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Transcript of Physical Science CRCT Review
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CRCT
Practice
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S8P1. Students
will examine the
scientific view ofthe nature of
matter.
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a. Distinguishbetween atoms and
molecules.
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Atoms are the basic
building block of all matter.
Each kind of atom is anelement a pure substance
that cannot be broken downinto simpler substances.
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There are 117 confirmed
elements. 90 of these
are found in nature and
the rest are synthetic
(man made)
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Location Charge Mass
Proton Nucleus + 1 amu
Neutron Nucleus 0 1 amu
Electron Electron
Cloud
- Less
than 1
amu
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Atomic Number describes the
number of protons in the nucleus
of the atom.Atomic# = #protons= #electrons
Atomic Mass equal to the numberof protons plus the number of
neutrons in the atom.
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Neutral Atom occurs
when electrons equal
protons.
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A molecule is formed
when two or more atoms
join together chemically. It
is the smallest unit of a
compound that has all the
properties of the
compound.
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A subscript is a small
number that tells you
the number of atoms of
each element in the
substance.
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b. Describe the difference
between pure substances
(elements and
compounds) and
mixtures.
A l t i
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An element is a pure
substance that cannot be
broken down into simplersubstances by ordinary
chemical means.
Compounds are pure
substances that are createdwhen 2 or more elements are
chemicall combined.
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Mixtures form when two or
more substances combine
without joining together
chemically.
Heterogeneous mixtures
look different throughout
Homogeneous mixtures
look the same throughout
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Solutions, Suspensions, and
Colloids Solutions- homogeneous mixture with tiny
particles ex- kool aid (solute-what is
dissolved; solvent-what does the
dissolving)
Suspensions- heterogeneous mixture
containing larger particles (ex-oil and
water) that settle out
Colloids- homogeneous mixture where
particles are intermediate in size and do
not settle out (ex-milk)
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c. Describe the movement
of particles in solids,
liquids, gases, and
plasmas states.
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A state of matter is the
physical form in which
matter exists.
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A solid is a substance with
definite shape andvolume
Particles are denselypacked
Energy binding theparticles is very strong
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A liquid is a substance that
Has no definite shapeHas definite volume
Particles are less denselypacked and can flow around
each otherEnergy binding the particles
is strong
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A gas is a substance that has
NO definite shape
No definite volume
The particle arrangement is
far apart
The binding energy is very
weak.
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Plasma is a state of matter
that forms when
temperatures are high
enough to remove
electrons from their atoms.
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d. Distinguish between
physical and chemical
properties of matter as
physical (i.e., density,melting point, boiling point)
or chemical (i.e., reactivity,combustibility).
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Physical Properties are
characteristics that can beobserved or measured
without changing the identity.
5 senses
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Chemical Properties are
characteristics thatdescribes how a substancewill interact with othersubstances during achemical reaction.
Reactivity
Flammability
combustibilit
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e. Distinguish between
changes in matter asphysical (i.e., physical
change) or chemical(development of a gas,
formation of precipitate,and change in color).
Ph i l Ch l h
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Physical Change alters the
physical properties of a
substance without changing
the identity of the substance.
Chemical Change occurs
when a substance is changedinto a new substance with
different properties
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f. Recognize that there are
more than 100 elements
and some have similar
properties as shown on the
Periodic Table ofElements.
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The periodic table is a
chart that organizes the
information about all of the
known elements according
to their properties.
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Periods Horizontal Rows (7)
Groups Vertical Columns(18)
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Elements in the same
group have similarproperties.
These properties are a
result of their identical
valence electron numbers.
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Reactivity describes how
likely an element is to formbonds with other elements.
M t h i ll ti
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Most chemically active are
group 1 elements. (Due to
their 1 valence electron)
Group 18 (Noble Gases)
are inert. This means they
cannot not form bonds with
other elements because
they are chemically stable.
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Elements on the left are
metals (except H)
Elements on the right are
nonmetals
Elements along the stair
step line are metalloids
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g. Identify and
demonstrate the Law of
Conservation of Matter.
Th l f ti f
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The law of conservation of
matter states that during a
chemical reaction, matter
cannot be created or
destroyed.
Mass of the reactant
equals the mass of the
product
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A coefficient is a number
that can show how many
molecules of a compound
are present.
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S8P2. Students willbe familiar with the
forms andtransformations of
energy.
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a. Explain energy
transformation in terms of theLaw of Conservation of
Energy.
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Law of Conservation of
Energy Energy is notcreated or destroyed but can
be transferred.
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Examples of Energy
Transformations:Plants convert
electromagnetic energy fromthe sun into chemical energy
through photosynthesis
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Eating vegetables allows
your body to convertstored chemical energy
into thermal energy tomaintain body temp and
mechanical to allow you tomove
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The sun converts nuclear
energy into
electromagnetic and
thermal energy
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b. Explain the
relationship betweenpotential and kinetic
energy.
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Kinetic energy the energy
of motionDepends on mass and
velocityGreater the mass; Greater the
KEGreater the velocity; Greater
the KE
P t ti l t d
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Potential energy stored
energyEx.
Chemical Potential energystored in chemical bonds
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Elastic Potential energystored in stretched orspring objects
Gravitational Potential
energy stored in objectsabove Earths surface
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c. Compare and contrast the
different forms of energy
(heat, light, electricity,
mechanical motion, sound)
and their characteristics.
Each form of energy has its
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Each form of energy has its
own characteristics.
Mechanical Associated
with energy of motion
(kinetic).
Thermal Energy total
amount of energy in all the
particles
Heat thermal energy
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Heat thermal energy
thats transferred from
high to low temperature
Chemical Energy
energy stored in chemical
bonds
Electrical Energy energy
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Electrical Energy energy
that results from moving
charges
Electromagnetic energy
resulting from the motion of
atoms
Light, X-rays, Microwaves,
UV
S d E
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Sound Energy energygiven off by a vibrating object
Nuclear Energy energystored in the nucleus of anatom
Released through Fissionand Fusion
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d. Describe how heat can be
transferred through matterby the collisions of atoms
(conduction) or throughspace (radiation). In a
liquid or gas, currents willfacilitate the transfer of
heat (convection) Temperature is the measure
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Temperature is the measure
of the average kinetic energy
of particles.
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Heat is the transfer of
thermal energy betweenobjects at different
temperaturesFlows from highertemperature to lowertemperature
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Heat can be transferred
through matter in all three
phases and can be
transferred through a
vacuum (empty space).
Conduction Heat is
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Conduction Heat is
transferred through solids
and liquids by direct contact
of the particles.
Convection Heat is
transferred through fluids
(liquids and gases) by
currents.
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Radiation transfer of
heat without matter
uses electromagnetic
waves.
S8P3 St d t ill
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S8P3. Students will
investigate relationshipbetween force, mass, and
the motion of objects.
D t i th
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a. Determine the
relationship betweenvelocity and acceleration.
Force a push or a pull
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Force a push or a pull
sometimes resulting in motion.
Reference Point a generally
stationary point such as atree, or street sign that allows
you to define the motion of anobject in terms of speed,
position, and direction.
Speed how fast the object
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Speed how fast the object
moves.
Speed = distance / time
Units m/sDistance/Time Graph:
Distance on the Y-axisTime on the X-axis
V l it d f
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Velocity speed of
the object in a givendirection.
Velocity changeswhen the speed or the
direction of an objectchanges.
Acceleration the rate at
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Acceleration the rate at
which velocity changes.
Acceleration changes if the
speed or its direction changes.
Formula:
a = vf vit
Units m/s/s
b Demonstrate the
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b. Demonstrate the
effect of balanced andunbalanced forces on
an object in terms ofgravity, inertia, and
friction.
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Net Force the sum
of the forces acting onan object.
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Balanced Forces
equal forces acting inopposite direction
Net force equals zero
Unbalanced Forces
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Unbalanced Forces
Net force is greater thanzero
Object moves in thedirection of the greater
forceCan cause a change in
the motion of an object
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Inertiaan objects
resistance to a changein motion.
Greater Mass
Greater Inertia
Friction the force that
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Friction the force that
opposes the motion of an
object
Static no motion
Sliding objects slidingpast each other
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Rolling objects rolling
past each other
Fluid friction from aliquid or gas
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Gravity force of attraction
between all objects.
Depends on Mass and
Distance
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Newtons Laws of Motion
1st LawAn object at rest will stay atrest, and an object in motion will stay inmotion at constant velocity, unless acted
upon by an unbalanced force.
2nd Law Force equals mass timesacceleration.
3rd Law For every action there is anequal and opposite reaction.
c Demonstrate the
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c. Demonstrate the
effect of simplemachines (lever,
inclined plane, pulley,wedge, screw, and
wheel and axle) onwork.
Work when a force is applied
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Work when a force is applied
to an object and the object
moves in the direction of theforce.
W = F x d
Only occurs when the object
moves in the direction of the
force
Machines makes work
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Machines makes work
easier by:Multiplying effort force
Changing direction of
forceIncreasing Distance
6 Simple Machine
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6 Simple Machine
LeversPulleys
Wheel and Axle
Inclined Plane
Wedges
Screws Lever a bar that is free to
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Lever a bar that is free to
pivot about a fixed point
Force Applied Effort
ForceResistance Load
3 classes of Levers
Pulley a rope or chain
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Pulley a rope or chain
wrapped around a wheel
Makes work easier by
changing direction of theforce
Block and Tackle pulleysmultiply effort force
Wheel and Axle consists
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Wheel and Axle consists
of two wheels of different
sizes.
Larger WheelSmaller Axle
Makes work easier byincreasing the effort force
Incline Plane a
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Incline Plane a
straight, slanted surfaceMakes work easier
allowing you to useless effort over a
greater distance
Wedges an inclined
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Wedges an inclined
plane that is wider or
thicker at one end than
the otherMakes work easier by
changing the direction ofthe effort force
Screw an inclined
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Screw an inclined
plane that is wrappedaround a cylinder
Makes work easier byincreasing the number
the threads
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S8P4. Students will
explore the wavenature of sound and
electromagnetic
radiation.
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a. Identify thecharacteristics of
electromagnetic andmechanical waves.
Wave any disturbance
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Wave any disturbance
that transfers energythrough matter or space.
Medium the material
through which waves can
travel Mechanical Wave - a wave
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that needs a medium
Transverse Wave a wave
that transfers energy in a
direction that is perpendicular
to its medium.
Longitudinal Waveparticles
move back and forth.
Electromagnetic Wave
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Electromagnetic Wave
A wave that doesntneed a medium through
which to travel
b Describe how the
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b. Describe how the
behavior of light wavesis manipulated causing
reflection, refractiondiffraction, and
absorption.
When a wave hits an
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When a wave hits an
obstacle, passes fromone medium to another,
or hits another wave, itis possible that it will
change speed, direction,
or shape Reflection occurs when
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a wave bounces back after
striking a barrier.
Sound Reflection = EchoLight Reflection in mirror
allows you to see yourself
Refraction - the bending of a
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g
wave as it passes at an angle
from one medium to another.
Light Refracts (bends)
Enters a lens
Enters a prismEnters water from air (bent
pencil) Diffraction refers to the
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bending, spreading, and
interference of waves whenthy go through a narrow
opening.
When waves pass through a
slit, a pattern of ripples formsin all directions
Interference when two
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waves collide
Constructive crest hits
crestDestructive trough
hits trough
Transmission passing
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p g
of waves through a
medium
Transparent most oflight transmits through
the materialWindows, Plastic Wrap
Absorption -
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p
disappearance of an EM
wave into a medium
Opposite of Reflection
You see different colors
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due to reflection and
absorptionAn apple looks red b/c
all colors but red areabsorbed and red is
reflected back to youreye
c Explain how the
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c. Explain how the
human eye seesobjects and colors in
terms of wavelengths.
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Your ability to see
involves the reflectionof light.
The Eye
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Cornea transparent
material helps move light into
the eye
Pupil small hole that
adjusts size in order to
control amount of light
entering
Lens responsible for
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focusing light
Retina where the light rays
focus the image
Optic Nerve relays
information about image to
brain
Electromagnetic Spectrum
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collection of all EM frequencies
Radio waves longest
wavelength, lowest frequency
Used in AM & FM
broadcasting
Microwaves More energy
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than radio waves.
Radar
Infrared Light associated
with heat.
Visible Light only part of
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spectrum that you can see
Longest Wavelength is Red
Shortest Wavelength is
Violet
You see color because ofthe way light interacts with
an object.
Ultraviolet Light have a
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higher frequency than
visible light
Can cause reactions: tanthe skin, too much may
lead to skin cancer
X-rays can travel through
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soft tissue, such as skin, but
not through hard bone.
Gamma Rays have the
shortest waves and highestfrequencies
Most Energy on Spectrum
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d. Describe how thebehavior of waves is
affected by medium(such as air, water,
solids).
In order to see any object, it
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must give off light.
Luminous objects that
emit their own light
Illuminated objects that
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Illuminated objects that
reflect light to your eyesAmount of reflected light
depends on the surface.(Smooth reflects more
light than roughsurfaces.)
L f R fl ti th
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Law of Reflection the
angle at which any wavestrikes a reflecting
surface is equal to theangle at which the wave
is reflected
Transparent material that
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permits light to pass through
Translucent material
transmits some light
Opaque allow no light to
pass through
(Wood, Carpet)
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e. Relate theproperties of sound
to everyday
experiences.
Sound is a form of energy
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produced by vibrating
objects.
Mechanical Wave (needsa medium)
Longitudinal Wave(moves back and forth)
Pitch highness or
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Pitch highness or
lowness of a soundFrequency number of
waves that pass a fixedpoint in a given time
period
Human Ear
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Outer collects sounds
Middle transfers energy
into inner ear by vibrating the
3 small bones
Inner cochlea stimulatesnerve cells and sends signal
to auditory nerve.
DopplerEffect change in
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the frequency of a sound
due to a moving sound
source or a moving listener
Resonance ability of
objects to pick up thefrequency of a nearby
ob ect
f Diagram the parts
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f. Diagram the parts
of the wave andexplain how the parts
are affected bychanges in amplitude
and pitch.
A lit d i
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Amplitude is a
measure of wave energy.
Height of the wave
Wavelength the distanceb t t i
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between two successive
points on a wave
Crest to Crest or
Trough to Trough
Compression toCompression
Rarefaction to Rarefaction
Frequency the number
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of waves produced in agiven amount of time
Higher Frequency =Shorter Wavelength
Lower Frequency =
Longer Wavelength Pitch refers to the highness
l f d
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or lowness of a sound.
Determined by the frequency
of the sound.
Low Pitch = Low Frequency
High Pitch = HighFrequency
Wave Speed speed athi h t l
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which a wave travels
Speed = wavelength x
frequency
Affected by :
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Medium through which
wave is traveling.
Mechanical Waves travel
fastest through solids
Electromagnetic Wavestravel at the same speed
S8P5. Students will
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recognizecharacteristics of
gravity, electricity,and magnetism as
major kinds of forcesacting in nature.
R i th t
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a. Recognize that every
object exerts gravitationalforce on every other object
and that the force exerteddepends on how much
mass the objects have andhow far apart they are.
Gravity an attractive
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force that works to pullobjects together.
Law of UniversalGravitation the force
of gravity acts betweenall objects in the universe
Gravitational Force depends
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on:
Mass amount of matter
Distance
Greater the Mass; Greater
the gravitational attraction
Closer Distance; Greater
gravitational force
Newtons 1st Law of
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Motion an object in
motion stays in motion,
an object at rest stays atrest unless an
unbalanced forces act onit.
Inertia tendency of
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Inertia tendency of
an object to resist achange in its motion.
Greater Mass;
Greater Inertia
The moon is able to
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continuously orbitEarth because the
Moons inertia andEarths gravity are
balanced.
b. Demonstrate the
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advantages anddisadvantages of series
and parallel circuits andhow they transfer
energy.
Electrical Energy is
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Electrical Energy is
produced by themovement and
distribution of charged
particles from theatom.
El t i C t
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Electric Current
the flow of electric
charges.Unit Ampere (A)
Potential Difference
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Potential Difference
(aka Voltage) resultsfrom the differences in
electrical charges in two
locations.Unit = Volts (V)
Circuits a path through
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p g
which electricity can flow.Energy Sourcepush
charges through circuit(battery greater
voltage; greater push)
Load operates usingelectrical energy (light
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electrical energy ( light
bulbs)
Conductors (Wire)
material that allows electrical
energy to flow easily
Series Circuit a circuitth t id
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that provides one
possible path for the e- to
flowOne bulb burn out all
bulbs burn out
All loads share the
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All loads share the
same energy source
More bulbs added;dimmer lights get
Parallel Circuit offers morethan one path for the flow of
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than one path for the flow of
electricity.Each load has its own closed
pathway
If one bulb burns out; the
others are unaffected
Loads do not share a current.
I ti t d
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c. Investigate and
explain that electric
currents and magnetscan exert force on
each other.
Magnetic Force a push or apull that is exerted by a
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pull that is exerted by a
magnet
Magnets have 2 poles
north and a south pole
Cutting a magnet in half
gives you two smallermagnets with a N & S pole.
Magnetic Field area
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surrounding a magnet inwhich the magnetic force
existsLines extend from one
pole of the magnet to
the other
Electromagnetismproduction of a magnetic
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production of a magnetic
field by an electric current
Electric current flows
through a coil of wire a
magnetic field is produced
similar to a bar magnet.
Electromagnett th t i d b
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magnet that is made by
passing an electric
current through a coil ofwire wrapped around an
iron core.
Usefulness of electromagnets:
Temporar the can be
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Temporary they can be
turned off and on
Strength of magnet can be
increased
Increase strength of current
Add more coils
Increase size of core
Electric Motort f l t i l
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transforms electrical
energy into mechanical
Generator transformsmechanical energy into
electrical