Physicochemical characteristics and heavy metal constituents of five dumpsite soils and edible...

Physicochemical characteristics and heavy metal constituents of five dumpsite soils and edible vegetables grown in two major metropolis of Abia State, Nigeria

IRJBB

Physicochemical characteristics and heavy metal constituents of five dumpsite soils and edible vegetables grown in two major metropolis of Abia State, Nigeria 1*Chinyere GC* and 2Madu FU 1*,2

Department of Biochemistry, Abia State University, Uturu, Abia State, Nigeria.

The levels of heavy metals in soils of five dumpsites located in Aba and Umuahia metropolis, Abia State Nigeria, were analysed. Also these heavy metals were analysed in Solanum hycopersicum, Talissium triangulae, Amaranthus spinosus, Solanum macrocarpon and ad Curcurbita pepo grown on these dumpsites. The heavy metal concentrations (mg/kg) obtained from the soils of the studied dumpsites were significantly higher (P<0.05) than those of control soil samples. The ranges obtained for these dumpsite soils heavy metals were copper 0.59±0.04 – 4.19±0.02, zinc 3.81±0.07 – 6.68±0.01, manganese 1.36±0.03-2.91±0.02, cadmium 0.52±0.04 – 3.27±0.05, lead 1.05±0.04 – 3.57±0.02, iron 4.78±0.09 – 17.22±0.08, chromium 1.25±0.02 – 3.23±0.05, cobalt 0.52±0.04 – 1.36±0.03, mickel 0.78±0.03 – 2.09±0.07; and mercury 2.04±0.02 – 4.30±0.07. Although all the analysed heavy metals were present in sampled vegetables, only cadmium (1.42±0.08mg/kg) and lead (2.11±0.15mg/kg) in Amaranthus spinosus from Osisioma dumpsite, Aba were above FAO/WHO guidelines for metals in foods and vegetables grown on these dumpsites may pose a health hazard to consumers.

Keywords: Heavy metals, dumpsites, metropolis, soils, vegetables INTRODUCTION In most developing countries like Nigeria, indiscriminate dumping of waste has become a problem as many of the waste dumps are located near residential areas, markets, farms and road sides. Olorunfemi and Odita (1998) noted that the composition of these waste dump varies widely with many human activities located close to them. This could mean that the composition of waste dumps in the urban areas is greater than those in the rural areas since more industrial and other anthropogenic activities take place in the urban areas. The open dumping of solid waste apart from being unsanitary and unaesthetic creates breeding space for rodents, flies, mosquitoes and other disease carrying vectors. Most of the disposal sites are not scientifically selected or well-planned making them accessible to scavengers, animals and vegetable cultivators (Obasi et al., 2012). Biswas (1989) stated that municipal

wastes not only contain valuable and often re-usable materials but also contain increasing amount of hazardous substances. The hazardous substances include mercury from batteries, cadmium from fluorescent tubes, pesticides and bleaches as well as a wide range of toxic chemicals like wood preservatives, paints and disinfectants. Most of the vegetable cultivated by local inhabitants around these dumpsites include: Amaranthus spinosus, Cucurbita pepo, Talinum triangulare, Solanum macrocarpon and Solanum lycopesicum. *Corresponding Author: Dr. Chinyere G.C., Department of Biochemistry, Abia State University, Uturu, Abia State, Nigeria. Email: [email protected]

International Research Journal of Biochemistry and Biotechnology Vol. 2(2), pp. 014-027, November, 2015. © www.premierpublishers.org, ISSN: 2167-0438x

Research Article


Chinyere and Madu 014 In Nigeria, they are common vegetables and go with many Nigerian dishes. Plants can absorb some amounts of heavy metals from the soil but the amount they absorb is directly proportional to the species and variety of plants, the chemical composition of the soil, the amount of heavy metal and the soil temperature (Adefemi et al., 2012). Dietary intake of heavy metasl through contaminated vegetables may lead to various chronic diseases. Duruibe et al. (2007) suggested that biotoxic effect of heavy metals depend upon the concentration and oxidation states of these metals, kind of sources and mode of deposition. Several cases of heavy metals toxicities in Nigeria have been reported. Galadima and Garba (2012) noted that the major heavy metal toxicity cases in Nigeria were believed to be associated with lead poisoning. They are mostly severe in young children because their brains and central nervous systems are still being formed. Learning disability, staunted growth, poor brain sensation, behavioural problems, kidney damage and impaired hearing are associated with low levels of exposure (Galadima and Garba, 2012). Garba et al. (2010) reported a mean arsenic concentration of 0.34mg/l in drinking water from hand dug wells, boreholes and taps of Karaye Local Government Area, Kano State. The arsenic levels are of serious concerns to regulatory agencies because they by far exceeded the limit (0.01mg/L) recommended by WHO. The causes of the pollution by heavy metals are attributed to anthropogenic activities (Galadima et al., 2010; Dan-Azumi and Bichi, 2010; Ladigbolu and Balogun, 2011; Nubi et al., 2011). Recently, Ezejiofor et al. (2013) suggested that Aba City presently under siege by wastes, particularly refuse, may be under a very heavy load of metal pollution. Since Aba and Umuahia are the most industrialized cities of Abia State with high anthropogenic activities, the need to evaluate the heavy metal content of soil and vegetables from dumpsites located in them is evident. This investigation is therefore, aimed at assessing the heavy metal status of dumpsite soils in Aba and Umuahia and to ascertain their level of accumulation in vegetables growing on them. The results obtained will give an insight into health hazards posed by consumption of these vegetables which are freely harvested by inhabitants of these two cities. Area of Study The five dumpsite used in this study are, Abia Tower dumpsite Umuahia lying, (longitude 07

o30’11”E and

latitude 05o31’59”N), Ubakala dumpsite: longitude

(07o29’28E” and latitude 05

o29’42”N), Osisioma Ngwa

dumpsite, (longitude 07o25’26”E and latitude

05o16’23”N), Enyima dumpsite: (longitude 07

o23’46”E

and latitude 05o2’35”N) and Ihie dumpsite (longitude

07o21’47”E and latitude 05

o12’35”N).

These five dumpsites are in Abia State, South-Eastern Nigeria and are all located along Port Harcourt – Enugu

Express Road between Aba and Umuahia metropolis (fig.1). The area is low lying with good road network and drained by Imo and Aba rivers and their tributaries respectively. The dumpsites are surrounded by farmlands and industries (mostly chemical industries). The wastes in most of the dumpsites are usually subjected to manual random sorting by scavengers.

Soil Sampling A total of 3 sample (from 3 different points, 3m apart) were collected from each of the five dumpsites between 0-9cm depth while control samples were collected outside the dumpsites but within the locality. Collection bags were washed with water and sun-dered before the samples were collected using plastic auger. The samples were collected during the mid rainy season month (May-June). The collected soil samples were stored in sealed polythene bags and transported to the laboratory for pre-treatment and analysis. Samples not immediately used for analysis were stored in refrigerators (4

oc).

Extraction of the Soil Samples

The soil samples were air-dried, mechanically grounded using a stainless steel roller, mortar and pestle. The grounded soil was sieved to obtain <2mm fraction. The soil samples were then digested in a mixture of concentrated nitric acid (HNO3), concentrated hydrochloric acid (HCl) and 27.5% hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) as described by USEPA for the analysis of heavy metals (USEPA, 1996). The digest was filtered (Whatman filter paper No. 42) into 50ml standard flask and made to the mark with de-ionized water.

Vegetable Sampling Talinum triangulare (water leaf), Solanum macrocarpon (African eggplant), Solanum lycopersicum (tomato), Amaranthus spinosus (spinny amaranth) and Cucurbita pepo (pumpkin) were collected from each of the dumpsites. The choice of vegetables collected was based on their common availability in all the dumpsites. A total of 3, each of the five vegetables were collected from each of the five dumpsites. Only edible parts of the vegetables were used for the analysis. The vegetables were harvested at the same time as the soil samples. Plant samples identification was done at Plant Science and Biotechnology Department Laboratory, Abia State University, Uturu. The vegetables were washed with tap water followed by distilled water. The control vegetable samples were collected at points outside the vicinity of the dumpsites. They were stored in clean sealed polythene bags and transported to the laboratory for pre-treatment and analysis. Unused samples were stored in refrigerators (4

oc) as for soil

samples.


Int. Res. J. Biochem. Biotechnol. 015

Table 1. Physicochemical parameters of soil samples

Dumpsite/ Parameters

IHIE ENYIMBA OSISIOMA ABIA TOWER UBAKALA

Sample Control Sample Control Sample Control Sample Control Sample Control TEMP (

OC) 26.10 +

0.10b

27.27 + 0.06

a

26.73 + 0.12

a

26.90 + 0.20

a

27.20 + 0.20

a

27.60 + 0.20

a

26.33 + 0.35

b

27.77 + 0.06

a

26.17 + 0.29

b

27.47 + 0.45

a

pH 5.71 + 0.30

b

6.80 + 0.10

a

6.65 + 0.24

a

7.10 + 0.10

a

6.09 + 0.12

b

7.00 + 0.03

a

4.61 + 0.22

b

6.50 + 0.10

a

6.18 + 0.33

a

7.17 + 0.55

a

CEC (cmol/kg)

12.25 + 2.94

a

16.15 + 0.15

a

15.46 + 3.24

a

18.21 + 0.02

a

15.93 + 2.29

a

18.60 + 2.20

a

10.57 + 0.93

b

15.70 + 0.65

a

4.10 + 0.36

b

6.37 + 0.06

a

Organic carbon (%)

29.37 + 5.56

b

25.94 + 0.24

a

46.45 + 13.44

a

37.20 + 1.05

a

55.61 + 13.89

a

40.83 + 0.15

a

28.95 + 14.15

a

20.08 + 0.60

a

28.63 + 1.85

b

24.20 + 0.79

a

Moisture content (%)

36.58 + 1.09

b

31.51 + 0.11

a

44.02 + 2.33

b

38.55 + 0.92

a

42.73 + 3.22

a

39.82 + 0.80

a

32.40 + 1.05

b

30.60 + 0.41

a

37.05 + 1.41

b

29.35 + 0.30

a

Results represent mean + standard deviation of triplicate results obtained (n = 3). Mean in the same row, having different alphabets are statistically significant (p < 0.05) using Least Significant Difference (LSD).

Extraction of the vegetable samples The dry ashing method as described by James (1995) was used followed by atomic absorption spectrophotometric analysis as stipulated in the UNICAM manual for atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Each determination was carried out by accurately measuring a sample of Ig of a ground sample in a crucible. The crucible with its content was placed in a muffle furnace and ashed at 450°C for 12h. The ash was digested with 5ml of 20% (v/v) HCI solution. The residue was filtered into a 50ml volumetric flask using Whatman filter paper No. 42, and the solution was made to the mark with deionised water. The atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AAS) determination of heavy metals The method as described by James (1995) was used. The extracted soil and vegetables solutions were aspirated into the instrument after all necessary setup and standardization procedures. Heavy metals were determined using UNICAM model 939. For analytical quality assurance, after every five sample readings, standards were run to make sure that the margin of error was within 5%. A 10cm long slot burner head, a lamp and a standard air-acetylene flame were used. Determination of physicochemical parameters of soil samples The cation exchange capacity of the soil samples was determined by method of Dewis and Freitas (1970) while organic carbon was determined as described by Osuji and Adesiyan (2005). Soil pH was measured by method of Bates (1954) while soil temperature was determined as described by APHA (1998) using mercury-in-glass thermometer at site of soil samples connection. Similarly soil moisture determination was as described by APHA (1998).

Statistical Analysis Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) procedure was used to analyse the results statistically and difference in mean of soil samples were separated using least significant difference (LSD). The Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) 2010 was used. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Physicochemical parameters of soil samples From this study, the temperatures of the dumpsite soils were statistically lower than control soil samples (Table 1). Low soil temperatures are indicative of reduced microbial activities ( Nwaugo et al. 2008). Similarly reduction in soil temperatures adversely affects plant growth. Soil pH varies inversely to the solubility of metallic elements in the soil and increase in solubility makes the metallic ions more readily available to the plants, (Salam and Helmke, 1998). The results show that the pH of the dumpsite soils in the present study were significantly low (p<0.05) compared to control samples. This agrees with Amadi et al., (2012); Uwa et al. (2011) and Ademi and Awokunmi (2013). This low pH values for the study area may be attributed to the buffering effect of substances containing carbonates such as bricks or cements (Uwa et al., 2011). Moderately acidic soils have been shown to support plant growth as it promotes soil fertility (Tauta et al., 2014). Soil CEC depends mainly on the pH, clay and soil organic matter content (Amos-Tauta et al., 2014). Results obtained in this study revealed that soils from the dumpsites had significantly (P<0.05) lower CEC than the control soil samples (Table 1). Amos-Tauta et al., (2014) has shown low CEC to result from acid pH soils. The dumpsites soil organic carbon content were significantly higher (P<0.05) than those of control soil samples (table 1). This could be due of degradation


Chinyere and Madu 016 Table 2: Concentrations (Mg/kg) of heavy metals in the soils of the selected dumpsites

Dumpsite/ heavy metals


Sample Control Sample Control Sample Control Sample Control Sample Control

Cu 2.14 + 0.04

a

0.47 + 0.02

b

3.80+0.02a 2.40+0.03

b 4.19 +

0.02 a

3.28 + 1.00

b

2.58 + 0.05

a

0.22 + 0.09

b

0.59 + 0.04

a

0.18 + 0.04

b

Zn 5.31 + 0.05

a

0.85 + 0.02

b

6.68+0.01a 0.57+0.03

b

5.10 + 0.03

a

1.17 + 0.04

b

3.81 + 0.07

a

0.61 + 0.02

b

4.55 + 0.02

a

0.61 + 0.03

b

Mn 1.36 + 0.03

a

0.12 + 0.08

b

2.91+0.02a 2.35+0.05

b

2.27 + 0.05

a

1.65 + 0.03

b

1.96 + 0.08

a

0.62 + 0.09

b

1.74 + 0.03

a

0.25 + 0.04

b

Cd 0.52 + 0.04

a

0.53 + 0.07

a

3.27+0.05a 0.54+0.02

b 3.23 +

0.03 a

0.71 + 0.05

b

1.06 + 0.01

a

0.39 + 0.01

b

1.16 + 0.10

a

Nd

Pb 1.05 + 0.04

a

0.31 + 0.04

b

3.57+0.02a 2.59+0.01

b 2.61 +

0.74 a

1.76 + 0.02

b

1.22 + 0.10

a

0.91 + 0.02

a

1.92 + 0.04

a

0.20 + 0.03

b

Fe 11.14 + 0.00

a

5.20 + 0.20

b

10.47+ 0.06

a

5.68+0.03b 17.22 +

0.08 a

10.10 + 0.08

b

5.09 + 0.08

a

3.73 + 0.03

b

4.78 + 0.09

a

3.27 + 0.04

b

Cr 1.25 + 0.02

a

0.19 + 0.01

b

3.23+0.05a 1.75+0.04

b 2.55 +

0.04 a

1.78 + 0.02

b

2.14 + 0.10

a

0.14 + 0.04

b

1.29 + 0.04

a

0.11 + 0.02

b

Co 1.36 + 0.03

a

0.21 + 0.09

b

0.80+0.01a 0.14+0.02

b 0.90 +

0.09 a

0.35 + 0.01

b

0.68 + 0.04

a

Nd 0.52 + 0.02

a

0.16 + 0.04

b

Ni 1.58 + 0.04

a

0.56 + 0.02

b

2.09+0.07

a

0.88+0.04b 1.11 +

0.05 a

0.52 + 0.02

b

0.78 + 0.03

a

0.28 + 0.01

b

1.02 + 0.03

a

0.37 + 0.03

b

Hg 2.04 + 0.02

a

0.68 + 0.01

b

4.30+0.07

a

1.19+0.01b 2.79 +

0.08 a

1.04 + 0.03

b

2.28 + 0.08

a

0.40 + 0.02

b

2.23 + 0.13

a

0.43 + 0.02

b

Results represent mean + standard deviation of triplicate results obtained (n = 3). Mean in the same row, having different alphabets are statistically different (p < 0.05) using Least Significant Difference (LSD). Nd = Not detected

taking place in the dumpsites or presence of degradable and compostable wastes (Munoz et al., 1994). Soil moisture content is defined as the direct capacity of soil to hold water. The result from the present study revealed that the dumpsite soils had significantly higher (P<0.05) moisture content than the control soils. This is similar to results obtained by Obasi et al., (2012). The high moisture content is attributed to presence of different waste materials that gave the dumpsite soil a more water retention capacity. Heavy metals in dumpsite soils and vegetable samples The results obtained showed that soils from the dumpsites contained significantly (P<0.05) higher heavy metals than the control soil samples. However, this high level of heavy metals in the dumpsites were more pronounced in dumpsites soils from Aba metropolis (ie. Ihie, Enyimba and Osisioma dumpsites) which have more industries and high population density. This is similar to the work of other researchers (Amusan et al., 2005; Adefmi and Awokumni, 2013). Awokunmi et al. (2010), reported that heavy metal content of dumpsites increased with increase in anthropogenic activities. Since Aba is more industrialized than Umuahia with higher population density, the level of heavy metals realized in this study attests to Awokunmi et al., (2010) report. In all the dumpsites, iron (Fe) recorded the highest concentration

(4.78±0.09 – 17.22±0.08mg/kg) (Table 2). The higher level of iron in the dumpsites may be attributed to the presence of abandoned machinery, machine tools, automobile parts and structural components for buildings. The concentration of heavy metals in vegetables differ from one dumpsite to the other and vary from one species of vegetables to the other (Table 3). This may be attributed to differential uptake capacities of vegetables for different heavy metals through roots and their translocation within the plant parts (Kihampa et al., 2011). However, the vegetables recovered from dumpsites in Aba metropolis had more heavy metal contents than those collected from Umuahia metropolis. This points to the fact that the level of these heavy metals in soils if significantly increased, the test vegetables will possess the potentials to accumulate more of the metals (Alloway and Davies, 1971; Grant and Dobbs, 1997). These heavy metals were significantly higher (P<0.05) in test than control vegetables. This agrees with the works of Amusan et al. (2005) and Opaluwa et al. (2012) on different dumpsites. All the vegetables used in the present study showed the ability to accumulate the analyzed heavy metals into their edible parts. Cucurbita pepo showed a greater accumulation of the heavy metals in its leaves than the fruits, but in Solanum macrocarpon, the level of the heavy metals were found to be greater in the fruits than in the leaves though non-significantly (P>0.05).



Table 3. Concentration (Mg/kg) of heavy metals in Solanum lycopersicum (Tomato fruit)

HEAVY METALS



Cu 0.85+0.04 a 0.05+0.00

b 1.25+0.04

a 0.43+0.02

b 1.13+0.21

a 0.59+0.05

b 0.13+0.03

a 0.03+0.00

b 0.04+0.00

a 0.03+0.00

a

Zn 5.71+0.89 a 0.09+0.00

b 13.55+1.09

a 0.05+0.00

b 0.56+0.10

a 0.23+0.03

b 2.90+0.21

a 0.31+0.03

b 3.37+0.56

a 0.31+0.08

b

Mn 2.83+0.12 a 1.84+0.52

b 5.66+0.78

a 0.69+0.05

b 11.95+2.31

a 3.32+0.15

b 4.50+1.00

a 1.26+0.89

b 3.82+0.84

a 0.50+0.91

b

Cd 0.08+0.00 a 0.04+0.00

b 0.18+0.03

a 0.03+0.00

b 0.23+0.02

a 0.04+0.00

b 0.14+0.04

a 0.03+0.00

b 0.16+0.02

a 0.01+0.00

b

Pb 0.24+0.03 a 0.20+0.01

a 0.50+0.01

a 0.41+0.01

a 1.04+0.10

a 0.32+0.04

b 0.29+0.01

a 0.18+0.02

b 0.46+0.01

a 0.04+0.00

b

Fe 0.56+0.04 a 0.05+0.00

b 0.52+0.01

a 0.06+0.00

b 0.52+0.03

a 0. 10+0.03

b 0.05+0.00

a 0.07+0.00

b 0.07+0.00

a 0.07+0.00

a

Cr 0.38+0.02 a 0.03+0.00

b 0.55+0.02

a 0.26+0.02

b 0. 59+0.04

a 0.28+0.05

b 1.61+0.84

a 0.02+0.00

b 1.01+0.21

a 0.01+0.00

b

Co 0.20+0.02 a 0.03+0.00

b 0.60+0.02

a 0.04+0.00

b 0.87+0.02

a 0.09+0.02

b 0.26+0.01

a Nd 0.23+0.01

a 0.03+0.00

b

Ni 0.08+0.01 a 0.03+0.00

b 0.16+0.01

a 0.06+0.00

b 0.21+0.01

a 0.04+0.00

b 0.09+0.00

a 0.03+0.00

b 0.11+0.01

a 0.04+0.00

b

Hg 0.06+0.00 a 0.01+0.00

b 0.04+0.00

a 0.01+0.00

b 0.08+0.00

a Nd 0.27+0.01

a Nd 0.25+0.01

a Nd


Table 4. Concentration (Mg/kg) of heavy metals in Talinum triangulae (Water leaf)

HEAVY METALS



Cu 0.85+0.00 a

0.01+0.00

b 2.70+0.21

a 0.10+0.05

b 2.22+0.10

a 0.13+0.01

b 1.32+0.03

a 0.03+0.00

b 0.18+0.05

a 0.02+0.00

b

Zn 1.00+0.11 a

0.37+0.04

b

2.94+0.15

a

0.25+0.02

b 4.18+0.05

a

0.53+0.03

b

1.75+0.05

a

0.07+0.00

b

0.82+0.04

a

0.07+0.00

b

Mn 1.54+0.04 a

0.11+0.03

b

0.41+0.05

a 0.29+0.06

b

0.45+0.02

a

0.34+0.01

b 0.10+0.01

a 0.16+0.01

a

0.08+0.00

a 0.13+0.00

b

Cd 0.01+0.00

a

0.01+0.00

a

0.20+0.02

a

0.01+0.00

b

0.02+0.00

a

0.01+0.00

a

Nd 0.01+0.00

a

Nd Nd

Pb 0.21+0.01 a

0.28+0.01

b

1.00+0.14

a

0.60+0.03

b

1.15+0.03

a

0.39+0.03

b

0.10+0.01

a

0.17+0.02

b

0.02+0.00

a

0.04+0.00

b


Chinyere and Madu 018

Table 4. Cont.

Fe 0.22+0.02 a

0.05+0.00

b

0.52+0.01

a

0.11+0.02

b

0.52+0.05

a

0. 20+0.01

b

0.05+0.00

a

0.19+0.01

b

0.10+0.01

a

0.16+0.01

b

Cr 0.20+0.01

a

0.04+0.00

b

0.49+0.02

a 0.06+0.01

b 0. 49+0.01

a

0.10+0.01

b

0.10+0.01

a 0.18+0.01

b

0.09+0.00

a

0.08+0.00

a

Co 0.10+0.00

a

Nd 0.06+0.00

a

Nd 0.03+0.00

a Nd 0.08+0.00

a Nd 0.02+0.00

a

0.08+0.00

b

Ni 0.16+0.04

a

0.13+0.01

b

0.28+0.02

a

0.16+0.02

b

0.31+0.01

a 0.20+0.01

b

0.16+0.01

a

0.06+0.01

b

0.20+0.00

a

0.05+0.00

b

Hg 0.06+0.00

a 0.01+0.00

b

0.12+0.01

a 0.05+0.00

b 0.06+0.00

a 0.10+0.01

b

0.13+0.02

a

0.05+0.00

b

0.03+0.00

a

0.07+0.00

b


Table 5. Concentration (Mg/kg) of heavy metals in Amaranthus spinosus (Spiny amaranth)

HEAVY METALS



Cu 1.60+0.14

a

0.06+0.00

b

0.10+0.02

a

0.31+0.02

b

2.18+0.07

a

0.49+0.04

b

1.03+0.11

a

0.04+0.00

b

0.15+0.03

a

0.04+0.00

b

Zn 2.38+0.06 a

0.22+0.03

b

0.25+0.02

a

0.14+0.01

a

1.99+0.02

a

0.28+0.01

b

1.60+0.10

a

0.12+0.05

b

2.00+0.21

a

0.15+0.05

b

Mn 1.04+0.03

a

0.53+0.01

b

0.29+0.01

a

1.29+0.01

b

1.68+0.04

a

0.99+0.04

b

1.53+0.05

a

0.34+0.04

b

1.32+0.05

a

0.14+0.06

b

Cd 0.24+0.04

a

0.07+0.00

b

0.01+0.00

a

0.11+0.01

b

1.42+0.08

a

0.13+0.01

b

0.74+0.03

a

0.05+0.08

b 0.49+0.04

a

Nd

Pb 0.85+0.05 a

0.66+0.05

b

0.60+0.04

a

1.24+0.05

b

2.11+0.15

a

0.92+0.02

b

1.48+0.12

a

0.45+0.00

b

1.32+0.06

a

0.10+0.02

b

Fe 2.23+0.04

a

0.36+0.05

b

0.11+0.01

a

0.28+0.02

b

5.19+0.42

a

0. 71+0.09

b

1.27+0.09

a

0.22+0.05

b

1.15+0.05

a

1.16+0.05

a

Cr 0.51+0.02

a 0.08+0.00

b

0.06+0.00

a

0.14+0.01

b

1. 78+0.08

a

0.17+0.03

b 0.01+0.00

a

0.11+0.00

b

0.91+0.04

a

0.05+0.00

b

Co 0.63+0.01

a

0.13+0.01

b

Nd 0.19+0.01

a

1.27+0.13

a

0.60+0.02

b

0.65+0.02

a

0.09+0.00

b

0.62+0.03

a

0.08+0.00

b

Ni 0.31+0.00

a 0.06+0.00

b

0.16+0.02

a

0.11+0.03

b

1.51+0.11

a

0.08+0.00

b

0.86+0.02

a

0.09+0.00

b

0.61+0.04

a

0.03+0.00

b

Hg 0.53+0.07

a 0.18+0.04

b 0.05+0.00

a 0.33+0.00

b 0.71+0.11

a 0.28+0.03

b 0.55+0.01

a 0.10+0.01

b 0.42+0.01

a 0.11+0.01

b




Table 6. Concentration (Mg/kg) of heavy metals in leaf of Solanum macrocarpon (Leaf of egg plant)

HEAVY METALS



Cu 0.53+0.05 a

0.11+0.01

b 0.95+0.06

a

0.55+0.04

b

1.01+0.05

a

0.75+0.06

b

0.05+0.00

a

0.05+0.00

a 0.14+0.01

a

0.04+0.00

b

Zn 1.38+0.10

a

0.21+0.05

b

1.80+0.13

a

0.14+0.06

b

1.22+0.11

a

0.29+0.03

b

0.95+0.01

a

1.54+0.01

b

1.18+0.06

a

0.14+0.05

b

Mn 1.05+0.04

a

0.13+0.02

b

1.46+0.05

a

0.05+0.00

b

1.02+0.04

a

0.20+0.05

b

0.90+0.10

a

0.11+0.03

b

1.01+0.01

a

0.05+0.01

b

Cd 0.05+0.00

a

Nd 0.06+0.00

a

0.03+0.00

b

0.06+0.00

a

0.03+0.00

b

0.02+0.00

a

0.02+0.00

a

0.01+0.00

a

0.02+0.00

a

Pb 0.07+0.00

a

0.05+0.00

a

0.43+0.01

a

0.13+0.01

b

0.21+0.01

a

0.09+0.00

b

0.04+0.00

a

0.04+0.00

a

0.01+0.00

a

0.01+0.00

a

Fe 1.33+0.20

a

0.20+0.09

b

1.91+0.15

a

0.16+0.02

b

1.97+0.01

a

0. 20+0.00

b

0.16+0.02

a

0.16+0.01

a 0.73+0.02

a

0.09+0.00

b

Cr 0.04+0.00

a

0.01+0.00

b

0.06+0.00

a

0.05+0.00

a

0. 05+0.00

a

0.03+0.00

a

0.02+0.00

a

Nd 0.05+0.00

a

0.02+0.00

b

Co 0.15+0.03

a

0.05+0.00

b 0.51+0.03

a

0.14+0.03

b

0.39+0.04

a

0.14+0.05

b

0.04+0.00

a

0.04+0.00

a

0.10+0.00

a

0.02+0.00

b

Ni 0.17+0.04

a

0.14+0.04

b

0.21+0.01

a

0.07+0.00

b

0.12+0.01

a

0.41+0.01

b

0.08+0.00

a

0.02+0.00

b

0.12+0.01

a

0.03+0.00

b

Hg 0.06+0.00

a 0.01+,0.00

b 0.20+0.02

a 0.07+0.00

b 0.37+0.02

a 0.06+0.00

b 0.05+0.00

a 0.05+0.00

b 0.21+0.02

a 0.03+0.00

b


Table 7. Concentration (Mg/kg) of heavy metals in fruit of Solanum macrocarpon (egg plant fruit)

HEAVY METALS



Cu 0.55+0.02 a

0.16+0.02

b

1.17+0.16

a

0.59+0.08 b

1.15+0.12 a

0.81+0.10

b

0.71+0.01 a 0.08+0.00

b

0.26+0.04 a 0.08+0.00

b



Table 7. Cont.

Zn 2.01+0.15 a

0.26+0.05

b

1.98+0.05

a

0.17+0.03

b

1.49+0.11

a

0.31+0.02

b

1.29+0.00

a

0.20+0.01

b 1.32+0.01

a

0.17+0.03

b

Mn 0.71+0.03

a

0.18+0.04

b

0.97+0.04

a 0.54+0.03

b

0.86+0.03

a

0.41+0.06

b

0.51+0.05

a

0.06+0.00

b

0.21+0.05

a

0.05+0.00

b

Cd 0.05+0.00

a

0.03+0.00

b

0.09+0.00

a

0.06+0.00

b

0.11+0.01

a

0.07+0.00

b

0.09+0.00

a

0.04+0.00

b

0.04+0.00

a

Nd

Pb 0.16+0.01 a

0.09+0.00

b

0.61+0.02

a

0.19+0.03

b

0.34+0.05

a

0.13+0.05

b 0.16+0.01

a

0.06+0.00

b 0.05+0.00

a

0.03+0.00

b

Fe 1.93+0.09

a

0.28+0.05

b

2.06+0.91

a

0.21+0.07

b

2.26+0.17

a

0. 34+0.08

b

1.35+0.08

a

0.21+0.05

b

1.03+0.21

a

0.20+0.04

b

Cr 0.05+0.00 a

0.04+0.00

a

0.12+0.01

a

0.08+0.00

b 0. 08+0.00

a

0.07+0.00

a

0.07+0.00

a

Nd 0.09+0.00

a

0.05+0.00

b

Co 0.22+0.02

a

0.10+0.02

b

0.57+0.01

a

0.13+0.01

b

0.44+0.01

a

0.16+0.02

b 0.10+0.02

a

0.06+0.00

b 0.11+0.01

a

0.16+0.01

b

Ni 0.19+0.01

a

0.18+0.03

a

0.36+0.04

a

0.11+0.01

b

0.26+0.03

a

0.43+0.02

b

0.10+0.01

a

0.05+0.00

b

0.29+0.03

a

0.05+0.00

b

Hg 0.10+0.05

a 0.05+0.00

b

0.14+0.01

a

0.04+0.00

b

0.14+0.01

a 0.10+0.00

b 0.08+0.00

a 0.05+0.00

b 0.05+0.00

a

0.05+0.00

b


Table 8. Concentration (Mg/kg) of heavy metals in leaf of Cucurbita pepo (Pumpkin leaf)

HEAVY METALS



Cu 0.21+0.03a 0.07+0.00

b

0.42+0.00

a

0.28+0.07

b

0.31+0.06

a

0.12+0.08

b

0.23+0.02

a

0.19+0.01

b

0.04+0.00

a

0.01+0.00

b

Zn 0.48+0.01

a 0.19+0.01

b

0.59+0.04

a

0.12+0.01

b

0.50+0.03

a

0.22+0.03

b

0.03+0.00

a

0.12+0.04

b

0.36+0.06

a

0.10+0.03

b

Mn 0.27+0.01

a 1.18+0.01

b

0.32+0.03

a

0.18+0.02

b

0.22+0.01

a 0.73+0.04

b

0. 15+0.05

a

0.28+0.03

b

0.13+0.01

a

0.09+0.00

b

Cd 0.05+0.00

a 0.03+0.00

b

0.79+0.04

a

0.49+0.03

b

0.64+0.05

a

0.42+0.01

b

0.07+0.00

a

0.04+0.00

b

0.07+0.00

a

0.02+0.00

b

Pb 0.24+0.01

a 0.14+0.00

b

1.24+0.32

a

1.55+0.14

b

1.06+0.13

a

0.76+0.08

a

0.10+0.01

a

0.41+0.00

b

0.14+0.04

a

0.08+0.01

b

Fe 0.88+0.10

a 0.41+0.06

b

0.63+0.10

a

0.33+0.04

b

1.03+0.22

a

0. 84+0.10

b

0.25+0.05

a

0.16+0.05

b

0.24+0.01

a

0.13+0.02

b



Table 7. Cont.

Cr 0.23+0.02 a 0.11+0.05

b

0.70+0.02

a

0.50+0.01

a

1. 07+0.05

a

0.92+0.06

b

0.61+0.10

a

0.47+0.06

b

0.19+0.04

a

0.08+0.00

b

Co 0.28+0.01

a 0.15+0.02

b

0.17+0.04

a

0.12+0.04

b

0.05+0.01

a

0.09+0.00

b

0.07+0.00

a

0.05+0.00

a

0.04+0.00

a

0.03+0.00

a

Ni 0.64+0.03

a 0.38+0.01

b

1.05+0.25

a

0.95+0.10

b

0.42+0.02

a

0.24+0.01

b

0.30+0.01

a

0.09+0.01

b

0. 40+0.03

a

0.10+0.01

a

Hg 0.16+0.05

a 0.07+0.00

b

0.21+0.02

a

0.08+0.01

b

0.16+0.01

a

0.12+0.01

b

0.11+0.02

a

0.10+.01

a

0.11+0.02

a

0.09+0.00

b


Table 9. Concentrations (Mg/Kg) of heavy metals in the fruit of Cucurbita pepo (Pumpkin fruit)

HEAVY METALS



Cu 0.03+0.00 a 0.02+0.00

b 0.26+0.03

a 0.19+0.05

b 0.14+0.00

a 0.08+0.00

b 0.06+0.00

a 0.02+0.00

b 0.02+0.00

a 0.01+0.00

b

Zn 0.24+ 0.05 a 0.21+0.03

b 0.31+0.04

a 0.14+0.03

b 0.22+0.01

a 0.12+0.02

b 0.01+0.00

a 0.01+0.00

b 0.17+0.04

a 0.03+0.00

b

Mn 0.19+ 0.01 a 0.15+0.04

b 0.18+0.04

a 0.12+0.04

b 0.15+0.01

a 0.08+0.00

b 0.08+0.00

a 0.04+0.00

b 0.04+0.00

a 0.01+0.00

b

Cd 0.02+ 0.00 a 0.01+0.00

b 0.50+0.00

a 0.32+0.01

b 0.36+0.03

a 0.38+0.04

b 0.03+0.00 0.02+0.00

b 0.03+0.00

a Nd

Pb 0.12+ 0.01 a 0.10+0.02

b 1.00+0.02

a 0.20+0.05

b 0.94+0.10

a 0.26+0.02

b 0.07+0.00

a 0.03+0.00

b 0.05+0.00

a 0.03+0.00

b

Fe 0.47+ 0.03 a 0.26+0.01

b 0.32+0.01

a 0.23+0.03

b 0.62+0.01

a 0.20+0.01

b 0.11+0.01

a 0.10+0.02

b 0.18+0.06

a 0.02+0.00

b

Cr 0.13+ 0.03 a 0.11+0.03

b 0.50+0.03

a 0.19+0.05

b 0.84+0.01

a 0.12+0.03

b 0.35+0.04

a 0.08+0.01

b 0.04+0.00

a 0.02+0.00

b

Co 0.09+ 0.00 a 0.04+0.00

b 0.07+0.00

a 0.01+0.00

b 0.02+0.00

a 0.01+0.00

b 0.05+0.00

a Nd 0.01+0.00

a 0.01+0.00

b

Ni 0.45+ 0.02 a 0.33+0.00

b 0.95+0.00

a 0.42+0.06

b 0.21+0.06

a 0.37+0.04

b 0.10+0.01

a 0.10+0.01

b 0.01+0.00

a 0.03+0.00

b

Hg 0.08+ 0.00 a 0.05+0.00

b 0.04+0.00

a 0.01+0.00

b 0.03+0.00

a 0.02+0.00

b 0.02+0.00

a Nd Nd 0.01+0.00

b




Table 10. Transfer factor of heavy metals in Solanum lycopersicum (Tomato fruit)

HEAVY METALS



Cu 0.40 0.11 0.33 0.18 0.27 0.18 0.05 0.14 0.07 0.17

Zn 1.08 0.11 2.03 0.09 0.11 0.20 0.76 0.51 0.74 0.51

Mn 2.08 15.33 1.95 1.20 5.26 2.01 2.30 2.03 2.20 2.00

Cd 0.15 0.08 0.06 0.06 0.07 0.06 0.13 0.08 0.14 Nc

Pb 0.23 0.65 0.14 0.16 0.40 0.18 0.24 0.20 0.24 0.20

Fe 0.05 0.01 0.05 0.01 0.03 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.01 0.02

Cr 0.30 0.16 0.17 0.15 0.23 0.16 0.75 0.01 0.78 0.09

Co 0.13 0.05 0.75 0.29 0.97 0.26 0.38 Nc 0.44 0.19

Ni 0.05 0.05 0.08 0.07 0.19 0.08 0.12 0.11 0.11 0.11

Hg 0.03 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.03 Nc 0.12 Nc 0.45 Nc

Nc = Not calculated

Table 11. Transfer factor of heavy metals in Talinum triangulae (Water leaf)

HEAVY METALS


Sample

Control

Sample Control

Sample

Control

Sample

Control

Sample

Control

Cu 0.40 0.02 0.71 0.04 0.53 0.04 0.51 0.14 0.31 0.11

Zn 0.19 0.43 0.44 0.44 0.82 0.85 0.46 0.11 0.18 0.11

Mn 1.13 0.92 0.14 0.12 0.20 0.21 0.05 0.26 0.05 0.52

Cd 0.02 0.02 0.06 0.02 0.01 0.01 Nc 0.03 Nc Nc

Pb 0.20 0.90 0.28 0.23 0.65 0.22 0.08 0.19 0.01 0.20

Fe 0.02 0.01 0.05 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.01 0.05 0.02 0.05

Cr 0.16 0.21 0.15 0.03 0.19 0.06 0.05 1.29 0.07 0.73

Co 0.07 Nc 0.08 Nc 0.03 Nc 0.12 Nc 0.04 0.50

Ni 0.10 0.23 0.13 0.18 0.28 0.38 0.21 0.21 0.20 0.14

Hg 0.03 0.01 0.03 0.04 0.02 0.10 0.06 0.13 0.01 0.16

Nc = Not calculated

Vegetables are major component of diets and also sources of income to most rural dwellers that practice subsistence vegetable gardening. Similarly, other peasants living in these metropolis depend on the freely growing vegetables in these dumpsites for nutrients. This could pose a health hazard since these vegetables have been shown to be capable of accumulating heavy metals. Intake of higher concentration of heavy metals through these vegetables may evoke significant biochemical changes in the biosystems. Manahan, (2003) reported that metals such as iron, copper, chromium, mercury, nickel, lead and cadmium have the potential to produce reactive oxygen. This may result to

DNA damage, peroxidation, and alteration of calcium homeostasis. Diseases such as cancers, cardiovascular diseases, fatigue, Alzheimer’s disease and memory loss could also result from the consumption of vegetables polluted by these heavy metals (Manahan, 2003). The results from the present study showed that the levels of heavy metals were within the WHO permissible range for consumption except for Cd (1.42±0.08mg/kg) and Pb (2.11±0.15mg/kg) in Amaranthus spinosus from Osisioma dumpsite. Transfer factor (tf) is the ratio of the concentration of heavy metals in plants to the total concentration in the


Int. Res. J. Biochem. Biotechnol. 023 Table 12. Transfer factor of heavy metals in Amaranthus spinosus (Spiny amaranth)

HEAVY METALS



Cu 0.47 0.13 0.03 0.13 0.52 0.15 0.40 1.81 0.25 0.22

Zn 0.45 0.26 0.04 0.25 0.40 0.24 0.42 0.20 0.44 0.25

Mn 0.76 4.42 0.10 0.55 0.74 0.60 0.78 0.55 0.76 0.56

Cd 0.46 0.13 Nc 0.20 0.44 0.18 0.70 0.13 0.42 Nc

Pb 0.81 2.13 0.17 0.48 0.81 0.52 1.21 0.49 0.69 0.50

Fe 0.20 0.07 0.01 0.05 0.30 0.07 0.25 0.06 0.24 0.35

Cr 0.41 0.42 0.02 0.08 0.70 0.10 Nc 0.79 0.71 0.45

Co 0.46 0.62 Nc 1.36 1.41 1.71 0.10 Nc 1.19 0.50

Ni 0.20 0.11 0.08 0.13 1.36 0.15 1.10 0.32 0.60 0.08

Hg 0.26 0.26 0.01 0.28 0.25 0.27 0.24 0.25 0.19 0.26

Nc = Not calculated

Table 13. Transfer factor of heavy metals in the leaf of Solanum macrocapon (Leaf of egg plant)

HEAVY METALS


Sample

Control

Sample

Control

Sample

Control

Sample

Control

Sample Control

Cu 0.25 0.23 0.25 0.23 0.24 0.23 0.11 0.23 0.24

0.22

Zn 0.26 0.25 0.27 0.25 0.24 0.25 0.31 2.52 0.26

0.23

Mn 0.77 1.08 0.50 0.02 0.45 0.12 0.46 0.18 0.58

0.20

Cd 0.10 Nc 0.02 0.01 0.02 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.01

Nc

Pb 0.07 0.16 0.12 0.05 0.12 0.05 0.08 0.04 0.01

0.05

Fe 0.12 0.04 0.18 0.03 0.11 0.02 0.20 0.04 0.15

0.03

Cr 0.03 0.05 0.02 0.03 0.02 0.02 0.01 Nc 0.04

0.18

Co 0.11 0.24 0.64 1.00 0.43 0. 40 0.31 Nc 0.19

0.13

Ni 0.11 0.25 0.10 0.08 0.11 0.79 0.10 0.07 0.12

0.08

Hg 0.03 0.01 0.05 0.06 0.13 0.06 0.09 0.13 0.09

0.07

Nc = Not calculated

soil. The tf for the same metal in the dumpsites differed, from those of the control and types of vegetables. However the rate of transfer of these metals from soil to plants were found to be higher in some control samples. For example Cu and Zn for Cucrbita pepo fruit

and Solanum lycopersicum fruit (Tables 10 and 16). This was more pronounced for the seeds of these plants. The observations made here indicate that despite soil content of these heavy metals, some other factors were contributory to their uptake by plants. A



Table 14. Transfer factor of heavy metals in the fruit of Solanum macrocapon (Egg plant fruit)

HEAVY METALS


Sample

Control

Sample

Control

Sample

Control

Sample

Control

Sample

Control

Cu 0.26 0.34 0.31 0.25 0.27 0.25 0.28 0.36 0.44 0.44

Zn 0.38 0.31 0.30 0.30 029 0.26 0.34 0.33 0.29 0.28

Mn 0.52 1.50 0.33 0.23 0.38 0.25 0.26 0.10 0.12 0.20

Cd 0.10 0.06 0.03 0.11 0.03 0.10 0.08 0.10 0.03 Nc

Pb 0.15 0.29 0.17 0.07 0.13 0.07 0.13 0.07 0.03 0.15

Fe 0.17 0.05 0.20 0.04 0.13 0.03 0.27 0.06 0.22 0.06

Cr 0.04 0.21 0.04 0.05 0.03 0.04 0.03 Nc 0.07 0.45

Co 0.16 0.48 0.71 0.93 0.49 0.46 0.15 Nc 0.21 1.00

Ni 0.12 0.32 0.17 0.13 0.23 0.83 0.13 0.18 0.98 0.14

Hg 0.05 0.07 0.03 0.03 0.05 0.10 0.04 0.13 0.02 0.12

Nc = Not calculated

Table 15. Transfer factor of heavy metals in the leaf of Cucurbita pepo (Pumpkin leaf )

plausible factor is the antagonistic effects of some metals. It’s been reported that high levels of zinc in the soil interfere with the ability of plants to absorb other heavy metals such as iron and manganese (Emsley, 2001). The transfer ratios obtained here indicate the potentials of solanum lycopersicum, Talinum triangulae, Amaranthus spinosus, Solanum macrocarpon and

Cucurbita pepo to take up heavy metals from soil to their edible parts. CONCLUSION The levels of heavy metals were higher in soils and

HEAVY METALS



Cu 0.10 0.15 0.11 0.12 0.07 0.04 0.09 0.86 0.07 0.06

Zn 0.09 0.22 0.09 0.21 0.43 0.19 0.01 0.20 0.08 0.16

Mn 0.20 9.83 0.11 0.08 0.10 0.44 0.08 0.45 0.07 0.36

Cd 0.10 0.06 0.24 0.91 0.20 0.60 0.07 0.10 0.06 Nc

Pb 0.23 0.45 0.35 0.60 0.41 0.43 0.08 0.45 0.07 0.40

Fe 0.08 0.08 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.08 0.05 0.04 0.05 0.04

Cr 0.18 0.58 0.22 0.29 0.42 0.52 0.29 3.36 0.15 0.73

Co 0.21 0.71 0.21 0.86 0.06 0.26 0.10 Nc 1.92 0.19

Ni 0.41 0.68 0.05 1.08 0.38 0.46 0.38 0.32 0.39 0.27

Hg 0.08 0.10 0.05 0.07 0.06 0.96 0.05 0.25 0.05 0.21


Int. Res. J. Biochem. Biotechnol. 025 Table 16. Transfer factor of heavy metals in the fruit of Cucurbita pepo (Pumpkin fruit)

HEAVY METALS



Cu 0.01 0.04 0.07 0.08 0.03 0.30 0.02 0.09 0.03 0.06

Zn 0.05 0.25 0.05 0.25 0.19 0.10 Nc 0.02 0.04 0.05

Mn 0.14 1.25 0.06 0.05 0.07 0.05 0.04 0.06 0.02 0.04

Cd 0.04 0.02 0.15 0.59 0.11 0.54 0.03 0.05 0.03 Nc

Pb 0.11 0.32 0.28 0.08 0.36 0.03 0.01 0.01 0.03 0.15

Fe 0.04 0.05 0.03 0.04 0.04 0.02 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.01

Cr 0.10 0.58 0.15 0.11 0.33 0.07 0.16 0.57 0.03 0.18

Co 0.07 0.19 0.09 0.07 0.02 0.03 0.07 Nc 1.92 0.06

Ni 0.28 1.79 0.45 0.48 0.19 0.71 0.13 0.36 0.01 0.08

Hg 0.04 0.07 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.01 Nc Nc 0.02

Nc = Not calculated

Table 17. The mean concentrations (mg/kg)of heavy metals in soils and vegetable samples from Aba and Umuahia metropolis

SOIL SAMPLES VEGETABLE SAMPLES

HEAVY METALS ABA UMUAHIA ABA UMUAHIA

Cu 3.38 1.59 0.89 0.37

Zn 5.70 4.18 2.13 1.27

Mn 2.18 1.85 1.62 1.03

Cd 2.34 1.17 0.25 0.14

Pb 2.41 1.57 0.67 0.31

Fe 12.94 4.94 1.26 0.88

Cr 2.34 1.72 0.42 0.37

Co 1.02 0.60 0.32 0.17

Ni 1.59 0.90 0.39 0.25

Hg 3.04 2.26 0.16 0.16

vegetables from dumpsites in Aba than those in Umuahia. All the vegetables examined had the potential to take up all the analyzed heavy metals to their edible parts. However, the concentrations of heavy metals absorbed by these vegetables were within the FAO/WHO guidelines for metals in foods and vegetables except for Cd (1.42±0.08mg/kg) and Pb (2.11±0.15mg/kg) in Amaranthus spinosus from Osisioma dumpsite. Consumption of these vegetables as food may not pose immediate danger to humans but prolonged consumption could lead to bioaccumulation and adverse health implication especially for Cd, As, Pb and Hg. It is therefore recommended that those wastes

that pose greater health hazards be properly recycled in order to reduce environmental pollution and/or soil degradation. Sorting of wastes at source and statutory regulations of wastes managements should be encouraged. Farmers should also be educated and encouraged not to cultivate in farmlands around dumpsites since such farms may be polluted by toxic heavy metals. REFERENCES Adefemi OS, Awokunmi EM (2013). Uptake of heavy



metals by tomato (Lycopersicum escullentus) grown on soil collected from dumpsites in Ekiti State, South-west, Nigeria. Intern. J. Chem 5(3): 70-75.

Adefemi OS, Ibigbami O A, Awokunmi EE (2012). Level of heavy metals in some edible plants collected from selected dumpsites in Ekiti State, Nigeria. Glo. Advan. Res. J. Environ. Sci. Tech 1(5): 132-136.

Ademororti, C.M.A (1996). Environmental Chemistry and Toxicology, Foluedex Press Ltd, Ibadan.PP 162-181.

Alloway BJ, Davies B E.(1971). Heavy metal content of plants growing on soil contaminated by lead mining. J. Agric. Sci. Cambr., 76:321-323.

Amadi AN, Olesehinde PI, Okosun E A, Okoye NO, Okunlola I A, Alkali Y B, Dan- Hassan M A (2012). A Comparative study on the impact of Avu and Ihie Dumpsites on soil quality in Southeastern Nigeria. Am. J. Chem 2(1): 17-23.

Amos-Tautua BMW, Onigbinde A O, Ere D (2014). Assessment of some heavy metals and physicochemical properties in surface soils of municipal open waste dumpsite in Yenagoa, Nigeria. Afri. J. Environ. Sci. Tech 8(1): 41-47.

Amusan AA, Ige DV, Olawale R (2005). Characteristics of soils and crops uptake of metals in municipal waste dumpsites in Nigeria. J. Hum. Ecol., 17(3): 167-171.

APHA (1998). Standard Methods for examination of water and Waste Water. American Public Health Association, American Water Works Association and Water Pollution Control Federation (20

th edn.) Washington DC. USA

Awokunmi EE, Asaolu KO, Ipinmoroti K O (2010). Effect of leaching on heavy metals concentration of soil in some dumpsites. Afri. J. Environ. Sci. Tech 48: 495-499.

Bates RG.(1954). Electronics PH. Determination. John Wiley and Sons Inc. New York.

Biswas K. (1989). Environmental Aspects of hazardous wastes for Developing Countries: problems and prospects, chapter 22 in Hazardous Waste Management, Maltezou, S. P., A. K. Biswas and H. Sutten, Editors. Tycooly. UNIDO, Vienna.Pp 295- 363

Dan-Azumi S, Bichi MH (2010). Industrial pollution and Heavy Metals profile of Challawa River in Kano, Nigeria. J.Appl. Sci. Environ. Sann 5(l): 23-29.

Dara SS (1993). A textbook of environmental chemistry and pollution control. S. chand and Company Ltd. Ram Nagar, New Delhi. Pp 11-55.

Dewis J, Freitas F (1970). Physical and chemical method of Soil and water analysis. Soil Bulletin.F.A.O Rome. Pp. 71-75

Duruibe JO, Ogwuegbu MDC, Egwurugwu JN(2007). Heavy metals pollution and human biotoxic effects. Int. J. Physical Sci. 2: 112-118.

Eddy N O, Ndibuke MO, Ndibuke EG (2004). Heavy metals in sediment from Cross River at Oron. Afr. J. Environ, Pollut Health. 3(5):21-26.

Emsley J (2001). Zinc. Nature's Building Blocks: An A-Z Guild to the Elements. Oxford, England, U.K; Oxford University press. pp. 499-505.

Ezejiofor TIN, Ezejiofor AN, Udebuani AC, Ezeji EU, Ayalogbu EA, Azuwuike CO, Adjero LA, Ihejirika CE,

Ujowundu CO, Nwaogu LA, Ngwogu KO, (2013). Environmental metals pollutants load of a densely Populated and heavily industrialized Commercial City of Aba Nigeria J. Toxicol. Environ. Heal. Sci 5(1): 1-11.

Galadima A, Muhammad NU, Garba ZN (2010) Spectroscopic investigation of heavy metals in waste water from university students hall of residence. Int. J. Chem. 20(4): 239-244.

Galadinma A,Garba ZN (2012). Heavy metals pollution in Nigeria". Causes and Consequences. Elixir Pollut. 45: 7917-7922.

Garba ZN, Hamza SA, Galadinma A (2010). Arsenic Level speciation in fresh water from Karaye Local Government, Kano State, Nigeria. Int. J. Chem 20(2): 113-117.

Grant C, Dobbs A J (1997). The growth and metal content of plants grown in soil contaminated by a copper/chrome/arsenic wood preservative. Environ. Poll. 14:213-226

Ibeto CN, Okoye COB(2010). High Levels of Heavy metal in Blood of Urban population in Nigeria. Resear.J. Environ. Sci 4(4): 371-382.

James C S (1995) Analytical chemistry of foods. Blakie Academic and professional. London.PP.505-509.

Kihampa C, Mwegoha W IS, Shemdoe R S (2011). Heavy metals concentrations in vegetables grown in the vicinity of the closed dumpsite. Int. J. Environ. Sci. 2(2):889-895

Ladigbolu IA, Balogun KJ(2011). Distribution of heavy metals in sediments of selected streams in Ibadan Metropolis, Nigeria. Int J. Environ. Sci. 1(6)

Mandran SE (2003). Toxicological Chemistry and Biochemistry (3rd ed.) CRC Bopca Raton London. New York, Washington, D.C. pp. 214-224.

Munoz M, Pena L, Hallorooms J O (1994). Use of an industrial by-products as a liming source. J. Agric. Univ. Puerto Rilo. 78(3-4):73-86,

Naranjo N M, Meima JA, Haarstrick A, Hempel D C (2004). "Modelling and experimental investigation of environmental influence on the acetate and methane formation in solid waste." Waste management 24:763-773.

Nubi OA, Oyediran LO, Nubi AT(2011). Inter-annual trends of heavy metals in marine resources from the Nigerian territorial waters. Afri. J. Environ. Sci. Tech 5(2): 104-110.

Nwaugo VO, Chinyere GC, Inyan CV (2008). Effect of palm oil mill effluents soil bacteria flora and enzyme activities in Egbema. Plant .Pro. Resear. J. 12:10-13.

Obasi NA, Akubugwo EI, Ugbogu OC, Otuchristian G (2012). Assessment of physicochemical properties and Heavy metals Bioavailability in Dumpsites along Enugu-Port-Hacourt Expressways, South-east, Nigeria. Asian. J. App. Sci., 5:342-356.

Olorunfemi IF, Odita CO (1998). Land use and solid waste generation in Ilorin Kwara state, Nigeria. The Environ 18: 67-75.

Opaluwa OD, Aremu MO, Ogbo LO, Abiola KA, Odiba IE, Abubakar KM, Nweze NO (2012). Heavy metal concentrations in soils, plant leaves and crops grown around dumpsites in Lafia metropolis, Nasarawa State, Nigeria. Adv.App. Sci. Res, 3(2):780-784.

Osuji LC, Adesiyan SO (2005). The Isiokpo oil pipeline


Int. Res. J. Biochem. Biotechnol. 027 leakage: Total organic carbon/organic matter contents of affected soils. Chem. Bio. 2:1079-1085.

Salam A.K, Helmke P.A. (1998). The pH dependence of free ionic activities and total dissolved concentrations of copper and cadmium in soil solution. Geo. 83:281-291.

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (1996). Test methods for evaluating solid waste: Physical/chemical methods (3rd ed.) Method 3050B, Acid Digestion of sediment sludges and soils, USEPA Washington, DC, SW-846.

Uwa E I, Ndahi NP, Abdulrahman F I, Ogugbuaja VO (2011). Heavy metal levels in spinach (Amaranthus caudatuty and lettuce (Lacttuca sativa) grown in Maiduguri, Nigeria. J. Environ. Chem. Eco. 3(10):264-271

Walkaly AJ, Black LA (1934), Estimation of soil organic carbon by the chronic acid titration method. Soil 37:29-38

Accepted 27 August, 2015. Citation: Chinyere GC, Madu FU (2015). Physicochemical characteristics and heavy metal constituents of five dumpsite soils and edible vegetables grown in two major metropolis of Abia State, Nigeria. International Research Journal of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, 2(2): 014-027.

Copyright: © 2015 Chinyere and Madu. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are cited.

Physicochemical characteristics and heavy metal constituents of five dumpsite soils and edible...

Education

Transcript of Physicochemical characteristics and heavy metal constituents of five dumpsite soils and edible...