave crests & troughs line up, making it a stronger waveline up, making it a stronger wave
IN NATURE:IN NATURE:
http://www.microscopyu.com/articles/polarized/interferenceintro.html
www.sgmt.at/refere/Hologram.htm
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Destructive interference creates shadow or blurry edges
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Optical IllusionsOptical Illusions
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Optical Illusions
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Optical Illusions
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http://www.colorbasics.com/Optical-Illusions/
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LINK: They disappear!
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x
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HUMAN EYEHUMAN EAR
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Human Ear
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Optical Illusions:
1.LINK to Optical Illusions
2.http://www.colorbasics.com/Optical-Illusions/
Color Blindness Test LINK
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• HSW: Exploring Sound (23 min) not saved
• HSW: Exploring Light ( 3 min) not saved
• Physical Science: Light ( 20 min)
• Physical Science: Sound ( 20 min)
• HSW How Vision Works Car Chase (4 min) not saved
• HSW