PHYSICAL SIGNS OF THE NECK
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Transcript of PHYSICAL SIGNS OF THE NECK
Triangles of the neck The neck is divided by the sterno-mastoid muscles into:
anterior and posterior triangles.
Anterior triangle of the neckThe anterior triangle is bounded: laterally by the SCM muscle, medially by the midline, superiorly by the mandible.
Posterior triangle of the neckThe posterior triangle is bounded:posteriorly by the trapezius muscle,
anteriorly by the SCM. muscle inferiorly by the clavicle.
Triangles of the neckAnterior triangle muscular triangle--formed by the midline, superior belly
of the omohyoid, and SCM carotid triangle--formed by the superior belly of the
omohyoid, SCM, and posterior belly of the digastric submental triangle--formed by the anterior belly of the
digastric, hyoid, and midline submandibular triangle--formed by the mandible,
posterior belly of the digastric, and anterior belly of the digastric
Posterior triangle supraclavicular triangle--formed by the inferior belly of
the omohyoid, clavicle, and SCM occipital triangle--formed by inferior belly of the
omohyoid, trapezius, and SCM
Triangles of the neck Anterior triangle of the neck
thyroid isthmusPosterior triangle of the neck
Spinal accessory nerveBrachial plexusSubclavian artery-third partExternal jugular veinParotid gland
Anterior aspect of the neck• Body of the hyoid bone• Thyrohyoid membrane• Upper border of the thyroid cartilage• Cricothyroid ligament• Cricoid cartilage• Cricotraheal ligament• First ring of the trachea• Isthmus of the thyroid gland• Suprasternal notch
Anterior triangle of the neck
Surface landmarks
Anterior triangle of the neck
Carotid sheath• Carotid artery• Internal jugular vein• Vagus nerve• Deep cervical lymph nodesMarked out by a line joining the sterno-clavicular
joint to a point midway between the tip of the mastoid process and the angle of the mandible.
At the upper border of the thyroid cartilage, CCA bifurcates into the internal and external branches.
The pulsations can be felt at this level.
Carotid sheath- common carotid artery, internal jugular vein, vagus nerve with its superior laryngeal branch
Common carotid artery: external carotid artery, internal carotid artery Branches of ECA: superior thyroid artery , superior laryngeal artery, lingual artery, facial artery.
Lumps in the neck
Lumps in the neck
1. Lymph nodes- lymphadenopathies:InfectionsMetastatic tumorsPrimary tumors
2. Tumors- cystic or solid3. Thyroid gland- Goiter- diffuse or nodular
Lymphadenopathies
LYMPH NODES
LYMPH NODES
NECK EXAMINATION
THYROID NODULE
Case reportAn 8-year-old girl, Address: country side of Chiang Mai province CC : Fever for 10 days and sore throat for 6 daysHistory > 10 days , she had an acute onset of high-
graded fever. She took paracetamol but the fever and headache remained. Patient was seen by a doctor who gave a diagnosis of acute tonsillitis (injected and enlarged tonsils, body temperature 40 C,
CBC: Hb 11.0 gm%, HCt 34%, WBC 4,600/cu.mm, N 68%, B 1%, L 29%, platelets 177,000/cu.mm).
Case reportShe was given intramuscular lincomycin 450 mg
and oral amoxycillin 250 mg 3 times a day. High intermittent fever persisted. > 2 days, she developed rashes over the trunk,
arms, and thighs. She also had various nonspecific symptoms, including faintings, mild nausea, periumbilical abdominal pain, diarrhea, mild sore throat, nonproductive cough, and severe bitemporal headache.
On admission day, the fever persisted and her sore throat got worse
Case report
Past History: The girl had history of cleft lip and cleft palate which were repaired since she was 3 months old.
Her immunization status was up to date. There was no family history of similar illness. She usually plays around her house where grass
and tree wildly grow on humid ground.
Physical examinationVS: T 39.5 C, pulse rate108/min, RR
24/minm, BP=100/60 mmHg., BW 20 Kg GA: looked sick, but fully concious Skin: faint maculopapular rashes were
observed over arms and thighs .An ulcer with black crust on erythematous
base was seen over her right shoulder region . Its size was approximately 8.0 mm in diameter. The lesion was not tender.
Lymphadenopathy
Multiple enlarged lymph nodes were palpated as follows:2 large: 1,3 and 1,2 cm. in diameter on right
supraclavicular triangleMultiple small lymph.nodes<5mm.in diameter
in chain along both sides of posterior triangleAll nodes were soft, not-tender, movable and
smooth surface
Case reportENT examination revealed enlarged tonsils
grade III/IV with hyperemia which extended on anterior tonsillar pillars and soft palate were detected. There was no exudative patch. Her pharynx was not injected. Her conjunctiva was normal.Chest: Heart sound: WNL, Lungs: no adventitious soundAbdomen: palpable liver (4 cm below right costal margin, span 13 cm.), spleen was not palpable NS: WNL
Enlarged tonsils with hyperemic soft palate
Maculopapular rash
A black crusted ulcer- right shoulder
Cervical lymphadenopathies
Case report
Active Problem list: 1. Prolonged fever for 10 days2. Nonspecific systemic complaints: faintings,
nausea, abdominal pain, diarrhea, sore throat, cough, headache, poor appetite
3. Generalized maculopapular rash4. Cervical and supraclavicular lymphadenopathy5. Injected and enlarged tonsils with hyperemic soft
palate6. A black crusted ulcer at the right shoulder7. Hepatomegaly
Case report
Initial laboratory investigations: CBC: Hb 9.2 g/dl, Hct 28 %, WBC=5,200/cu.mm (N 80%, L 20%), platelets 131,000/cu.mmPeripheral blood smear for malarial pigment: negativeU/A: WNL
Case reportProvisional diagnosis of "scrub typhus" was made, and the therapeutic diagnosis was started with oral
doxycycline 2.2 mg/kg/dose given every 12 hrs (for the first 2 doses) .
The fever dramatically subsided. Twelve hours later, she became more cheerful and her appetite
returned. Therefore, doxycycline (2.2 mg/kg/day div q 12 hrs) was continued.
The hyperemic soft palate and tonsils subsequently faded off. The tonsils were slightly decreased in size 36 hours after
doxycycline. The lymph nodes and liver remained palpable at the time of the
discharge from the hospital on day 3 of the treatment. Doxycycline was continued for 14 days.
Temperature chart
Case reportFollow-up: Seven days after the
discharge (10 days after doxycycline) she was followed up.
She was afebrile and had no rash. The lesion (eschar) moderately reduced in size.
Her tonsils and lymph nodes became normal size for age. Liver was just palpable below right costal margin.
Discussion
Scrub typhus is a febrile illness caused by Orientia tsutsugamushi, an obligate intracellular bacterium in the Rickettsiaceae family.
The organism is transmitted during the bite of chigger. Scrub typhus is confined to a definite geographic region. It
extends from northern Japan and far eastern Russia in the north, to northern Australia in the south, and to Pakistan and Afghanistan in the west.
Tests for anti-O. tsutsugamushi antibody are available in only a few medical centers in Thailand
Case report Eschar occurs as the result of mite
(chigger) bite. Since the chigger is small (<5 mm) and the bite is neither painful nor itchy, the history of the bite was not usually obtained.
The mite lives in bushes.
Case report 2Patient: A 9-year-old HIV-infected girl Address: Payoa province (Northern Thailand) CC: Pain at both eyes for 4 weeks. Fever for 3 weeks. Present Illness: 4 weeks PTA, after coming back from
swimming in a river, she started having pain at her both eyes (more on the left side). The pain later accompanied with tearing, yellowish discharge and photophobia. The eye drop medicine from the local hospital could not relief her eye pain.
3 weeks PTA, she developed moderate grade fever and mild dry cough.
Her eye pain persisted. She lost her appetite and was admitted to a hospital where she
received ceftriaxone 70MKD, and ampicillin for 1 week without improvement.
Case report1 week PTA, all symptoms persisted and
she started having abdominal pain. Past medical history:
At the age of 3 years she was diagnosed as having HIV infection.
Her mother has a history of pulmonary tuberculosis and has been on treatment for 7-8 months.
She has not gained weight for 1 year.
Case reportPhysical examination: GA: febrile, thin and fatigue. BW=18 kg Vital signs: T: 40 celcius, RR: 36/min, PR:
122/min, BP: 110/72 mmHg EYES; pale and injected conjuctivae, left corneal
ulcer and photophobia. Oral cavity; whitish patches (thrush) Ears; intact both tympanic membranes Lymph nodes: Right supraclavicular lymphnode
enlagement: 2 cm in diameter, firm, not tender
Case report
Heart: Tachycardia, no murmurLungs: Medium creppitation both lungs Abdomen: Distension, generalized mild tender,
liver 4 cm below RCM, Extremities: no clubbing of fingersSkin: hypo- and hyperpigmentation scars at
extremities.Neurological examination: no meningial sign,
no neurological deficit
Supraclavicular lymphnode
Corneal ulcer
Case report
Problem list: 1. HIV-infected child with prolonged fever 2. Corneal ulcers
Case reportLaboratory investigations:
CBC: Hb 6.1 g/dl, Hct 18%, WBC 3,600/mm3 (N=74%, L=22%, M=16%) CD4 T-cell count: 4% (20 cells/mm3) Tuberculin skin test : Negative
CXR: Cardiomegaly, generalized reticulo-nodular infiltration both lungs suggesting miliary tuberculosis.
Echocardiogram: Generalized cardiac dilatation, particularly left size was larger than right side. Mild depressed LV systolic function. Small amount of pericardial effusion. Most likely, the lesions are caused by tuberculous myopathy.
Cardiomegaly, miliary tuberculosis
Case reportDiagnosis: HIV-infected child with miliary
tuberculosis, and herpes simplex keratitis
Treatment: 1. Miliary tuberculosis : INH (15MKD), RF (15MKD), PZA (25
MKD), S(25 MKD) Herpes simplex keratitis: Acyclovir ointment 5 times/day 3. Cardiac dysfunction: Douzabox (1 tb tid), Enalapril
(0.125MKD), Digoxin (6.25 microgramKD) 4.Anemia: Ferrous Fumarate Co (1.5 tb OD) 5.
Case report
Course of illness: After she received the anti-tuberculous drugs and cefotaxime for 4 days, the fever subsided
Her abdominal pain decreased. She gained appetite. Her eye pain and photophobia slowly recovered.
Her cardiac condition gradually improved. The heart size was within normal limit. The previous mediastinal (hilar) lymphadenopathy partially
subsided. Although each nodule of the "miliary" pattern was smaller
in size, the pulmonary infiltration persisted.
Temperature and pulse chart
Post-treatment CXR
Thyroglossal cyst
CT- thyroglossal cyst
Midline neck lump
Case report
A 58-year-old man with a history of hypertension, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and hyperlipidemia presents to the emergency department with a large, painless mass on the anterior aspect of the neck.
He reports that the mass developed over the past 3 days, preceded by a sore throat and mild subjective fevers for several days
Case report
He denies having any associated dysphagia, hoarseness, drooling, or stridor.
He denies having a history of neck or oropharyngeal trauma, weight loss, night sweats, or cough.
He has no history of tobacco use or alcohol abuse.
Case reportOn physical examination, the patient is a
healthy-appearing Asian man in no apparent distress. No hoarseness is noted.
The oropharynx has no notable lesions or apparent mass effect.
On the anterior aspect of the neck is a 2 X 3-cm, smooth, soft, ovoid mass extending from the hyoid to the cricoid cartilage
Case report• The mass elevates when the patient
swallows or protrudes his tongue. • On direct visualization with flexible
laryngoscopy, the posterior part of the nasopharynx appears normal. The airway is clear and patent, without evidence of mass or external compression. The true vocal cords appear normal.
• Laboratory results, are within normal limits. • A CT scan of the neck is ordered. • What is the diagnosis?
Thyroglossal cyst
Location- between the thyroid isthmus-hyoid bone
Close to the midlineSpherical and smoothHard consistence- high tension within the
cystFixed to the hyoid boneMoves upwards when the tongue is
protruded
Thyroglossal cyst
Cysts of the thyroglossal duct result from hypertrophy of the remnants of the embryological thyroglossal duct tract
Typically atrophies during the 10th week of development
Pathogeny
The stimulus for the sudden expansion of a chronically present tract is often an upper respiratory tract infection,
which results in lymphoid tissue enlargement that occludes the tract and that results in cyst formation.
Thyroglossal cyst Patients with thyroglossal duct cysts usually present
with an asymptomatic, cystic midline mass in the upper part of the neck, often after an upper respiratory tract infection.
The cyst may be slightly tender and occasionally results in mild dysphagia.
The cysts may occur anywhere along the tract of the thyroglossal duct from the foramen caecum of the tongue to the thyroid gland.
The typical cyst moves up when the patient swallows or protrudes the tongue because of the anatomic attachment to the hyoid and larynx.
Treatment is surgical excision of the thyroglossal duct cyst.
Branchial cystCongenital lesion- arising from epithelial
remnants of a branchial cleft ( pharyngeal groove)It may not distend and cause symptoms until adult
lifePainless swelling in the upper lateral part of the
neckIt lies behind the anterior edge of the upper third
of SCM. muscle and bulges forwardsPain is caused by infectionIt may fluctuate but cannot be reduced or
compressed
Branchial cyst
A cyst in the posterior triangle of the neck is extremely rare – case report
A 23 year old female presented with a solitary swelling in the left side of the neck of 6 months duration.
Initially the swelling was small, and gradually increased to attain the size of an apple.
There was no pain in the swelling.
Physical examinationOn examination an 8 cm x 7 cm swelling was
found in the left posterior triangle of the neck. It extended from the anterior border of the
left sternomastoid to the anterior border of the left trapezius, anteroposteriorly and from the level of the thyroid prominence superiorly to about 3 cm medial to acromion process inferiorly.
The smooth, well-defined swelling was fluctuant and transluminant
Case reportOn operation a well-circumscribed
unilocular cyst was found without any connecting tract or cord to the skin or the pharynx.
The cyst contained clear yellowish fluid.
Microscopic examination of the cyst wall revealed a focally preserved flattened cuboidal epithelial lining.
Branchial cyst- anterior view
Branchial cyst- lateral view
Carotid body tumor
Rare tumor, of the chemoreceptor tissue in the carotid body
Location- upper part of the anterior triangle, level with the hyoid bone, beneath the ant. edge of SCM.
Painless, slowing growing tumorThe tumor pulsatesTransient cerebral ischemia may be present
Carotid artery
Carotid bifurcation
Carotid body tumor
Examination of the thyroid gland
First confirm that the swelling in the neck is in the throid gland- ask the pt. to swallow- the lump will move up
Look at the whole pt.- calm or agitated, thin or fat, under-or over-clothed, moist or dry hands
Palpate the pulse- tachy, bradicardic or irregularLook at the eyes:-lid retraction, exophtalmos,
chemosis
Examination of the thyroid gland
Palpate the neck from the front- nodule, trachea
Palpate the neck from behindLook for laterocervical lymph nodes
Goitre
Enlargement of the thyroid glandDiffuse or nodularSollitary nodule or multiple nodulesSite, shape, size, surface, tenderness,
composition, relation
Nodular goitre
Nodular goitre
THYROTOXICOSIS
Neck signsEyes signsGeneral signs
Exophtalmos
MIXEDEMA
NeckEyesGeneral
Mixedema