PHYSICS 1401 SEMESTER EXAM REVIEW. 1.1 Measurements Vernier caliper Micrometer Photogate (millisec)
-
Upload
sherman-wilkinson -
Category
Documents
-
view
257 -
download
4
Transcript of PHYSICS 1401 SEMESTER EXAM REVIEW. 1.1 Measurements Vernier caliper Micrometer Photogate (millisec)
![Page 1: PHYSICS 1401 SEMESTER EXAM REVIEW. 1.1 Measurements Vernier caliper Micrometer Photogate (millisec)](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081418/5697bfe91a28abf838cb6e0c/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
PHYSICS 1401
SEMESTER EXAM REVIEW
![Page 2: PHYSICS 1401 SEMESTER EXAM REVIEW. 1.1 Measurements Vernier caliper Micrometer Photogate (millisec)](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081418/5697bfe91a28abf838cb6e0c/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
1.1 MeasurementsVernier caliper
%)100( valueltheoretica
valuealexperiment - valueltheoretica error %
Micrometer
Photogate (millisec)
![Page 3: PHYSICS 1401 SEMESTER EXAM REVIEW. 1.1 Measurements Vernier caliper Micrometer Photogate (millisec)](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081418/5697bfe91a28abf838cb6e0c/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
1.2 Resultant and Equilibrant
![Page 4: PHYSICS 1401 SEMESTER EXAM REVIEW. 1.1 Measurements Vernier caliper Micrometer Photogate (millisec)](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081418/5697bfe91a28abf838cb6e0c/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
2.4 Motion Graphs
![Page 5: PHYSICS 1401 SEMESTER EXAM REVIEW. 1.1 Measurements Vernier caliper Micrometer Photogate (millisec)](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081418/5697bfe91a28abf838cb6e0c/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
2.4 Equations of Kinematics for Constant Acceleration
Equations of Kinematics for Constant Acceleration
POSITION, VELOCITY & ACCELERATION
tvvx o 21
221 attvx o
atvv o
axvv o 222
![Page 6: PHYSICS 1401 SEMESTER EXAM REVIEW. 1.1 Measurements Vernier caliper Micrometer Photogate (millisec)](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081418/5697bfe91a28abf838cb6e0c/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
3.2 Equations of Kinematics in Two Dimensions
tavv xoxx tvvx xox 21
xavv xoxx 222 221 tatvx xox
![Page 7: PHYSICS 1401 SEMESTER EXAM REVIEW. 1.1 Measurements Vernier caliper Micrometer Photogate (millisec)](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081418/5697bfe91a28abf838cb6e0c/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
3.2 Equations of Kinematics in Two Dimensions
tavv yoyy
221 tatvy yoy
tvvy yoy 21
yavv yoyy 222
![Page 8: PHYSICS 1401 SEMESTER EXAM REVIEW. 1.1 Measurements Vernier caliper Micrometer Photogate (millisec)](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081418/5697bfe91a28abf838cb6e0c/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
3.3 Projectile Motion
Under the influence of gravity alone, an object near the surface of the Earth will accelerate downwards at 9.80 m/s2.
2sm80.9ya
0xa
constant oxx vv
![Page 9: PHYSICS 1401 SEMESTER EXAM REVIEW. 1.1 Measurements Vernier caliper Micrometer Photogate (millisec)](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081418/5697bfe91a28abf838cb6e0c/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
3.3 Projectile Motion
Objects falling in a vacuum will experience the same speed.
Galileo started experimenting totest the theories of otherscientists such as Aristotle.
![Page 10: PHYSICS 1401 SEMESTER EXAM REVIEW. 1.1 Measurements Vernier caliper Micrometer Photogate (millisec)](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081418/5697bfe91a28abf838cb6e0c/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
3.3 Projectile Motion
Properties of Projectile Motion
1. Horizontal velocity stays constant.2. No vertical velocity when object is thrown horizontally
from the top of hill. 3. When object is launched from the ground, velocity
has horizontal and vertical components. 4. At the top of the trajectory, no vertical velocity, but
there is acceleration due to gravity. 5. The time for a projectile to reach the top is equal to
the time for it to go back to the ground. 6. The initial launching velocity is equal to the final
lvelocity just before it hits the ground.
![Page 11: PHYSICS 1401 SEMESTER EXAM REVIEW. 1.1 Measurements Vernier caliper Micrometer Photogate (millisec)](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081418/5697bfe91a28abf838cb6e0c/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
3.3 Projectile Motion
y ay vy voy t-1050 m -9.80 m/s2 ? 0 m/s 14.6 s
![Page 12: PHYSICS 1401 SEMESTER EXAM REVIEW. 1.1 Measurements Vernier caliper Micrometer Photogate (millisec)](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081418/5697bfe91a28abf838cb6e0c/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
3.3 Projectile Motion
y ay vy voy t? -9.80 m/s2 0 14 m/s
![Page 13: PHYSICS 1401 SEMESTER EXAM REVIEW. 1.1 Measurements Vernier caliper Micrometer Photogate (millisec)](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081418/5697bfe91a28abf838cb6e0c/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
3.3 Projectile Motion
Example 7 The Time of Flight of a Kickoff
What is the time of flight between kickoff and landing?
![Page 14: PHYSICS 1401 SEMESTER EXAM REVIEW. 1.1 Measurements Vernier caliper Micrometer Photogate (millisec)](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081418/5697bfe91a28abf838cb6e0c/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
3.3 Projectile Motion
y ay vy voy t0 -9.80 m/s2 14 m/s ?
![Page 15: PHYSICS 1401 SEMESTER EXAM REVIEW. 1.1 Measurements Vernier caliper Micrometer Photogate (millisec)](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081418/5697bfe91a28abf838cb6e0c/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
3.3 Projectile Motion
y ay vy voy t0 -9.80 m/s2 14 m/s ?
221 tatvy yoy
2221 sm80.9sm140 tt
t2sm80.9sm1420
s 9.2t
![Page 16: PHYSICS 1401 SEMESTER EXAM REVIEW. 1.1 Measurements Vernier caliper Micrometer Photogate (millisec)](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081418/5697bfe91a28abf838cb6e0c/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
3.3 Projectile Motion
Example 8 The Range of a Kickoff
Calculate the range R of the projectile.
m 49s 9.2sm17
221
tvtatvx oxxox
![Page 17: PHYSICS 1401 SEMESTER EXAM REVIEW. 1.1 Measurements Vernier caliper Micrometer Photogate (millisec)](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081418/5697bfe91a28abf838cb6e0c/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
4.2 Newton’s First Law of Motion
An object continues in a state of restor in a state of motion at a constant speed along a straight line, unless compelled to change that state by a net force.
The net force is the vector sum of allof the forces acting on an object.
If the vector sum is equal to zero, then the system is in equilibrium.
![Page 18: PHYSICS 1401 SEMESTER EXAM REVIEW. 1.1 Measurements Vernier caliper Micrometer Photogate (millisec)](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081418/5697bfe91a28abf838cb6e0c/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
4.2 Newton’s First Law of Motion
Inertia is the natural tendency of anobject to remain at rest in motion ata constant speed along a straight line.
The mass of an object is a quantitativemeasure of inertia.
SI Unit of Mass: kilogram (kg)
![Page 19: PHYSICS 1401 SEMESTER EXAM REVIEW. 1.1 Measurements Vernier caliper Micrometer Photogate (millisec)](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081418/5697bfe91a28abf838cb6e0c/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
4.3 Newton’s Second Law of Motion
Newton’s Second Law
When a net external force acts on an objectof mass m, the acceleration that results is directly proportional to the net force and hasa magnitude that is inversely proportional tothe mass. The direction of the acceleration isthe same as the direction of the net force.
m F
a
aF
m
![Page 20: PHYSICS 1401 SEMESTER EXAM REVIEW. 1.1 Measurements Vernier caliper Micrometer Photogate (millisec)](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081418/5697bfe91a28abf838cb6e0c/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
4.3 Newton’s Second Law of Motion
SI Unit for Force
22 s
mkg
s
mkg
This combination of units is called a newton (N).
![Page 21: PHYSICS 1401 SEMESTER EXAM REVIEW. 1.1 Measurements Vernier caliper Micrometer Photogate (millisec)](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081418/5697bfe91a28abf838cb6e0c/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
4.4 The Vector Nature of Newton’s Second Law
xx maFyy maF
The direction of force and acceleration vectorscan be taken into account by using x and ycomponents.
aF
m
is equivalent to
![Page 22: PHYSICS 1401 SEMESTER EXAM REVIEW. 1.1 Measurements Vernier caliper Micrometer Photogate (millisec)](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081418/5697bfe91a28abf838cb6e0c/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
4.5 Newton’s Third Law of Motion
Newton’s Third Law of Motion
Whenever one body exerts a force on a second body, the second body exerts an oppositely directed force of equal magnitude on the first body.
It involves TWO objects to form an action-reaction pair.
![Page 23: PHYSICS 1401 SEMESTER EXAM REVIEW. 1.1 Measurements Vernier caliper Micrometer Photogate (millisec)](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081418/5697bfe91a28abf838cb6e0c/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
4.6 Types of Forces: An Overview
In nature there are two general types of forces,fundamental and nonfundamental.
Fundamental Forces
1. Gravitational force
2. Strong Nuclear force
3. Electroweak force
![Page 24: PHYSICS 1401 SEMESTER EXAM REVIEW. 1.1 Measurements Vernier caliper Micrometer Photogate (millisec)](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081418/5697bfe91a28abf838cb6e0c/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
4.6 Types of Forces: An Overview
Examples of nonfundamental forces:
friction
tension in a rope
normal or support forces
![Page 25: PHYSICS 1401 SEMESTER EXAM REVIEW. 1.1 Measurements Vernier caliper Micrometer Photogate (millisec)](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081418/5697bfe91a28abf838cb6e0c/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
4.7 The Gravitational Force
Newton’s Law of Universal Gravitation
Every particle in the universe exerts an attractive force on everyother particle.
He said gravity is universal.
The force that each exerts on the other is directed along the linejoining the particles.
![Page 26: PHYSICS 1401 SEMESTER EXAM REVIEW. 1.1 Measurements Vernier caliper Micrometer Photogate (millisec)](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081418/5697bfe91a28abf838cb6e0c/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
4.7 The Gravitational Force
For two particles that have masses m1 and m2 and are separated by a distance r, the force has a magnitude given by
221
r
mmGF
2211 kgmN10673.6 G
![Page 27: PHYSICS 1401 SEMESTER EXAM REVIEW. 1.1 Measurements Vernier caliper Micrometer Photogate (millisec)](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081418/5697bfe91a28abf838cb6e0c/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
4.7 The Gravitational Force
N 104.1
m 1.2
kg 25kg 12kgmN1067.6
8
22211
221
r
mmGF
![Page 28: PHYSICS 1401 SEMESTER EXAM REVIEW. 1.1 Measurements Vernier caliper Micrometer Photogate (millisec)](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081418/5697bfe91a28abf838cb6e0c/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
4.7 The Gravitational Force
![Page 29: PHYSICS 1401 SEMESTER EXAM REVIEW. 1.1 Measurements Vernier caliper Micrometer Photogate (millisec)](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081418/5697bfe91a28abf838cb6e0c/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
4.9 Static and Kinetic Frictional Forces
When the two surfaces are not sliding across one anotherthe friction is called static friction.
![Page 30: PHYSICS 1401 SEMESTER EXAM REVIEW. 1.1 Measurements Vernier caliper Micrometer Photogate (millisec)](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081418/5697bfe91a28abf838cb6e0c/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
4.9 Static and Kinetic Frictional Forces
The magnitude of the static frictional force can have any valuefrom zero up to a maximum value.
MAXss ff
NsMAXs Ff
10 s is called the coefficient of static friction.
![Page 31: PHYSICS 1401 SEMESTER EXAM REVIEW. 1.1 Measurements Vernier caliper Micrometer Photogate (millisec)](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081418/5697bfe91a28abf838cb6e0c/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
4.9 Static and Kinetic Frictional Forces
Note that the magnitude of the frictional force doesNOT depend on the contact area of the surfaces.
![Page 32: PHYSICS 1401 SEMESTER EXAM REVIEW. 1.1 Measurements Vernier caliper Micrometer Photogate (millisec)](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081418/5697bfe91a28abf838cb6e0c/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
4.9 Static and Kinetic Frictional Forces
Static friction opposes the impending relative motion betweentwo objects.
Kinetic friction opposes the relative sliding motion motions thatactually does occur.
Nkk Ff
10 k is called the coefficient of kinetic friction.
![Page 33: PHYSICS 1401 SEMESTER EXAM REVIEW. 1.1 Measurements Vernier caliper Micrometer Photogate (millisec)](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081418/5697bfe91a28abf838cb6e0c/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
4.9 Static and Kinetic Frictional Forces
![Page 34: PHYSICS 1401 SEMESTER EXAM REVIEW. 1.1 Measurements Vernier caliper Micrometer Photogate (millisec)](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081418/5697bfe91a28abf838cb6e0c/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
4.10 The Tension Force
Cables and ropes transmit forces through tension.
![Page 35: PHYSICS 1401 SEMESTER EXAM REVIEW. 1.1 Measurements Vernier caliper Micrometer Photogate (millisec)](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081418/5697bfe91a28abf838cb6e0c/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
4.11 Equilibrium Application of Newton’s Laws of Motion
Definition of EquilibriumAn object is in equilibrium when it has zero acceleration.
0xF
0yF
![Page 36: PHYSICS 1401 SEMESTER EXAM REVIEW. 1.1 Measurements Vernier caliper Micrometer Photogate (millisec)](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081418/5697bfe91a28abf838cb6e0c/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
4.12 Nonequilibrium Application of Newton’s Laws of Motion
xx maF
yy maF
When an object is accelerating, it is not in equilibrium.
![Page 37: PHYSICS 1401 SEMESTER EXAM REVIEW. 1.1 Measurements Vernier caliper Micrometer Photogate (millisec)](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081418/5697bfe91a28abf838cb6e0c/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
5.1 Uniform Circular Motion
Let T be the time it takes for the object totravel once around the circle.
vr
T
2
r
![Page 38: PHYSICS 1401 SEMESTER EXAM REVIEW. 1.1 Measurements Vernier caliper Micrometer Photogate (millisec)](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081418/5697bfe91a28abf838cb6e0c/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
5.2 Centripetal Acceleration
The direction of the centripetal acceleration is towards the center of the circle; in the same direction as the change in velocity.
r
vac
2
![Page 39: PHYSICS 1401 SEMESTER EXAM REVIEW. 1.1 Measurements Vernier caliper Micrometer Photogate (millisec)](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081418/5697bfe91a28abf838cb6e0c/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
5.3 Centripetal Force
aF
m
m F
a
Recall Newton’s Second Law
When a net external force acts on an objectof mass m, the acceleration that results is directly proportional to the net force and hasa magnitude that is inversely proportional tothe mass. The direction of the acceleration isthe same as the direction of the net force.
![Page 40: PHYSICS 1401 SEMESTER EXAM REVIEW. 1.1 Measurements Vernier caliper Micrometer Photogate (millisec)](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081418/5697bfe91a28abf838cb6e0c/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
5.3 Centripetal Force
Thus, in uniform circular motion there must be a netforce to produce the centripetal acceleration.
The centripetal force is the name given to the net force required to keep an object moving on a circular path.
The direction of the centripetal force always points towardthe center of the circle and continually changes direction as the object moves.
r
vmmaF cc
2
![Page 41: PHYSICS 1401 SEMESTER EXAM REVIEW. 1.1 Measurements Vernier caliper Micrometer Photogate (millisec)](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081418/5697bfe91a28abf838cb6e0c/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
5.7 Vertical Circular Motion
r
vmmgFN
21
1
r
vmmgFN
23
3
r
vmFN
22
2
r
vmFN
24
4
![Page 42: PHYSICS 1401 SEMESTER EXAM REVIEW. 1.1 Measurements Vernier caliper Micrometer Photogate (millisec)](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081418/5697bfe91a28abf838cb6e0c/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
6.1 Work Done by a Constant Force
FsW J joule 1 mN 1
![Page 43: PHYSICS 1401 SEMESTER EXAM REVIEW. 1.1 Measurements Vernier caliper Micrometer Photogate (millisec)](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081418/5697bfe91a28abf838cb6e0c/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
6.1 Work Done by a Constant Force
sFW cos1180cos
090cos
10cos
![Page 44: PHYSICS 1401 SEMESTER EXAM REVIEW. 1.1 Measurements Vernier caliper Micrometer Photogate (millisec)](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081418/5697bfe91a28abf838cb6e0c/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
6.1 Work Done by a Constant Force
FssFW 0cos
FssFW 180cos
![Page 45: PHYSICS 1401 SEMESTER EXAM REVIEW. 1.1 Measurements Vernier caliper Micrometer Photogate (millisec)](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081418/5697bfe91a28abf838cb6e0c/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
6.2 The Work-Energy Theorem and Kinetic Energy
THE WORK-ENERGY THEOREM
When a net external force does work on and object, the kineticenergy of the object changes according to
2212
f21
of KEKE omvmvW
![Page 46: PHYSICS 1401 SEMESTER EXAM REVIEW. 1.1 Measurements Vernier caliper Micrometer Photogate (millisec)](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081418/5697bfe91a28abf838cb6e0c/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
6.3 Gravitational Potential Energy
sFW cos
fo hhmgW gravity
![Page 47: PHYSICS 1401 SEMESTER EXAM REVIEW. 1.1 Measurements Vernier caliper Micrometer Photogate (millisec)](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081418/5697bfe91a28abf838cb6e0c/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
6.3 Gravitational Potential Energy
fo hhmgW gravity
![Page 48: PHYSICS 1401 SEMESTER EXAM REVIEW. 1.1 Measurements Vernier caliper Micrometer Photogate (millisec)](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081418/5697bfe91a28abf838cb6e0c/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
6.3 Gravitational Potential Energy
fo mghmghW gravity
DEFINITION OF GRAVITATIONAL POTENTIAL ENERGY
The gravitational potential energy PE is the energy that anobject of mass m has by virtue of its position relative to thesurface of the earth. That position is measured by the heighth of the object relative to an arbitrary zero level:
mghPE
J joule 1 mN 1
![Page 49: PHYSICS 1401 SEMESTER EXAM REVIEW. 1.1 Measurements Vernier caliper Micrometer Photogate (millisec)](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081418/5697bfe91a28abf838cb6e0c/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
6.3 Gravitational Potential Energy
2212
f21W omvmv
fo hhmgW gravity
221
ofo mvhhmg
foo hhgv 2
sm40.8m 80.4m 20.1sm80.92 2 ov
![Page 50: PHYSICS 1401 SEMESTER EXAM REVIEW. 1.1 Measurements Vernier caliper Micrometer Photogate (millisec)](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081418/5697bfe91a28abf838cb6e0c/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
6.4 Conservative Versus Nonconservative Forces
Version 1 A force is conservative when the work it doeson a moving object is independent of the path between theobject’s initial and final positions.
fo hhmgW gravity
![Page 51: PHYSICS 1401 SEMESTER EXAM REVIEW. 1.1 Measurements Vernier caliper Micrometer Photogate (millisec)](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081418/5697bfe91a28abf838cb6e0c/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
6.4 Conservative Versus Nonconservative Forces
Version 2 A force is conservative when it does no work on an object moving around a closed path, starting andfinishing at the same point.
fo hh fo hhmgW gravity
![Page 52: PHYSICS 1401 SEMESTER EXAM REVIEW. 1.1 Measurements Vernier caliper Micrometer Photogate (millisec)](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081418/5697bfe91a28abf838cb6e0c/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
6.5 The Conservation of Mechanical Energy
THE PRINCIPLE OF CONSERVATION OF MECHANICAL ENERGY
The total mechanical energy (E = KE + PE) of an objectremains constant as the object moves, provided that the network done by external nonconservative forces is zero.
![Page 53: PHYSICS 1401 SEMESTER EXAM REVIEW. 1.1 Measurements Vernier caliper Micrometer Photogate (millisec)](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081418/5697bfe91a28abf838cb6e0c/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
6.5 The Conservation of Mechanical Energy
![Page 54: PHYSICS 1401 SEMESTER EXAM REVIEW. 1.1 Measurements Vernier caliper Micrometer Photogate (millisec)](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081418/5697bfe91a28abf838cb6e0c/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
6.5 The Conservation of Mechanical Energy
of EE
2212
21
ooff mvmghmvmgh
2212
21
ooff vghvgh
![Page 55: PHYSICS 1401 SEMESTER EXAM REVIEW. 1.1 Measurements Vernier caliper Micrometer Photogate (millisec)](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081418/5697bfe91a28abf838cb6e0c/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
6.7 Power
DEFINITION OF AVERAGE POWER
Average power is the rate at which work is done, and itis obtained by dividing the work by the time required to perform the work.
t
WP
Time
Work
(W)watt sjoule
![Page 56: PHYSICS 1401 SEMESTER EXAM REVIEW. 1.1 Measurements Vernier caliper Micrometer Photogate (millisec)](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081418/5697bfe91a28abf838cb6e0c/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
6.7 Power
Time
energyin ChangeP
watts745.7 secondpoundsfoot 550 horsepower 1
vFP
![Page 57: PHYSICS 1401 SEMESTER EXAM REVIEW. 1.1 Measurements Vernier caliper Micrometer Photogate (millisec)](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081418/5697bfe91a28abf838cb6e0c/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
6.8 Other Forms of Energy and the Conservation of Energy
THE PRINCIPLE OF CONSERVATION OF ENERGYEnergy can neither be created nor destroyed, but can only be converted from one form to another.
![Page 58: PHYSICS 1401 SEMESTER EXAM REVIEW. 1.1 Measurements Vernier caliper Micrometer Photogate (millisec)](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081418/5697bfe91a28abf838cb6e0c/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
6.9 Work Done by a Variable Force
sFW cos
Constant Force
Variable Force
2211 coscos sFsFW
![Page 59: PHYSICS 1401 SEMESTER EXAM REVIEW. 1.1 Measurements Vernier caliper Micrometer Photogate (millisec)](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081418/5697bfe91a28abf838cb6e0c/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
7.1 The Impulse-Momentum Theorem
There are many situations when the force on an object is not constant.
![Page 60: PHYSICS 1401 SEMESTER EXAM REVIEW. 1.1 Measurements Vernier caliper Micrometer Photogate (millisec)](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081418/5697bfe91a28abf838cb6e0c/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
7.1 The Impulse-Momentum Theorem
DEFINITION OF IMPULSE
The impulse of a force is the product of the averageforce and the time interval during which the force acts:
tFJ
Impulse is a vector quantity and has the same directionas the average force.
s)(N secondsnewton
![Page 61: PHYSICS 1401 SEMESTER EXAM REVIEW. 1.1 Measurements Vernier caliper Micrometer Photogate (millisec)](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081418/5697bfe91a28abf838cb6e0c/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
7.1 The Impulse-Momentum Theorem
tFJ
![Page 62: PHYSICS 1401 SEMESTER EXAM REVIEW. 1.1 Measurements Vernier caliper Micrometer Photogate (millisec)](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081418/5697bfe91a28abf838cb6e0c/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
7.1 The Impulse-Momentum Theorem
DEFINITION OF LINEAR MOMENTUM
The linear momentum of an object is the product of the object’s mass times its velocity:
vp
m
Linear momentum is a vector quantity and has the same direction as the velocity.
m/s)(kg ndmeter/secokilogram
![Page 63: PHYSICS 1401 SEMESTER EXAM REVIEW. 1.1 Measurements Vernier caliper Micrometer Photogate (millisec)](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081418/5697bfe91a28abf838cb6e0c/html5/thumbnails/63.jpg)
7.1 The Impulse-Momentum Theorem
t
of vva
aF
m
t
mm
of vvF
of vvF
mmt
![Page 64: PHYSICS 1401 SEMESTER EXAM REVIEW. 1.1 Measurements Vernier caliper Micrometer Photogate (millisec)](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081418/5697bfe91a28abf838cb6e0c/html5/thumbnails/64.jpg)
7.1 The Impulse-Momentum Theorem
of vvF
mmt
final momentum initial momentum
IMPULSE-MOMENTUM THEOREM
When a net force acts on an object, the impulse ofthis force is equal to the change in the momentumof the object
impulse
![Page 65: PHYSICS 1401 SEMESTER EXAM REVIEW. 1.1 Measurements Vernier caliper Micrometer Photogate (millisec)](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081418/5697bfe91a28abf838cb6e0c/html5/thumbnails/65.jpg)
7.2 The Principle of Conservation of Linear Momentum
of PP
tforces external average of sum
If the sum of the external forces is zero, then
of PP
0 of PP
PRINCIPLE OF CONSERVATION OF LINEAR MOMENTUM
The total linear momentum of an isolated system is constant(conserved). An isolated system is one for which the sum ofthe average external forces acting on the system is zero.
![Page 66: PHYSICS 1401 SEMESTER EXAM REVIEW. 1.1 Measurements Vernier caliper Micrometer Photogate (millisec)](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081418/5697bfe91a28abf838cb6e0c/html5/thumbnails/66.jpg)
7.3 Collisions in One Dimension
The total linear momentum is conserved when two objectscollide, provided they constitute an isolated system.
Elastic collision -- One in which the total kinetic energy of the system after the collision is equal to the total kinetic energy before the collision. Momentum and KE are constant.
Inelastic collision -- One in which the total kinetic energy of the system after the collision is not equal to the total kinetic energy before the collision; if the objects stick together after colliding, the collision is said to be completely inelastic.
Momentum is constant but not KE.
![Page 67: PHYSICS 1401 SEMESTER EXAM REVIEW. 1.1 Measurements Vernier caliper Micrometer Photogate (millisec)](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081418/5697bfe91a28abf838cb6e0c/html5/thumbnails/67.jpg)
7.2 The Principle of Conservation of Linear Momentum
of PP
02211 ff vmvm
2
112 m
vmv ff
sm5.1
kg 88
sm5.2kg 542
fv
![Page 68: PHYSICS 1401 SEMESTER EXAM REVIEW. 1.1 Measurements Vernier caliper Micrometer Photogate (millisec)](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081418/5697bfe91a28abf838cb6e0c/html5/thumbnails/68.jpg)
7.3 Perfectly Inelastic Collision
Momentum is conserved. Kinetic energy is NOT conserved.
![Page 69: PHYSICS 1401 SEMESTER EXAM REVIEW. 1.1 Measurements Vernier caliper Micrometer Photogate (millisec)](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081418/5697bfe91a28abf838cb6e0c/html5/thumbnails/69.jpg)
7.5 Center of Mass
The center of mass is a point that represents the average location forthe total mass of a system.
21
2211
mm
xmxmxcm
![Page 70: PHYSICS 1401 SEMESTER EXAM REVIEW. 1.1 Measurements Vernier caliper Micrometer Photogate (millisec)](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081418/5697bfe91a28abf838cb6e0c/html5/thumbnails/70.jpg)
7.5 Center of Mass
21
2211
mm
xmxmxcm
21
2211
mm
vmvmvcm
![Page 71: PHYSICS 1401 SEMESTER EXAM REVIEW. 1.1 Measurements Vernier caliper Micrometer Photogate (millisec)](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081418/5697bfe91a28abf838cb6e0c/html5/thumbnails/71.jpg)
7.5 Center of Mass
21
2211
mm
vmvmvcm
In an isolated system, the total linear momentum does not change,therefore the velocity of the center of mass does not change.
![Page 72: PHYSICS 1401 SEMESTER EXAM REVIEW. 1.1 Measurements Vernier caliper Micrometer Photogate (millisec)](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081418/5697bfe91a28abf838cb6e0c/html5/thumbnails/72.jpg)
7.5 Center of Mass
021
2211
mm
vmvmvcm
BEFORE
AFTER
0002.0
kg 54kg 88
sm5.2kg 54sm5.1kg 88
cmv
![Page 73: PHYSICS 1401 SEMESTER EXAM REVIEW. 1.1 Measurements Vernier caliper Micrometer Photogate (millisec)](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081418/5697bfe91a28abf838cb6e0c/html5/thumbnails/73.jpg)
8.1 Rotational Motion and Angular Displacement
r
s
Radius
length Arcradians)(in
For a full revolution:
360rad 2 rad 22
r
r
![Page 74: PHYSICS 1401 SEMESTER EXAM REVIEW. 1.1 Measurements Vernier caliper Micrometer Photogate (millisec)](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081418/5697bfe91a28abf838cb6e0c/html5/thumbnails/74.jpg)
8.1 Rotational Motion and Angular Displacement
rad 0349.0deg360
rad 2deg00.2
miles) (920 m1048.1
rad 0349.0m1023.46
7
rs
r
s
Radius
length Arcradians)(in
![Page 75: PHYSICS 1401 SEMESTER EXAM REVIEW. 1.1 Measurements Vernier caliper Micrometer Photogate (millisec)](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081418/5697bfe91a28abf838cb6e0c/html5/thumbnails/75.jpg)
8.2 Angular Velocity and Angular Acceleration
DEFINITION OF AVERAGE ANGULAR VELOCITY
timeElapsed
ntdisplacemeAngular locity angular ve Average
ttt o
o
SI Unit of Angular Velocity: radian per second (rad/s)
![Page 76: PHYSICS 1401 SEMESTER EXAM REVIEW. 1.1 Measurements Vernier caliper Micrometer Photogate (millisec)](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081418/5697bfe91a28abf838cb6e0c/html5/thumbnails/76.jpg)
8.2 Angular Velocity and Angular Acceleration
Example 3 Gymnast on a High Bar
A gymnast on a high bar swings throughtwo revolutions in a time of 1.90 s.
Find the average angular velocityof the gymnast.
![Page 77: PHYSICS 1401 SEMESTER EXAM REVIEW. 1.1 Measurements Vernier caliper Micrometer Photogate (millisec)](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081418/5697bfe91a28abf838cb6e0c/html5/thumbnails/77.jpg)
8.2 Angular Velocity and Angular Acceleration
rad 6.12rev 1
rad 2rev 00.2
srad63.6s 90.1
rad 6.12
![Page 78: PHYSICS 1401 SEMESTER EXAM REVIEW. 1.1 Measurements Vernier caliper Micrometer Photogate (millisec)](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081418/5697bfe91a28abf838cb6e0c/html5/thumbnails/78.jpg)
8.2 Angular Velocity and Angular Acceleration
Changing angular velocity means that an angular acceleration is occurring.
DEFINITION OF AVERAGE ANGULAR ACCELERATION
ttt o
o
timeElapsed
locityangular vein Change on acceleratiangular Average
SI Unit of Angular acceleration: radian per second squared (rad/s2)
![Page 79: PHYSICS 1401 SEMESTER EXAM REVIEW. 1.1 Measurements Vernier caliper Micrometer Photogate (millisec)](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081418/5697bfe91a28abf838cb6e0c/html5/thumbnails/79.jpg)
8.3 The Equations of Rotational Kinematics
![Page 80: PHYSICS 1401 SEMESTER EXAM REVIEW. 1.1 Measurements Vernier caliper Micrometer Photogate (millisec)](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081418/5697bfe91a28abf838cb6e0c/html5/thumbnails/80.jpg)
8.3 The Equations of Rotational Kinematics
Example 5 Blending with a Blender
The blades are whirling with an angular velocity of +375 rad/s whenthe “puree” button is pushed in.
When the “blend” button is pushed,the blades accelerate and reach agreater angular velocity after the blades have rotated through anangular displacement of +44.0 rad.
The angular acceleration has a constant value of +1740 rad/s2.
Find the final angular velocity of the blades.
![Page 81: PHYSICS 1401 SEMESTER EXAM REVIEW. 1.1 Measurements Vernier caliper Micrometer Photogate (millisec)](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081418/5697bfe91a28abf838cb6e0c/html5/thumbnails/81.jpg)
8.3 The Equations of Rotational Kinematics
θ α ω ωo t
+44.0 rad +1740 rad/s2 ? +375 rad/s
222 o
srad542rad0.44srad17402srad375
2
22
2
o
![Page 82: PHYSICS 1401 SEMESTER EXAM REVIEW. 1.1 Measurements Vernier caliper Micrometer Photogate (millisec)](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081418/5697bfe91a28abf838cb6e0c/html5/thumbnails/82.jpg)
8.4 Angular Variables and Tangential Variables
velocityl tangentiaTv
speed l tangentiaTv
![Page 83: PHYSICS 1401 SEMESTER EXAM REVIEW. 1.1 Measurements Vernier caliper Micrometer Photogate (millisec)](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081418/5697bfe91a28abf838cb6e0c/html5/thumbnails/83.jpg)
8.4 Angular Variables and Tangential Variables
t
rt
r
t
svT
t
rad/s)in ( rvT
![Page 84: PHYSICS 1401 SEMESTER EXAM REVIEW. 1.1 Measurements Vernier caliper Micrometer Photogate (millisec)](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081418/5697bfe91a28abf838cb6e0c/html5/thumbnails/84.jpg)
8.4 Angular Variables and Tangential Variables
Tctotal aaa
Total acceleration is the vector sum of centripetal acceleration and tangential acceleration.
![Page 85: PHYSICS 1401 SEMESTER EXAM REVIEW. 1.1 Measurements Vernier caliper Micrometer Photogate (millisec)](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081418/5697bfe91a28abf838cb6e0c/html5/thumbnails/85.jpg)
8.4 Angular Variables and Tangential Variables
t
rt
rr
t
vva oToTT
0
to
)rad/sin ( 2raT
![Page 86: PHYSICS 1401 SEMESTER EXAM REVIEW. 1.1 Measurements Vernier caliper Micrometer Photogate (millisec)](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081418/5697bfe91a28abf838cb6e0c/html5/thumbnails/86.jpg)
8.4 Angular Variables and Tangential Variables
Example 6 A Helicopter Blade
A helicopter blade has an angular speed of 6.50 rev/s and anangular acceleration of 1.30 rev/s2.For point 1 on the blade, findthe magnitude of (a) thetangential speed and (b) thetangential acceleration.
![Page 87: PHYSICS 1401 SEMESTER EXAM REVIEW. 1.1 Measurements Vernier caliper Micrometer Photogate (millisec)](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081418/5697bfe91a28abf838cb6e0c/html5/thumbnails/87.jpg)
8.4 Angular Variables and Tangential Variables
srad 8.40rev 1
rad 2
s
rev 50.6
sm122srad8.40m 3.00 rvT
![Page 88: PHYSICS 1401 SEMESTER EXAM REVIEW. 1.1 Measurements Vernier caliper Micrometer Photogate (millisec)](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081418/5697bfe91a28abf838cb6e0c/html5/thumbnails/88.jpg)
8.4 Angular Variables and Tangential Variables
22 sm5.24srad17.8m 3.00 raT
22
srad 17.8rev 1
rad 2
s
rev 30.1
![Page 89: PHYSICS 1401 SEMESTER EXAM REVIEW. 1.1 Measurements Vernier caliper Micrometer Photogate (millisec)](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081418/5697bfe91a28abf838cb6e0c/html5/thumbnails/89.jpg)
9.1 The Action of Forces and Torques on Rigid Objects
In pure translational motion, all points on anobject travel on parallel paths.
The most general motion is a combination oftranslation and rotation.
![Page 90: PHYSICS 1401 SEMESTER EXAM REVIEW. 1.1 Measurements Vernier caliper Micrometer Photogate (millisec)](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081418/5697bfe91a28abf838cb6e0c/html5/thumbnails/90.jpg)
9.1 The Action of Forces and Torques on Rigid Objects
According to Newton’s second law, a net force causes anobject to have an acceleration.
What causes an object to have an angular acceleration?
TORQUE
![Page 91: PHYSICS 1401 SEMESTER EXAM REVIEW. 1.1 Measurements Vernier caliper Micrometer Photogate (millisec)](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081418/5697bfe91a28abf838cb6e0c/html5/thumbnails/91.jpg)
9.1 The Action of Forces and Torques on Rigid Objects
DEFINITION OF TORQUE
Magnitude of Torque = (Magnitude of the force) x (Lever arm)
FDirection: The torque is positive when the force tends to produce a counterclockwise rotation about the axis.
SI Unit of Torque: newton x meter (N·m)
![Page 92: PHYSICS 1401 SEMESTER EXAM REVIEW. 1.1 Measurements Vernier caliper Micrometer Photogate (millisec)](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081418/5697bfe91a28abf838cb6e0c/html5/thumbnails/92.jpg)
9.1 The Action of Forces and Torques on Rigid Objects
790 N
F
m106.355cos
2
mN 15
55cosm106.3N 720 2
![Page 93: PHYSICS 1401 SEMESTER EXAM REVIEW. 1.1 Measurements Vernier caliper Micrometer Photogate (millisec)](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081418/5697bfe91a28abf838cb6e0c/html5/thumbnails/93.jpg)
9.2 Rigid Objects in Equilibrium
EQUILIBRIUM OF A RIGID BODY
A rigid body is in equilibrium if it has zero translationalacceleration and zero angular acceleration. In equilibrium,the sum of the externally applied forces is zero, and thesum of the externally applied torques is zero.
0 0yF0 xF
![Page 94: PHYSICS 1401 SEMESTER EXAM REVIEW. 1.1 Measurements Vernier caliper Micrometer Photogate (millisec)](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081418/5697bfe91a28abf838cb6e0c/html5/thumbnails/94.jpg)
9.2 Rigid Objects in Equilibrium
022 WWF
N 1480
m 1.40
m 90.3N 5302 F
22
WWF
![Page 95: PHYSICS 1401 SEMESTER EXAM REVIEW. 1.1 Measurements Vernier caliper Micrometer Photogate (millisec)](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081418/5697bfe91a28abf838cb6e0c/html5/thumbnails/95.jpg)
9.2 Rigid Objects in Equilibrium
021 WFFFy
0N 530N 14801 F
N 9501 F
![Page 96: PHYSICS 1401 SEMESTER EXAM REVIEW. 1.1 Measurements Vernier caliper Micrometer Photogate (millisec)](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081418/5697bfe91a28abf838cb6e0c/html5/thumbnails/96.jpg)
9.2 Rigid Objects in Equilibrium
Example 5 Bodybuilding
The arm is horizontal and weighs 31.0 N. The deltoid muscle can supply1840 N of force. What is the weight of the heaviest dumbbell he can hold?
![Page 97: PHYSICS 1401 SEMESTER EXAM REVIEW. 1.1 Measurements Vernier caliper Micrometer Photogate (millisec)](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081418/5697bfe91a28abf838cb6e0c/html5/thumbnails/97.jpg)
9.2 Rigid Objects in Equilibrium
0 Mddaa MWW
0.13sinm 150.0M
![Page 98: PHYSICS 1401 SEMESTER EXAM REVIEW. 1.1 Measurements Vernier caliper Micrometer Photogate (millisec)](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081418/5697bfe91a28abf838cb6e0c/html5/thumbnails/98.jpg)
9.2 Rigid Objects in Equilibrium
N 1.86
m 620.0
0.13sinm 150.0N 1840m 280.0N 0.31
d
Maad
MWW
![Page 99: PHYSICS 1401 SEMESTER EXAM REVIEW. 1.1 Measurements Vernier caliper Micrometer Photogate (millisec)](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081418/5697bfe91a28abf838cb6e0c/html5/thumbnails/99.jpg)
9.3 Center of Gravity
When an object has a symmetrical shape and its weight is distributed uniformly, the center of gravity lies at its geometrical center.
![Page 100: PHYSICS 1401 SEMESTER EXAM REVIEW. 1.1 Measurements Vernier caliper Micrometer Photogate (millisec)](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081418/5697bfe91a28abf838cb6e0c/html5/thumbnails/100.jpg)
9.3 Center of Gravity
21
2211
WW
xWxWxcg
![Page 101: PHYSICS 1401 SEMESTER EXAM REVIEW. 1.1 Measurements Vernier caliper Micrometer Photogate (millisec)](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081418/5697bfe91a28abf838cb6e0c/html5/thumbnails/101.jpg)
9.6 Angular Momentum
DEFINITION OF ANGULAR MOMENTUM
The angular momentum L of a body rotating about a fixed axis is the product of the body’s moment of inertia and its angular velocity with respect to thataxis:
IL
Requirement: The angular speed mustbe expressed in rad/s.
SI Unit of Angular Momentum: kg·m2/s
![Page 102: PHYSICS 1401 SEMESTER EXAM REVIEW. 1.1 Measurements Vernier caliper Micrometer Photogate (millisec)](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081418/5697bfe91a28abf838cb6e0c/html5/thumbnails/102.jpg)
9.6 Angular Momentum
PRINCIPLE OF CONSERVATION OF ANGULAR MOMENTUM
The angular momentum of a system remains constant (is conserved) if the net external torque acting on the system is zero.
![Page 103: PHYSICS 1401 SEMESTER EXAM REVIEW. 1.1 Measurements Vernier caliper Micrometer Photogate (millisec)](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081418/5697bfe91a28abf838cb6e0c/html5/thumbnails/103.jpg)
9.6 Angular Momentum
Conceptual Example 14 A Spinning Skater
An ice skater is spinning with botharms and a leg outstretched. Shepulls her arms and leg inward andher spinning motion changesdramatically.
Use the principle of conservationof angular momentum to explainhow and why her spinning motionchanges.
![Page 104: PHYSICS 1401 SEMESTER EXAM REVIEW. 1.1 Measurements Vernier caliper Micrometer Photogate (millisec)](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081418/5697bfe91a28abf838cb6e0c/html5/thumbnails/104.jpg)
10.1 The Ideal Spring and Simple Harmonic Motion
xkF Appliedx
spring constant
Units: N/m
![Page 105: PHYSICS 1401 SEMESTER EXAM REVIEW. 1.1 Measurements Vernier caliper Micrometer Photogate (millisec)](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081418/5697bfe91a28abf838cb6e0c/html5/thumbnails/105.jpg)
10.1 The Ideal Spring and Simple Harmonic Motion
HOOKE’S LAW: RESTORING FORCE OF AN IDEAL SPRING
The restoring force on an ideal spring is xkFx
![Page 106: PHYSICS 1401 SEMESTER EXAM REVIEW. 1.1 Measurements Vernier caliper Micrometer Photogate (millisec)](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081418/5697bfe91a28abf838cb6e0c/html5/thumbnails/106.jpg)
10.2 Simple Harmonic Motion and the Reference Circle
period T: the time required to complete one cycle
frequency f: the number of cycles per second (measured in Hz)
Tf
1
Tf
22
amplitude A: the maximum displacement
![Page 107: PHYSICS 1401 SEMESTER EXAM REVIEW. 1.1 Measurements Vernier caliper Micrometer Photogate (millisec)](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081418/5697bfe91a28abf838cb6e0c/html5/thumbnails/107.jpg)
10.3 Energy and Simple Harmonic Motion
DEFINITION OF ELASTIC POTENTIAL ENERGY
The elastic potential energy is the energy that a springhas by virtue of being stretched or compressed. For anideal spring, the elastic potential energy is
221
elasticPE kx
SI Unit of Elastic Potential Energy: joule (J)
![Page 108: PHYSICS 1401 SEMESTER EXAM REVIEW. 1.1 Measurements Vernier caliper Micrometer Photogate (millisec)](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081418/5697bfe91a28abf838cb6e0c/html5/thumbnails/108.jpg)
10.3 Energy and Simple Harmonic Motion
Example 8 Changing the Mass of a Simple Harmonic Oscillator
A 0.20-kg ball is attached to a vertical spring. The spring constantis 28 N/m. When released from rest, how far does the ball fallbefore being brought to a momentary stop by the spring?
![Page 109: PHYSICS 1401 SEMESTER EXAM REVIEW. 1.1 Measurements Vernier caliper Micrometer Photogate (millisec)](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081418/5697bfe91a28abf838cb6e0c/html5/thumbnails/109.jpg)
10.3 Energy and Simple Harmonic Motion
of EE
2212
212
212
21
ooofff kymghmvkymghmv
oo mghkh 221
m 14.0
mN28
sm8.9kg 20.02
2
2
k
mgho
![Page 110: PHYSICS 1401 SEMESTER EXAM REVIEW. 1.1 Measurements Vernier caliper Micrometer Photogate (millisec)](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081418/5697bfe91a28abf838cb6e0c/html5/thumbnails/110.jpg)
10.4 The Pendulum
Example 10 Keeping Time
Determine the length of a simple pendulum that willswing back and forth in simple harmonic motion with a period of 1.00 s.
2
2L
g
Tf
m 248.0
4
sm80.9s 00.1
4 2
22
2
2
gTL
2
2
4gT
L
Period of simple pendulum isg
LT
22
![Page 111: PHYSICS 1401 SEMESTER EXAM REVIEW. 1.1 Measurements Vernier caliper Micrometer Photogate (millisec)](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081418/5697bfe91a28abf838cb6e0c/html5/thumbnails/111.jpg)
11.1 Mass Density
DEFINITION OF MASS DENSITY
The mass density of a substance is CONSTANT andis the mass of a substance divided by its volume:
V
m
SI Unit of Mass Density: kg/m3
![Page 112: PHYSICS 1401 SEMESTER EXAM REVIEW. 1.1 Measurements Vernier caliper Micrometer Photogate (millisec)](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081418/5697bfe91a28abf838cb6e0c/html5/thumbnails/112.jpg)
11.1 Mass Density
![Page 113: PHYSICS 1401 SEMESTER EXAM REVIEW. 1.1 Measurements Vernier caliper Micrometer Photogate (millisec)](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081418/5697bfe91a28abf838cb6e0c/html5/thumbnails/113.jpg)
11.2 Pressure
A
FP
SI Unit of Pressure: 1 N/m2 = 1Pa
Pascal
![Page 114: PHYSICS 1401 SEMESTER EXAM REVIEW. 1.1 Measurements Vernier caliper Micrometer Photogate (millisec)](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081418/5697bfe91a28abf838cb6e0c/html5/thumbnails/114.jpg)
11.2 Pressure
Atmospheric Pressure at Sea Level: 1.013x105 Pa = 1 atmosphere
![Page 115: PHYSICS 1401 SEMESTER EXAM REVIEW. 1.1 Measurements Vernier caliper Micrometer Photogate (millisec)](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081418/5697bfe91a28abf838cb6e0c/html5/thumbnails/115.jpg)
11.3 Pressure and Depth in a Static Fluid
VgAPAP 12
AhV
AhgAPAP 12
hgPP 12
![Page 116: PHYSICS 1401 SEMESTER EXAM REVIEW. 1.1 Measurements Vernier caliper Micrometer Photogate (millisec)](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081418/5697bfe91a28abf838cb6e0c/html5/thumbnails/116.jpg)
11.3 Pressure and Depth in a Static Fluid
Pa 1055.1
m 50.5sm80.9mkg1000.1Pa 1001.15
233
pressure catmospheri
52
P
ghPP 12
![Page 117: PHYSICS 1401 SEMESTER EXAM REVIEW. 1.1 Measurements Vernier caliper Micrometer Photogate (millisec)](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081418/5697bfe91a28abf838cb6e0c/html5/thumbnails/117.jpg)
11.4 Pressure Gauges
AB PPP 2
ghPPA 1
ghPP atm pressure gauge
2
absolute pressure
![Page 118: PHYSICS 1401 SEMESTER EXAM REVIEW. 1.1 Measurements Vernier caliper Micrometer Photogate (millisec)](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081418/5697bfe91a28abf838cb6e0c/html5/thumbnails/118.jpg)
11.5 Pascal’s Principle
PASCAL’S PRINCIPLE
Any change in the pressure applied to a completely enclosed fluid is transmitted undiminished to all parts of the fluid and enclosing walls.
![Page 119: PHYSICS 1401 SEMESTER EXAM REVIEW. 1.1 Measurements Vernier caliper Micrometer Photogate (millisec)](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081418/5697bfe91a28abf838cb6e0c/html5/thumbnails/119.jpg)
11.5 Pascal’s Principle
m 012 gPP
1
1
2
2
A
F
A
F
1
212 A
AFF
![Page 120: PHYSICS 1401 SEMESTER EXAM REVIEW. 1.1 Measurements Vernier caliper Micrometer Photogate (millisec)](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081418/5697bfe91a28abf838cb6e0c/html5/thumbnails/120.jpg)
11.6 Archimedes’ Principle
APPAPAPFB 1212
ghPP 12
ghAFB
hAV
gVFB
fluiddisplaced
of mass
![Page 121: PHYSICS 1401 SEMESTER EXAM REVIEW. 1.1 Measurements Vernier caliper Micrometer Photogate (millisec)](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081418/5697bfe91a28abf838cb6e0c/html5/thumbnails/121.jpg)
11.6 Archimedes’ Principle
ARCHIMEDES’ PRINCIPLE
Any fluid applies a buoyant force to an object that is partiallyor completely immersed in it; the magnitude of the buoyantforce equals the weight of the fluid that the object displaces:
fluid displaced
ofWeight
fluid
forcebuoyant of Magnitude
WFB
![Page 122: PHYSICS 1401 SEMESTER EXAM REVIEW. 1.1 Measurements Vernier caliper Micrometer Photogate (millisec)](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081418/5697bfe91a28abf838cb6e0c/html5/thumbnails/122.jpg)
11.6 Archimedes’ Principle
If the object is floating then the magnitude of the buoyant forceis equal to the magnitude of itsweight.
![Page 123: PHYSICS 1401 SEMESTER EXAM REVIEW. 1.1 Measurements Vernier caliper Micrometer Photogate (millisec)](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081418/5697bfe91a28abf838cb6e0c/html5/thumbnails/123.jpg)
11.8 The Equation of Continuity
Incompressible fluid: 2211 vAvA
Volume flow rate Q: AvQ
![Page 124: PHYSICS 1401 SEMESTER EXAM REVIEW. 1.1 Measurements Vernier caliper Micrometer Photogate (millisec)](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081418/5697bfe91a28abf838cb6e0c/html5/thumbnails/124.jpg)
11.9 Bernoulli’s Equation
The fluid accelerates toward the lower pressure regions.
According to the pressure-depthrelationship, the pressure is lowerat higher levels, provided the areaof the pipe does not change.
![Page 125: PHYSICS 1401 SEMESTER EXAM REVIEW. 1.1 Measurements Vernier caliper Micrometer Photogate (millisec)](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081418/5697bfe91a28abf838cb6e0c/html5/thumbnails/125.jpg)
11.9 Bernoulli’s Equation
2222
11
212
1nc mgymvmgymvW
VPPAsPsFsFW 12
![Page 126: PHYSICS 1401 SEMESTER EXAM REVIEW. 1.1 Measurements Vernier caliper Micrometer Photogate (millisec)](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081418/5697bfe91a28abf838cb6e0c/html5/thumbnails/126.jpg)
11.9 Bernoulli’s Equation
2222
11
212
112 mgymvmgymvVPP
2222
11
212
112 gyvgyvPP
BERNOULLI’S EQUATION
In steady flow of a nonviscous, incompressible fluid, the pressure, the fluid speed, and the elevation at two points are related by:
2222
121
212
11 gyvPgyvP
![Page 127: PHYSICS 1401 SEMESTER EXAM REVIEW. 1.1 Measurements Vernier caliper Micrometer Photogate (millisec)](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081418/5697bfe91a28abf838cb6e0c/html5/thumbnails/127.jpg)
11.10 Applications of Bernoulli’s Equation
Conceptual Example 14 Tarpaulins and Bernoulli’s Equation
When the truck is stationary, the tarpaulin lies flat, but it bulges outwardwhen the truck is speeding downthe highway.
Account for this behavior.
![Page 128: PHYSICS 1401 SEMESTER EXAM REVIEW. 1.1 Measurements Vernier caliper Micrometer Photogate (millisec)](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081418/5697bfe91a28abf838cb6e0c/html5/thumbnails/128.jpg)
11.10 Applications of Bernoulli’s Equation
![Page 129: PHYSICS 1401 SEMESTER EXAM REVIEW. 1.1 Measurements Vernier caliper Micrometer Photogate (millisec)](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081418/5697bfe91a28abf838cb6e0c/html5/thumbnails/129.jpg)
11.10 Applications of Bernoulli’s Equation
Example 16 Efflux Speed
The tank is open to the atmosphere atthe top. Find an expression for the speed of the liquid leaving the pipe atthe bottom.
![Page 130: PHYSICS 1401 SEMESTER EXAM REVIEW. 1.1 Measurements Vernier caliper Micrometer Photogate (millisec)](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081418/5697bfe91a28abf838cb6e0c/html5/thumbnails/130.jpg)
11.10 Applications of Bernoulli’s Equation
2222
121
212
11 gyvPgyvP
atmPPP 2102 v
hyy 12
ghv 212
1
ghv 21
![Page 131: PHYSICS 1401 SEMESTER EXAM REVIEW. 1.1 Measurements Vernier caliper Micrometer Photogate (millisec)](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081418/5697bfe91a28abf838cb6e0c/html5/thumbnails/131.jpg)
12.1 Common Temperature Scales
Temperatures are reported in degreesCelsius or degrees Fahrenheit.
Temperatures changed, on theother hand, are reported in Celsius degrees or Fahrenheit degrees:
FC 5
9 1
AT SEA LEVEL
![Page 132: PHYSICS 1401 SEMESTER EXAM REVIEW. 1.1 Measurements Vernier caliper Micrometer Photogate (millisec)](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081418/5697bfe91a28abf838cb6e0c/html5/thumbnails/132.jpg)
12.2 The Kelvin Temperature Scale
15.273 cTT
Kelvin temperature
AT SEA LEVEL
![Page 133: PHYSICS 1401 SEMESTER EXAM REVIEW. 1.1 Measurements Vernier caliper Micrometer Photogate (millisec)](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081418/5697bfe91a28abf838cb6e0c/html5/thumbnails/133.jpg)
12.2 The Kelvin Temperature Scale
absolute zero point = -273.15oC
![Page 134: PHYSICS 1401 SEMESTER EXAM REVIEW. 1.1 Measurements Vernier caliper Micrometer Photogate (millisec)](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081418/5697bfe91a28abf838cb6e0c/html5/thumbnails/134.jpg)
12.4 Linear Thermal Expansion
LINEAR THERMAL EXPANSION OF A SOLID
The length of an object changes when its temperature changes:
TLL o
coefficient of linear expansion
Common Unit for the Coefficient of Linear Expansion: 1C
C
1
![Page 135: PHYSICS 1401 SEMESTER EXAM REVIEW. 1.1 Measurements Vernier caliper Micrometer Photogate (millisec)](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081418/5697bfe91a28abf838cb6e0c/html5/thumbnails/135.jpg)
12.4 Linear Thermal Expansion
![Page 136: PHYSICS 1401 SEMESTER EXAM REVIEW. 1.1 Measurements Vernier caliper Micrometer Photogate (millisec)](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081418/5697bfe91a28abf838cb6e0c/html5/thumbnails/136.jpg)
12.4 Linear Thermal Expansion
THE BIMETALLIC STRIP
![Page 137: PHYSICS 1401 SEMESTER EXAM REVIEW. 1.1 Measurements Vernier caliper Micrometer Photogate (millisec)](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081418/5697bfe91a28abf838cb6e0c/html5/thumbnails/137.jpg)
12.4 Linear Thermal Expansion
![Page 138: PHYSICS 1401 SEMESTER EXAM REVIEW. 1.1 Measurements Vernier caliper Micrometer Photogate (millisec)](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081418/5697bfe91a28abf838cb6e0c/html5/thumbnails/138.jpg)
12.5 Volume Thermal Expansion
VOLUME THERMAL EXPANSION
The volume of an object changes when its temperature changes:
TVV o
coefficient of volume expansion
Common Unit for the Coefficient of Volume Expansion: 1C
C
1
![Page 139: PHYSICS 1401 SEMESTER EXAM REVIEW. 1.1 Measurements Vernier caliper Micrometer Photogate (millisec)](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081418/5697bfe91a28abf838cb6e0c/html5/thumbnails/139.jpg)
12.5 Volume Thermal Expansion
Expansion of water.
The physics of burstingwater pipes.
![Page 140: PHYSICS 1401 SEMESTER EXAM REVIEW. 1.1 Measurements Vernier caliper Micrometer Photogate (millisec)](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081418/5697bfe91a28abf838cb6e0c/html5/thumbnails/140.jpg)
12.6 Heat and Internal Energy
DEFINITION OF HEAT
Heat is energy that flows from a higher-temperature object to a lower-temperature object because of a difference in temperatures.
SI Unit of Heat: joule (J)
![Page 141: PHYSICS 1401 SEMESTER EXAM REVIEW. 1.1 Measurements Vernier caliper Micrometer Photogate (millisec)](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081418/5697bfe91a28abf838cb6e0c/html5/thumbnails/141.jpg)
12.6 Heat and Internal Energy
The heat that flows from hot to cold originates in the internal energy ofthe hot substance.
It is not correct to say that a substancecontains heat.
![Page 142: PHYSICS 1401 SEMESTER EXAM REVIEW. 1.1 Measurements Vernier caliper Micrometer Photogate (millisec)](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081418/5697bfe91a28abf838cb6e0c/html5/thumbnails/142.jpg)
13.1 Convection
CONVECTION
Convection is the process in which heat is carried from one placeto another by the bulk movement of a fluid.
convection currents
![Page 143: PHYSICS 1401 SEMESTER EXAM REVIEW. 1.1 Measurements Vernier caliper Micrometer Photogate (millisec)](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081418/5697bfe91a28abf838cb6e0c/html5/thumbnails/143.jpg)
13.2 Conduction
CONDUCTION
Conduction is the process whereby heat is transferred directly througha material, with any bulk motion of the material playing no role in the transfer.
One mechanism for conduction occurs when the atoms or moleculesin a hotter part of the material vibrate or move with greater energy thanthose in a cooler part.
By means of collisions, the more energetic molecules pass on some oftheir energy to their less energetic neighbors.
Materials that conduct heat well are called thermal conductors, and thosethat conduct heat poorly are called thermal insulators.
![Page 144: PHYSICS 1401 SEMESTER EXAM REVIEW. 1.1 Measurements Vernier caliper Micrometer Photogate (millisec)](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081418/5697bfe91a28abf838cb6e0c/html5/thumbnails/144.jpg)
13.2 Conduction
The amount of heat Q that is conducted through the bar depends on a number of factors:
1. The time during which conduction takes place.2. The temperature difference between the ends of the bar.3. The cross sectional area of the bar.4. The length of the bar.
![Page 145: PHYSICS 1401 SEMESTER EXAM REVIEW. 1.1 Measurements Vernier caliper Micrometer Photogate (millisec)](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081418/5697bfe91a28abf838cb6e0c/html5/thumbnails/145.jpg)
13.3 Radiation
RADIATION
Radiation is the process in whichenergy is transferred by means ofelectromagnetic waves.
A material that is a good absorber is also a good emitter.
A material that absorbs completelyis called a perfect blackbody.
![Page 146: PHYSICS 1401 SEMESTER EXAM REVIEW. 1.1 Measurements Vernier caliper Micrometer Photogate (millisec)](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081418/5697bfe91a28abf838cb6e0c/html5/thumbnails/146.jpg)
13.4 Applications
A thermos bottle minimizes heattransfer via conduction, convection,and radiation.
The space between the inner glass walls minimizes heat transfer by conduction and convection.
The silvered surfaces reflect radiatedheat back to the inside.
![Page 147: PHYSICS 1401 SEMESTER EXAM REVIEW. 1.1 Measurements Vernier caliper Micrometer Photogate (millisec)](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081418/5697bfe91a28abf838cb6e0c/html5/thumbnails/147.jpg)
13.4 Applications
GREENHOUSE EFFECT-Depletion of the ozone layer is harmful to Earth-Harmful effects of technology and urbanization-Most heat transfer is by radiation.
![Page 148: PHYSICS 1401 SEMESTER EXAM REVIEW. 1.1 Measurements Vernier caliper Micrometer Photogate (millisec)](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081418/5697bfe91a28abf838cb6e0c/html5/thumbnails/148.jpg)
14.1 Molecular Mass, the Mole, and Avogadro’s Number
One mole of a substance contains as manyparticles as there are atoms in 12 grams ofthe isotope cabron-12.
The number of atoms per mole is known asAvogadro’s number, NA.
123 mol10022.6 AN
AN
Nn
number ofmoles
number ofatoms
![Page 149: PHYSICS 1401 SEMESTER EXAM REVIEW. 1.1 Measurements Vernier caliper Micrometer Photogate (millisec)](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081418/5697bfe91a28abf838cb6e0c/html5/thumbnails/149.jpg)
14.2 The Ideal Gas Law
An ideal gas is an idealized model for real gases that have sufficiently low densities.
The condition of low density means that the molecules are so far apart that they do not interact except during collisions, which are effectively ELASTIC.
TP
At constant volume, the pressure isdirectly proportional to the temperature.
![Page 150: PHYSICS 1401 SEMESTER EXAM REVIEW. 1.1 Measurements Vernier caliper Micrometer Photogate (millisec)](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081418/5697bfe91a28abf838cb6e0c/html5/thumbnails/150.jpg)
14.2 The Ideal Gas Law
At constant temperature, the pressure is inversely proportional to the volume.
VP 1
The pressure is also proportionalto the amount of gas.
nP
![Page 151: PHYSICS 1401 SEMESTER EXAM REVIEW. 1.1 Measurements Vernier caliper Micrometer Photogate (millisec)](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081418/5697bfe91a28abf838cb6e0c/html5/thumbnails/151.jpg)
14.2 The Ideal Gas Law
THE IDEAL GAS LAW
The absolute pressure of an ideal gas is directly proportional to the Kelvintemperature and the number of moles of the gas and is inversely proportionalto the volume of the gas.
V
nRTP
nRTPV
KmolJ31.8 R
![Page 152: PHYSICS 1401 SEMESTER EXAM REVIEW. 1.1 Measurements Vernier caliper Micrometer Photogate (millisec)](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081418/5697bfe91a28abf838cb6e0c/html5/thumbnails/152.jpg)
14.2 The Ideal Gas Law
Consider a sample of an ideal gas that is taken from an initial to a finalstate, with the amount of the gas remaining constant.
nRTPV
i
ii
f
ff
T
VP
T
VP
constant nRT
PV
![Page 153: PHYSICS 1401 SEMESTER EXAM REVIEW. 1.1 Measurements Vernier caliper Micrometer Photogate (millisec)](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081418/5697bfe91a28abf838cb6e0c/html5/thumbnails/153.jpg)
14.2 The Ideal Gas Law
i
ii
f
ff
T
VP
T
VP
Constant T, constant n:iiff VPVP Boyle’s law
Constant P, constant n:
i
i
f
f
T
V
T
V Charles’ law
Constant V, constant n:
i
i
f
f
T
P
T
P Gay Lussac’s law
![Page 154: PHYSICS 1401 SEMESTER EXAM REVIEW. 1.1 Measurements Vernier caliper Micrometer Photogate (millisec)](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081418/5697bfe91a28abf838cb6e0c/html5/thumbnails/154.jpg)
14.3 Kinetic Theory of Gases
The particles are in constant, randommotion, colliding with each otherand with the walls of the container.
Each collision changes the particle’s speed.
As a result, the atoms and molecules have different speeds.
![Page 155: PHYSICS 1401 SEMESTER EXAM REVIEW. 1.1 Measurements Vernier caliper Micrometer Photogate (millisec)](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081418/5697bfe91a28abf838cb6e0c/html5/thumbnails/155.jpg)
14.3 Kinetic Theory of Gases
Tkmv Brms 232
21KE
THE INTERNAL ENERGY OF A MONATOMIC IDEAL GAS
nRTTkNU B 23
23
![Page 156: PHYSICS 1401 SEMESTER EXAM REVIEW. 1.1 Measurements Vernier caliper Micrometer Photogate (millisec)](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081418/5697bfe91a28abf838cb6e0c/html5/thumbnails/156.jpg)
15.1 Thermodynamic Systems and Their Surroundings
Thermodynamics is the branch of physics that is built upon the fundamental laws that heat and work obey.
The collection of objects on which attention is being focused is called the system, while everything elsein the environment is called the surroundings.
Walls that permit heat flow are called diathermal walls,while walls that do not permit heat flow are calledadiabatic walls.
To understand thermodynamics, it is necessary to describe the state of a system.
![Page 157: PHYSICS 1401 SEMESTER EXAM REVIEW. 1.1 Measurements Vernier caliper Micrometer Photogate (millisec)](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081418/5697bfe91a28abf838cb6e0c/html5/thumbnails/157.jpg)
15.2 The Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics
Two systems are said to be in thermal equilibrium if there is no heat flowbetween then when they are brought into contact.
Temperature is the indicator of thermal equilibrium in the sense that there is nonet flow of heat between two systems in thermal contact that have the sametemperature.
![Page 158: PHYSICS 1401 SEMESTER EXAM REVIEW. 1.1 Measurements Vernier caliper Micrometer Photogate (millisec)](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081418/5697bfe91a28abf838cb6e0c/html5/thumbnails/158.jpg)
15.2 The Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics
THE ZEROTH LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS
Two systems individually in thermal equilibriumwith a third system are in thermal equilibriumwith each other.
![Page 159: PHYSICS 1401 SEMESTER EXAM REVIEW. 1.1 Measurements Vernier caliper Micrometer Photogate (millisec)](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081418/5697bfe91a28abf838cb6e0c/html5/thumbnails/159.jpg)
15.3 The First Law of Thermodynamics
Suppose that a system gains heat Q and that is the only effect occurring.
Consistent with the law of conservation of energy, the internal energyof the system changes:
QUUU if
Heat is positive when the system gains heat and negative when the systemloses heat.
![Page 160: PHYSICS 1401 SEMESTER EXAM REVIEW. 1.1 Measurements Vernier caliper Micrometer Photogate (millisec)](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081418/5697bfe91a28abf838cb6e0c/html5/thumbnails/160.jpg)
15.3 The First Law of Thermodynamics
Thermodynamics is a conservation law; i.e. heat added to a system is usedby the system to increase its internal energy or to do work in expanding.
An increase in internal energy due to heat added to the system (positive) orwork done on the system (positive).
WQU
Work done on a system, according to this convention, would result in adecrease in volume:
)( VPW
![Page 161: PHYSICS 1401 SEMESTER EXAM REVIEW. 1.1 Measurements Vernier caliper Micrometer Photogate (millisec)](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081418/5697bfe91a28abf838cb6e0c/html5/thumbnails/161.jpg)
15.3 The First Law of Thermodynamics
THE FIRST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS
Process Definition Result
Isothermal
Adiabatic
Isochoric or Isovolumetric
00 UT WQ
0Q WU
00 WV QU
![Page 162: PHYSICS 1401 SEMESTER EXAM REVIEW. 1.1 Measurements Vernier caliper Micrometer Photogate (millisec)](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081418/5697bfe91a28abf838cb6e0c/html5/thumbnails/162.jpg)
15.3 The First Law of Thermodynamics
Example 1 Positive and Negative Work
In part a, the system gains 1500J of heatand 2200J of work is done BY the system on its surroundings.
In part b, the system also gains 1500J of heat, but2200J of work is done ON the system.
In each case, determine the change in internal energyof the system.
![Page 163: PHYSICS 1401 SEMESTER EXAM REVIEW. 1.1 Measurements Vernier caliper Micrometer Photogate (millisec)](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081418/5697bfe91a28abf838cb6e0c/html5/thumbnails/163.jpg)
15.4 Thermal Processes
An isobaric process is one that occurs atconstant pressure.
)( VPAsPFsW
Isobaric process: if VVPVPW )(
At constant pressure, if volume decreases,ΔV is negative, and work done is positive.
![Page 164: PHYSICS 1401 SEMESTER EXAM REVIEW. 1.1 Measurements Vernier caliper Micrometer Photogate (millisec)](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081418/5697bfe91a28abf838cb6e0c/html5/thumbnails/164.jpg)
15.4 Thermal Processes
Example 3 Isobaric Expansion of Water
One gram of water is placed in the cylinder and the pressure is maintained at 2.0x105Pa. Thetemperature of the water is raised by 31oC. Thewater is in the liquid phase and expands by thesmall amount of 1.0x10-8m3.
Find the work done and the change in internal energy.
![Page 165: PHYSICS 1401 SEMESTER EXAM REVIEW. 1.1 Measurements Vernier caliper Micrometer Photogate (millisec)](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081418/5697bfe91a28abf838cb6e0c/html5/thumbnails/165.jpg)
15.4 Thermal Processes
J0020.0m100.1Pa100.2 385
VPW
J 130J 0020.0J 130 WQU
J 130C 31CkgJ4186kg 0010.0 TmcQ
![Page 166: PHYSICS 1401 SEMESTER EXAM REVIEW. 1.1 Measurements Vernier caliper Micrometer Photogate (millisec)](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081418/5697bfe91a28abf838cb6e0c/html5/thumbnails/166.jpg)
15.4 Thermal Processes
if VVPVPW )(
![Page 167: PHYSICS 1401 SEMESTER EXAM REVIEW. 1.1 Measurements Vernier caliper Micrometer Photogate (millisec)](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081418/5697bfe91a28abf838cb6e0c/html5/thumbnails/167.jpg)
15.4 Thermal Processes
isochoric: constant volume
QWQU
0W
![Page 168: PHYSICS 1401 SEMESTER EXAM REVIEW. 1.1 Measurements Vernier caliper Micrometer Photogate (millisec)](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081418/5697bfe91a28abf838cb6e0c/html5/thumbnails/168.jpg)
15.4 Thermal Processes
Example 4 Work and the Area Under a Pressure-Volume Graph
Determine the work for the process in which the pressure, volume, and temp-erature of a gas are changed along thestraight line in the figure.
The area under a pressure-volume graph isthe work for any kind of process.
![Page 169: PHYSICS 1401 SEMESTER EXAM REVIEW. 1.1 Measurements Vernier caliper Micrometer Photogate (millisec)](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081418/5697bfe91a28abf838cb6e0c/html5/thumbnails/169.jpg)
15.4 Thermal Processes
Since the volume increases, the workis negative.
Estimate that there are 8.9 colored squares in the drawing.
J 180
m100.1Pa100.29.8 345
W
![Page 170: PHYSICS 1401 SEMESTER EXAM REVIEW. 1.1 Measurements Vernier caliper Micrometer Photogate (millisec)](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081418/5697bfe91a28abf838cb6e0c/html5/thumbnails/170.jpg)
15.5 Thermal Processes Using an Ideal Gas
ISOTHERMAL EXPANSION OR COMPRESSION
Isothermalexpansion orcompression ofan ideal gas
i
f
V
VnRTW ln
![Page 171: PHYSICS 1401 SEMESTER EXAM REVIEW. 1.1 Measurements Vernier caliper Micrometer Photogate (millisec)](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081418/5697bfe91a28abf838cb6e0c/html5/thumbnails/171.jpg)
15.5 Thermal Processes Using an Ideal Gas
Example 5 Isothermal Expansion of an Ideal Gas
Two moles of the monatomic gas argon expand isothermally at 298Kfrom and initial volume of 0.025m3 to a final volume of 0.050m3. Assumingthat argon is an ideal gas, find (a) the work done by the gas, (b) the change in internal energy of the gas, and (c) the heat supplied to the gas. ??
![Page 172: PHYSICS 1401 SEMESTER EXAM REVIEW. 1.1 Measurements Vernier caliper Micrometer Photogate (millisec)](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081418/5697bfe91a28abf838cb6e0c/html5/thumbnails/172.jpg)
15.5 Thermal Processes Using an Ideal Gas
(a)
J 3400m 250.0
m 050.0lnK 298KmolJ31.8mol 0.2
ln
3
3
i
f
V
VnRTW
023
23 if nRTnRTU(b)
WQU (c)
J 3400WQ
![Page 173: PHYSICS 1401 SEMESTER EXAM REVIEW. 1.1 Measurements Vernier caliper Micrometer Photogate (millisec)](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081418/5697bfe91a28abf838cb6e0c/html5/thumbnails/173.jpg)
15.3 The First Law of Thermodynamics
(a)
(b)
J 700J 2200J 1500
WQU
J 3700J 2200J 1500
WQU
![Page 174: PHYSICS 1401 SEMESTER EXAM REVIEW. 1.1 Measurements Vernier caliper Micrometer Photogate (millisec)](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081418/5697bfe91a28abf838cb6e0c/html5/thumbnails/174.jpg)
15.3 The First Law of Thermodynamics
Example 2 An Ideal Gas
The temperature of three moles of a monatomic ideal gas is reduced from 540K to 350K as 5500J of heat flows into the gas.
Find (a) the change in internal energy and (b) the work done by the gas. ???
nRTU 23WQUUU if
![Page 175: PHYSICS 1401 SEMESTER EXAM REVIEW. 1.1 Measurements Vernier caliper Micrometer Photogate (millisec)](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081418/5697bfe91a28abf838cb6e0c/html5/thumbnails/175.jpg)
15.3 The First Law of Thermodynamics
J 7100K 540K 350KmolJ 31.8mol 0.323
23
23
if nRTnRTU
J 12600J 7100J 5500 UQW
(a)
(b)
![Page 176: PHYSICS 1401 SEMESTER EXAM REVIEW. 1.1 Measurements Vernier caliper Micrometer Photogate (millisec)](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081418/5697bfe91a28abf838cb6e0c/html5/thumbnails/176.jpg)
15.4 Thermal Processes
A quasi-static process is one that occurs slowly enough that a uniformtemperature and pressure exist throughout all regions of the system at alltimes.
isobaric: constant pressure
isochoric: constant volume
isothermal: constant temperature
adiabatic: no transfer of heat
![Page 177: PHYSICS 1401 SEMESTER EXAM REVIEW. 1.1 Measurements Vernier caliper Micrometer Photogate (millisec)](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081418/5697bfe91a28abf838cb6e0c/html5/thumbnails/177.jpg)
15.7 The Second Law of Thermodynamics
THE SECOND LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS: THE HEAT FLOW STATEMENT
Heat flows spontaneously from a substance at a higher temperature to a substanceat a lower temperature and does not flow spontaneously in the reverse direction.
The second law is a statement about the natural tendency of heat to flow from hot to cold, whereas the first law deals with energy conservationand focuses on both heat and work.
![Page 178: PHYSICS 1401 SEMESTER EXAM REVIEW. 1.1 Measurements Vernier caliper Micrometer Photogate (millisec)](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081418/5697bfe91a28abf838cb6e0c/html5/thumbnails/178.jpg)
15.8 Heat Engines
A heat engine is any device that uses heat to perform work. It has three essential features.
1. Heat is supplied to the engine at a relatively high temperature from a place called the hot reservoir.
2. Part of the input heat is used to perform work by the working substance of the engine.
3. The remainder of the input heat is rejected to a place called the cold reservoir.
heatinput of magnitude HQ
heat rejected of magnitude CQ
done work theof magnitude W
![Page 179: PHYSICS 1401 SEMESTER EXAM REVIEW. 1.1 Measurements Vernier caliper Micrometer Photogate (millisec)](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081418/5697bfe91a28abf838cb6e0c/html5/thumbnails/179.jpg)
15.8 Heat Engines
The efficiency of a heat engine is defined asthe ratio of the work done to the input heat:
HQ
We
If there are no other losses, then
CH QWQ
H
C
Q
Qe 1
![Page 180: PHYSICS 1401 SEMESTER EXAM REVIEW. 1.1 Measurements Vernier caliper Micrometer Photogate (millisec)](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081418/5697bfe91a28abf838cb6e0c/html5/thumbnails/180.jpg)
15.8 Heat Engines
Example 6 An Automobile Engine
An automobile engine has an efficiency of 22.0% and produces 2510 J of work. How much heat is rejected by the engine?
HQ
We
CH QWQ
e
WQH
![Page 181: PHYSICS 1401 SEMESTER EXAM REVIEW. 1.1 Measurements Vernier caliper Micrometer Photogate (millisec)](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081418/5697bfe91a28abf838cb6e0c/html5/thumbnails/181.jpg)
15.8 Heat Engines
CH QWQ
e
WQH
J 89001220.0
1J 2510
11
e
WWe
WQC
WQQ HC
![Page 182: PHYSICS 1401 SEMESTER EXAM REVIEW. 1.1 Measurements Vernier caliper Micrometer Photogate (millisec)](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081418/5697bfe91a28abf838cb6e0c/html5/thumbnails/182.jpg)
15.9 Carnot’s Principle and the Carnot Engine
A reversible process is one in which both the system and the environment can be returned to exactly the states they were in before the process occurred.
CARNOT’S PRINCIPLE: AN ALTERNATIVE STATEMENT OF THE SECONDLAW OF THERMODYNAMICS
No irreversible engine operating between two reservoirs at constant temperaturescan have a greater efficiency than a reversible engine operating between the sametemperatures. Furthermore, all reversible engines operating between the sametemperatures have the same efficiency.
![Page 183: PHYSICS 1401 SEMESTER EXAM REVIEW. 1.1 Measurements Vernier caliper Micrometer Photogate (millisec)](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081418/5697bfe91a28abf838cb6e0c/html5/thumbnails/183.jpg)
15.9 Carnot’s Principle and the Carnot Engine
The Carnot engine is useful as an idealizedmodel.
All of the heat input originates from a singletemperature, and all the rejected heat goesinto a cold reservoir at a single temperature.
Since the efficiency can only depend onthe reservoir temperatures, the ratio of heats can only depend on those temperatures.
H
C
H
C
T
T
Q
Qe 11
H
C
H
C
T
T
Q
Q
![Page 184: PHYSICS 1401 SEMESTER EXAM REVIEW. 1.1 Measurements Vernier caliper Micrometer Photogate (millisec)](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081418/5697bfe91a28abf838cb6e0c/html5/thumbnails/184.jpg)
15.11 Entropy
Any irreversible process increases the entropy of the universe. 0universe S
THE SECOND LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS STATEDIN TERMS OF ENTROPY
The total entropy of the universe does not change when a reversible process occurs and increases when an irreversibleprocess occurs.
![Page 185: PHYSICS 1401 SEMESTER EXAM REVIEW. 1.1 Measurements Vernier caliper Micrometer Photogate (millisec)](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081418/5697bfe91a28abf838cb6e0c/html5/thumbnails/185.jpg)
15.11 Entropy
Example 12 Energy Unavailable for Doing Work
Suppose that 1200 J of heat is used as input for an engine under two different conditions (as shown on the right).
Determine the maximum amount of work that can be obtainedfor each case.
H
C
T
Te 1carnot
HQ
We
![Page 186: PHYSICS 1401 SEMESTER EXAM REVIEW. 1.1 Measurements Vernier caliper Micrometer Photogate (millisec)](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081418/5697bfe91a28abf838cb6e0c/html5/thumbnails/186.jpg)
15.11 Entropy
The maximum amount of work will be achieved when theengine is a Carnot Engine, where
(a) 77.0K 650
K 15011carnot
H
C
T
Te
J 920J 120077.0carnot HQeW
(b) 57.0K 350
K 15011carnot
H
C
T
Te
J 680J 120057.0carnot HQeW
The irreversible process of heat through the copperrod causes some energy to become unavailable.
![Page 187: PHYSICS 1401 SEMESTER EXAM REVIEW. 1.1 Measurements Vernier caliper Micrometer Photogate (millisec)](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081418/5697bfe91a28abf838cb6e0c/html5/thumbnails/187.jpg)
15.12 The Third Law of Thermodynamics
THE THIRD LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS
It is not possible to lower the temperature of any system to absolute zero in a finite number of steps.