Physicochemical Hydrodynamics Interfacial Phenomena

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Series B: Physics

Physicochemical Hydrodynamics I nterfacial Phenomena

Edited by

Manuel G. Velarde U.N.E.D. Madrid, Spain

Plenum Press New York and London Published in cooperation with NATO Scientific Affairs Division

Proceedings of a NATO Advanced Study Institute on Physicochemical Hydrodynamics: Interfacial Phenomena, held July 1-11,1986, and of the Second EPS Liquid State Conference, held July 12-15, 1986, in La Rabida, Huelva, Spain

Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data

NATO Advanced Study Institute on Physicochemical Hydrodynamics: Interfacial Phenomena (1986: La Rabida, Huelva, Spain)

Physicochemical hydrodynamics: interfacial phenomena I edited by Manuel G. Velarde.

p. cm.-(NATO ASI series. Series B, Physics; v. 174) "Proceedings of a NATO Advanced Study Institute on Physicochemical.

Hydrodynamics: Interfacial Phenomena, held July 1-11, 1986, and of the Second EPS Liquid State Conference, held July 12-15, 1986, in La Rabida, Huelva, Spain"-T.p. verso.

"Published in cooperation with NATO Scientific Affairs Division." Includes bibliographies and indexes. ISBN-13: 978-1-4612-8042-2 e-ISBN-13: 978-1-4613-0707-5 DOl: 10.1007/978-1-4613-0707-5 1. Surface chemistry-Congresses. 2. Hydrodynamics-Congresses. I.

Velarde, Manuel G. (Manuel Garcia) II. EPS Liquid State Conference (2nd: 1986: Huelva, Spain) III. European Physical Society. IV. North Atlantic Treaty Organiza­tion. Scientific Affairs Division. V. Title. VI. Series.

[DNLM: 1. Capillarity-congresses. 2. Surface-Active Agents-congresses. 3. Surface Tension-congresses. QC 183 N279p 1986] QD506.A1N36 1986 541.3'453-dc19 DNLMIDLC 88-9899 for Library of Congress CIP

© 1988 Plenum Press, New York Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1 st edition 1988

A Division of Plenum Publishing Corporation 233 Spring Street, New York, N.Y. 10013

All rights reserved

No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher

In memory of Professor Ben Levich,

whose seminal work in the field of physicochemical hydrodynamics opened

a new avenue of fascinating and transdisciplinary research

PREFACE

This book contains lecture notes and invited contributions presented at the NATO Advanced Study Institute and EPS Liquid State Conference on PHYSICOCHEMICAL HYDRODYNAMICS-PCH: INTERFACIAL PHENOMENA that were held July 1-15, 1986, in LA RABIDA (Huelva) SPAIN. Although we are aware of the difficulty in organizing the contents due to the broad and multidisciplinary aspects of PCH-Interfacial Phenomena, we have tried to accomodate papers by topics and have not followed the order in the presentation at the meetings. There is also no distinction between the ASI notes and Conference papers. We have done our best to offer a coverage as complete as possible of the field. However, we had difficulties coming from the fact that some authors were so busy that either did not find time to submit their contribution or did not have time to write a comprehensive paper. We also had to cope with very late arrivals, postdeadline valuable contributions that we felt had to be included here.

Our gratitude goes to the NATO Scientific Affairs Division for its economic support and to the EPS Liquid State Committee for its sponsorship. Financial support also came from Asociacion Industrias Quimicas-Huelva (Spain), Caycit-Ministerio De Educacion Y Ciencia (Spain), Canon-Espana (Spain), Citibank-Espana (Spain), CNLS-Los Alamos Nat. Lab. (U.S.A.), CSIC (Spain), EPS, ERT (Spain), ESA, Fotonica (Spain), IBM-Espana (Spain), Junta De Andalucia (Spain), NATO, NSF (U.S.A.), ONR-London (U.S.A.), Petromed (Spain), Telefonica (Spain), UNED (Spain), UN ED-Centro Asociado Huelva (Spain) and Universidad De Sevilla (Spain).

Many colleagues helped us in organizing the ASI and the Conference but four were particularly relevant: Prof. B. Nichols (Los

Alamos), Prof. T. Riste (Kjeller), Prof. S. Bratos (Paris), and Prof. C. Vilchez, Director of UN ED-Centro Asociado Huelva to whom we express our appreciation and gratitude.

Basil Nichols was of great help in many aspects and in particular in incorporating the cooperation of the Center for Nonlinear Studies (Prof. D. Campbell, Director) of Los Alamos National Laboratory, U.S.A.

vii

Marian Martinez of CNLS-LANL and Goyi Alonso were keys to the successful development of the two meetings. Moreover, without the almost infinite patience, and efficiency of Goyi and the extraordinary assistance provided by Carlos Vilchez, I would not have been able to run the ASI and the Conference.

Finally, it is with great sadness that we see the publication of these Proceedings when Ben Levich is no longer with us. His seminal work opened new and fascinating avenues in the field.

viii

Manuel G. Velarde, Professor of Physics, U.N.E.D., Madrid (Spain), ASI & Conference Chairperson.

CONTENTS

PART A. DROPS, BRIDGES, BUBBLES AND TWO-PHASE FLOW

A.1. The Deformation and Break-Up of Single Drops in Shear Fields 1

A. Acrivos

A.2. Detachment of Drops from Flat Solid Surfaces by a Simple Shear Flow 19

M.J. Mahe, M. Vignes-Adler, Ch. G. Jacquin, and P.M. Adler

A.3. Liquid Bridge Modeling of Floating Zone Processing 25 I. Martinez

A.4. Equilibrium Shapes and Free Vibrations of Liquid Captive Drops 53

A. GaM.n and A. Barrero

A.S. Dynamics of Two-Dimensional Bubbles by the Lattice Gas Method 71

D. D'Humieres, P. Lallemand and G. Searby

A.G. Effect of Interfacial Area on Flow Characteristics in Bubble Flow 87

G. Matsui, Y. Yamashita and T. Kumazawa

A.7. Effect of Surfactants on the Flow of Large Gas Bubbles in Capillary Tubes 97

D. Barthes-Biesel, N. Moulai-Mostefa and E. Meister

A.S. Motions of Stratified Gas-Liquid Interfaces Under Electromagnetic Fields in Horizontal Pipe Flow 115

J.-S. Chang

ix

A.9. Measurement of Interfacial Area and Geometry in Gas-Liquid Two-Phase Flow by an Ultrasonic Pulse Echo Technique 125

E.C. Morala and J.-S. Chang

A.10. Interfacial Transfers in Stratified Gas-Liquid Two-Phase Flow: A Critical Review 135

J.-S. Chang

PART B. INTERFACIAL WAVES

B.1. Surfactants and Capillary Waves: Experiments on Mono-layers and on Microemulsions 147

D. Langevin and J. Meunier

B.2. High Frequency Capillary Waves on Liquid Surfaces: a Light Scattering Study 163

J.C. Earnshaw and R.C. McGivern

B.3. Some Surface Effects on Gravity Waves in a Viscous Fluid 173 P.A. Tyvand

B.4. Sustained Gravity-Capillary (Laplace) Waves at Inter-faces and Marangoni-Benard Instability 179

P.L. Garcia-Ybarra and M.G. Velarde

B.S. The Harmonic Oscillator Description of Longitudinal (Marangoni-Lucassen) Waves at Liquid Interfaces 183

M.G. Velarde and X.-L. Chu

PART C. BUOYANCY-CAPILLARY CONVECTION WITH AND WITHOUT CHEMISTRY

C.1. Experimental Investigations of the Effects of Surface Tension on Convection Caused by Heating from Below 189

E.L. Koschmieder

C.2. Influence of the Container Walls in Benard-Marangoni Convection: Experimental Approach 199

P. Cerisier, R. Occelli, and J. Pantaloni

C.3. Surface Tension Induced Convection in Presence of a Surface Tension Minimum 209

J.C. Legros, M.C. Limbourg-Fontaine, and G. Petre

x

C.4. Theories of Convective Instabilities Driven by Thermocapillary Forces 227

S.H. Davis

C.S. Some Problems in Marangoni Instability 253 G. Lebon

C.6. Interfacial Effects on the Onset of Convection in Horizontal Liquid Layers 271

G.S.R. Sarma

C.7. Experiments on Steady and Oscillatory Thermocapillary Convection in Space with Application to Crystal Growth 291

D. Schwabe, R. Lamprecht, and A. Scharmann

C.B. On Thermocapillary Flows in Containers with Differentially Heated Side Walls 311

J.K. Platten and D. Villers

C.g. Analysis of Flow Development Due to Marangoni Con-vection in a Mass Transfer System 337

H.A. Dijkstra

C.10. Two-Component Benard Steady Convection with Surface Adsorption 343

X.-L. Chu, L.-Y. Chen and M.G. Velarde

C.11. Interfacial Convection Driven by Surfactant Compounds at Liquid Interfaces. Characterization by a Solutal Marangoni Number 359

E. Nakache and S. Raharimalala

C.12. Surface Elasticity and Mechanical Instabilities at Liquid-Liquid Interfaces 367

A. Sanfeld and A. Steinchen

C.13. Volume or Surface Instabilities During Liquids Evaporation Under Reduced Pressure orland Microwave Irradiation 387

A. Steinchen-Sanfeld, M. Lallemant, P. Courville, P. Gillon, and G. Bertrand

C.14. Basic Aspects of Tear Film Formation and Stability 401 Frank J. Holly

xi

C.1S. Nonequilibrium Phenomena in Microemulsions 411 M.A. L6pez Quintela, A. Fernandez N6voa, and J. Quib8n

C.16. The General Phenomenon of- Pattern Growth and Convection Driven by Chemical Reactions at Liquid Interfaces 417

M.L. Kagan and D. Avnir

C.17. Chemical Waves and Natural Convection 423 S.C. MOiler, T. Plesser, and B. Hess

C.18. Kinetic Effects and Dynamics of Diffuse Interfaces 435 P. Clavin

C.19. A Turbulent Wrinkled Flame Simulation by Means of Cellular Automata 469

R. Said and R Borghi

PART O. INTERFACIAL INSTABILITIES, FINGERING, AND CRYSTAL GROWTH - RELATED PROBLEMS

0.1. Instabilities and Surface Tension 487 Y. Pomeau

0.2. An Experimental Study of the Saffman-Taylor Instability 515 P. Tabeling, G. Zocchi, and A. Libchaber

0.3. Theory of the Needle Crystal 527 M. Ben Amar and Y. Pomeau

0.4. Dynamics of Unstable Interfaces 547 N. Goldenfeld

0.5. Convective and Interfacial Instabilities During Solidification 559

S.R Coriell, G.B. McFadden, and RF. Sekerka

0.6. Generalized Ginzburg-Landau Equations Applied to Instabilities in Systems Coupling Convection and Solidification 571

T. Grauer and H. Haken

0.7. Dendritic Pattern Formation 583 Y. Saito, G. Goldbeck-Wood, and H. Muller-Krumbhaar

xii

D.8. Cellular Morphological Instabilities During Directional Solidification: Thin Sample Experiments

S. de Cheveigne, C. Guthmann, and M.M. Lebrun

D.9. Transport Processes During Directional Solidi-fication and Crystal Growth: Scaling and Experimental Study

D. Camel and J.J. Favier

D.10. Molecular Beam Expitaxial Growth and Properties of Layered Semiconductor Structures for Advanced Photonic and Electronic Devices

K. Ploog

PART E. LIQUID-VAPOR AND LIQUID-SOLID INTERFACES, CAPILLARITY, WETTING, SPREADING, AND RELATED EQUILIBRIA

E.1. Synchroton X-Ray Studies of Liquid-Vapor Interfaces J. Als-Nielsen

E.2. Statistical Mechanics of Interfaces B. Widom

E.3. Utilization of the Second Gradient Theory in Continuum Mechanics to Study the Motion and Thermodynamics of Liquid-Vapor Interfaces

H. Gouin

E.4. The Surface Tension of Ionic Liquids M. Baus

E.S. Landau Theory of Wetting Transitions E.H. Hauge

E.S. The Dynamics of Wetting A.M. Cazabat and M.A. Cohen Stuart

E.7. Spreading of Liquids on Solid Surfaces l. Leger

E.8. The Effects of Polymers on Wetting by Nonvolatile Liquids A. Halperin

587

595

619

639

657

667

683

699

709

721

741

xiii

E.g. Phase Equilibria of Fluids in Narrow Pores 751 R. Evans and U.M.B. Marconi

E.10. Orientational Order and Surface Phase Transitions 753 M.M. Telo da Gama

E.11. Wetting and Orientational Transitions in Nematic Liquid Crystals 761

D.E. Sullivan and AK Sen

E.12. A Model for Capillary Crystallization 775 G. Navascues and P. Tarazona

PART F. MORE ON PHASE DIAGRAMS, MONOLAYERS, AGGREGATES, AND STRUCTURE OF INTERFACIAL LAYERS

F .1. The Liquid-Solid Two-Phase Coexistence M. Baus

F.2. Coexistence of Two-Phases: Long-Run Molecular Dynamics Computer Simulations

J.J. Morales, F. Cuadros, and L.F. Rull

F.3. Phase Separation of Binary Fluids Near a Critical Point Under Microgravity

F. Perrot, P. Guenoun, and D. Beysens

F.4. Influence of Sodium Sulfate on the Phase Diagram and Rheological Behaviour for a Sodium Dodecylben­zenesulafonatelPolyoxyethylene Fatty Alcoholl Water System

J. Murioz, C. Gallegos, V. Flores, and J.M. Perez

F .5. Statistical Thermodynamics of Pure and Mixed Amphiphilic Aggregates

I. Szleifer, A. Ben-Shaul, and W.M. Gelbart

F.G. Structural Studies in Langmuir Monolayers by

xiv

Fluorescence Microscopy: a New Approach to the Phase Diagram of N-Pentadecanoic Acid at the Air-Water Interface

F. Rondelez, J.F. Baret, K.A. Suresh, and C.M. Knobler

787

797

811

833

843

857

F.7. ESR Study of Cu (II) in Polyacrylamide Networks 881 S. Schlick

F.8. Electric Potential and Charge Density Profiles in Inhomo-geneous Interfacial Regions 897

V.S. Vaidhyanathan

F.9. Packing and Pairing of Ions Near a Charged Electrode 915 T. Alts, B. D'Aguanno, P. Nielaba, and F. Forstmann

F.10. Propagation of Sound Waves in the Presence of Weak Density Inhomogeneity: Application to Interfacial Phenomena and Phase Transitions in Fluids 939

J. Maza, F. Miguelez, A. Veira, and F. Vidal

PART G. FLOW AND TRANSPORT IN EXCITABLE MEDIA. PATTERNS, CHAOS AND RELATED TOPICS

G.1. Flow and Transport in Systems with Shape Change: Mass Transfer in Electrochemical Systems 949

R.L. Sani, A.P. Peskin, and M.K. Maslanik

G.2. Numerical Simulations of Buoyancy Driven Flows in Cylinders and Cavities for Vapour Crystal Growth 963

P. Bontoux, F. Elie, C. Smutek, G.P. Extremet, A. Randriamampianina, E. Crespo, H. Branger, and B. Roux

G.3. Onset of Oscillatory Convection in Horizontal Layers of Low-Prandtl-Number Melts 997

H. Ben Hadid, B. Roux, A. Randriamampianina, E. Crespo, and P. Bontoux

G.4. The Kuramoto-Sivashinsky Equation: Spatio-Temporal Chaos and Intermittencies for a Dynamical System 1029

B. Nicolaenko

G.S. Spatial Coherence and Temporal Chaos in Hydrodynamic Instabilities 1053

S. Ciliberto

G.G. Interfaces in Electrophoresis, Two-Phase Models, and Excitable Media 1067

P.C. Fife

xv

G.7. Field Induced Pattern Formation in Nematic Liquid Crystals

F. Sagues and M. San Miguel

G .8. Production of Ozone by High Frequency Surface Discharge on a High Purity Alumina Ceramic Dielectrics

S. Masuda

PARTICIPANTS

AUTHOR INDEX

SUBJECT INDEX

xvi

1085

1091

1097

1105

1109