170. 6-7 millionyears ago

Sahelanthropus tchadensis time frame

158. 25% At birth, what percent of the brain is adult size?

116. a Postcranially, Neanderthals were:a.robust and powerfully muscled.b.tall and gracile.c.less robust than modern humans.d.the same as Australopithicinese.none of these

125. a According to the Partial Replacement Model, modern humans first appeared in Africa:a.and interbred with archaic populations of Eurasia, thus partially displacing them.b.and remained there until modern humans from Asia displaced them.c.about 500,000 years ago.d.but were later displaced by European Neanderthals.e.A and B only

134. a According to the Partial Replacement Model, modern humans first appeared in Africaa.and interbred with archaic populations of Eurasia, thus partially displacing them.b.and remained there until modern humans from Asia displaced them.c.about 500,000 years ago.d.but were later displaced by European Neanderthals.e.A and B only

105. acclimatization Physiological responses to changes in the environment can occur during an individual's lifetime. Such responsesmay be temporary or permanent, depending on the duration of the environmental change and when in theindividual's life it occurs. The capacity for _____________ may typify an entire population or species, and becauseit's under genetic influence, it's subject to evolutionary factors such as natural selection and genetic drift.

136. Acheulean This tool industry first appeared around 1.5 million years ago in East Central Africa. These tools are associated withHomo ergaster and western Homo erectus. The key innovations are (1) chipping the stone from both sides to producea symmetrical (bifacial) cutting edge, (2) the shaping of an entire stone into a recognizable and repeated tool form,and (3) variation in the tool forms for different tool uses.

73. adaptiveradiation

the relatively rapid expansion and diversification of life-forms into new ecological niches

66. affiliative Amicable behaviors that promote group cohesion are called ____ behaviors.

85. affiliativebehaviors

Amicable associations between individuals that reinforce social bonds and promote group cohesion.

103. Africa The term Homo ergaster refers to fossils found where?

89. Africa,Georgia,Europe, China,Indonesia

Where were Homo erectus fossils discovered?

138. Alfred RusselWallace

This scientist had an 1848 expedition to the Amazon.In 1854, he was a naturalist who worked in South America and Southeast Asia (Malay Peninsula).in 1858, he sent Charles Darwin his paper, in which he had very similar ideas as Darwin. He suggested that speciesdescended from other species, and new species were formed due to environmental factors.

25. amino acids Proteins are made of chains of smaller molecules called _________ ___________. There are 20 of these, 8 ofwhich must be obtained from foods.

68. analogies Similarities between organisms based strictly on common function, with no assumed common evolutionary descent.(i.e. wings of bats compared to wings of birds; both provide flight and look similar, yet are not evolutionarily linked.)

69. ancestral traits Referring to characters inherited by a group of organisms from a remote ancestor and thus not diagnostic of groups(lineages) that diverged after the character first appeared; also called primitive.

83. anthropoids Members of the primate infraorder, which includes monkeys, apes, and humans.

Physical Anthropology Final (forreals)Study online at quizlet.com/_eoku1

167. anticodon tRNA triplet

8. appliedanthropology

When anthropologists pursue careers outside of the university environment, they are using __________________________.

60. Arboreal Primate characteristics are associated with adaptation to what kind of environment?

11. Archaeologist This type of anthropologist obtains information from artifacts and structures left behind by earlier cultures.

10. Archaeology The study of earlier cultures by anthropologists who specialize in scientific recovery, analysis, and interpretation thematerial remains of past societies.

77. autonomiccommunication

Pertaining to physiological responses not under voluntary control. An example in chimpanzees would be the erectionof body hair during excitement. Blushing is a human example. Both convey information regarding emotional states,but neither is deliberate, and communication isn't intended.

39. autosomes All the chromosomes except for the sex chromosomes are called what?

123. b The classification of Neanderthals as Homo neanderthalensis means that Neanderthals and living humans:a.have identical phenotypesb.are members of different species.c.are members of different genera.d.have the same genotypes.e.none of these

132. b According to the Regional Continuity Model, __________ prevented local populations of archaic Homo sapiensfrom becoming separate species.a.founder's effectb.gene flowc.displacement by African Homo sapiensd.mitochondrial DNAe.genetic drift

112. b Neanderthal brain size: a.was smaller, on average, than that of modern humans. b.was larger, on average, than that of modern humans.c.was smaller, on average, than that of Homo erectus.d.averaged about 2,500 cm3.e.averaged about 1,100 cm3.

101. bipedallocomotion

locomotion that involves an upright posture and movement on two feet. bone evidence includes shorter pelvis, andlonger legs, as well as a general increase in body size, with toes being shorter.

165. brachiation another name for suspensory locomotion

127. c __________ is a site in France dated to 30,000 years ago. Fossil material from this site became the archetype forUpper Paleolithic Europeans.a.Skhulb.La Chapelle-aux-Saintsc.Cro-Magnond.Qafzehe.Zhoukoudian

129. c The first clear evidence of deliberate burial (as opposed to "disposal") of the dead is associated with:a.Homo erectus.b.Homo habilis.c.Neanderthals.d.early archaic Homo sapiens from Africa.e.anatomically modern Homo sapiens.

111. c Neanderthals have their evolutionary roots in:a. Homo erectus specimens from Java.b. anatomically modern humans from Africa.c. earlier archaic humans from western Europe.d. Homo erectus specimens from Zhoukoudian.

124. c According to the Compete Replacement Model, the transition from archaic to modern Homo sapiens:a.occurred in several regions of the Old World simultaneously.b.occurred first in Europe.c.only occurred once; in Africa.d.began about 10,000 years ago in Indonesia.e.began about 100,000 years ago in Asia.

143. CarolusLinnaeus

He standardized John Ray's terminology and added Class and Order. He invented binomial nomenclature.

42. cellreplication

Another term for mitosis:What occurs in this is, essentially somatic cells reproduce; new cells replace older cells. In the early stages of mitosis, ahuman somatic cell has 46 double stranded chromosomes, and as the cell begins to divide (prophase), thesechromosomes line up along its center and split apart so that the two strands separate (metaphase). Once the twostrands are apart, they pull away from each other and move to opposite ends of the dividing cell (anaphase). At this point, each strand is a distinct chromosome, composed of one DNA molecule. Following the seperation ofchromosome strands, the cell membrane pinches in and seals, so that there are two new cells, each with a fullcomplement of DNA, or 46 chromosomes.

96. Cenozoic In this period, diversification of mammals occurred.

37. centromere

The two strands of a chromosome are joined at a constricted region that is called the _____________.

142. CharlesDarwin

Formed ideas while serving as a naturalist on the voyage of the HMS beagle (1831-1836). He saw the importance ofbiological variation within a species. He recognized the importance of sexual reproduction in increasing variation. By1844, Darwin had completed the work that he would publish fifteen years later. in 1859, he published, "On the Originof Species". His second book was "The Descent of Man". He termed the concepts of survival of the fittest, naturalselection, and he observed "variation".

38. chromosomes

Discrete structures composed of DNA and proteins found only in the nucleus of cells. They are visible undermagnification only during certain phases of cell division.

95. chronometricdating

To determine age as precisely as possible, scientists have developed this type of dating method, many different types ofwhich rely on radioactive decay. This is also known as absolute dating.

166. clinging andleaping

This type of locomotion is used by prosimians such as lemurs.

58. codominance

The expression of two alleles in heterozygotes. In this situation, neither allele is dominant or recessive, so they bothinfluence the phenotype.

32. codons mRNA triplets are called ___________.

106. Cro-Magnon what is the archetype name given to fossils in France (dated 30,000 years ago)

9. culturalanthropology

The study of patterns of beliefs and behavior found in modern and historical cultures.

118. d The La Chapelle-aux-Saints skeleton:a.is a Neanderthal.b.was probably a deliberate burial.c.is that of an older male.d.all of thesee.A and B only

122. d The genetic analysis of Neanderthal fossils indicates they were:a.identical to Homo erectus samples.b.identical to Homo sapiens samples.c.most similar to chimpanzee samples.d.about three times as different from modern Homo sapiens samples.e.so different from other hominids that they should be placed in a different genus than Homo sapiens.

113. d The term "archaic Homo sapiens":a.refers to forms that were transitional from Homo habilis to Homo erectus.b.is another term for Homo erectus.c.refers only to Neanderthals.d.refers to forms that display some derived features of Homo sapiens but retain some Homo erectus features.e.refers to forms that are completely modern in appearance but lived 400,000 years ago.

76. deliberatecommunication

the type of communication in nonhuman primates, in which there is any act that conveys information, in the form ofmessage, to another individual.

87. Dmanisi The _________ fossils, found in present day Republic of Georgia, indicate that these were different from thehominins outside of Africa because they had a less robust and thinner browridge, a projecting lower face, andrelatively large upper canines. This fossil evidence was more reminiscent of the smaller early Homo specimens fromeast Africa than it is of Homo erectus. Also very small cranial capacity. Based on evidence from these (which arecurrently classified as Homo erectus), we can assume that Homo erectus were the first hominin to leave Africa.

26. DNA The recipe for making a protein initially comes from what?

18. DNA The double-stranded molecule that contains the genetic code. It is also a main component of chromosomes.

54. dominant In genetics, describing a trait governed by an allele that's expressed in the presence of another allele (That is, inheterozygotes). ________ alleles prevent the expression of recessive alleles in heterozygotes.

128. e Lascaux and Altamira:a.are well known Neanderthal sites.b.are 20,000 year-old campsites.c.contain evidence of butchered mammoths.d.are famous only for their numerous cave bear skulls.e.are famous for their elaborate cave paintings.

115. e The size of the Neanderthal brain may be partially explained by:a.their small body size.b.their large body size.c.adaptation to a cold climate.d.A and C onlye.B and C only

121. e Neanderthal art consists of:a.large painted depictions found in caves.b.elaborately carved full-sized sculptures.c.large base-relief carvings on rock faces.d."Venus" figurines.e.none of these.

114. e In Africa, Neanderthal fossils have been found at:a.Olduvai Gorge.b.Broken Hill.c.Laetoli.d.all of thesee.none of these

117. e Neanderthal crania are characterized by:a.small flat facesb.the absence of brow ridges.c.a rounded, smooth occipital area like that seen in modern humans.d.a vertical forehead like that seen in modern humans.e.a projecting face

126. e The Lagar Velho specimen:a.is from Portugalb.is dated to about 24,500 years ago.c.may be an example of admixture between Neanderthals and early modern humans.d.A and C onlye.all of these

120. e There is some evidence to suggest that Neanderthals:a.coexisted with anatomically modern humans in Europe.b.buried their dead.c.were living in central and western Europe by 35,000 years ago.d.occasionally engaged in cannibalism.e.all of these

130. Europe, WesternAsia, Middle East

In what areas were Neanderthal fossils found?

35. exons Segments of genes that are transcribed and are involved in protein synthesis.

152. fair Some studies have shown that UV radiation rapidly depletes folate serum levels in _______ skinned individuals.

110. false true or false: During the Middle Pleistocene, researchers believe archaic Homo sapiens were not yet able to usefire.

109. false true or false: The evolutionary roots of Neanderthals are shrouded in mystery because there are no fossils fromEurope that predate Neanderthals.

133. false true or false: The morphology of the child's skeleton from Lagar Velho in Portugal has been cited as support forthe Complete Replacement Model.

168. false true or false: all new world monkeys have prehensile tails

16. fitness Pertaining to natural selection, a measure of the relative reproductive success of individuals. It can be measured byan individual's genetic contribution to the next generation compared with that of other individuals.

148. folate Insufficient levels of this are associated with neural tube defects such as spina bifida

24. gametes

sex cells are also known as ____________.

47. gene a sequence of DNA bases that specifies the order of amino acids in an entire protein, a portion of a protein, or anyfunctional product (for example RNA). A ______ may be made up of hundreds or thousands of DNA basesorganized into coding and non-coding segments.

50. gene flow exchange of genes between populations

51. genetic drift Evolutionary changes, or change in allele frequencies, that are produced by random factors in small populations.It is a result of small population size.

49. genotype The genetic makeup of an individual. ___________ can refer to an organism's entire genetic makeup or to thealleles at a particular locus.

3. GracileAustralopithecine

-Smaller molars and premolars than robust variety-short face

-Less prominent brow ridges-higher forehead

-Small ape-like braincase-Lighter build than Robust

-Apelike facial proportions withpushed out lower jaw.

-Smaller canines,-More anterior foramen magnum (bipedalism)

162. grandmotherhypothesis

This is a theory to explain the existence of menopause, rare in mammal species, in human life history and how along post-fertile period (up to one third of a woman's lifespan)[1] could confer an evolutionary advantage. Thisproposal argues that natural selection may have favored this long period in women's lives because by ceasing tobear and raise their own children, postmenopausal women would be freed to provide high quality care for theirgrandchildren.

139. Gregor Mendel Individual who found the basic principles of inheritance.He lived in an Abbey in what is now Czech Republic. At the time he began his research, he'd already studiedbotany, physics, and mathematics at the University of Vienna. With a very well documented scientific method, hebred pea plants, and his rules of inheritance are still seen today.

56. heterozygous Having different alleles at the same locus on members of a pair of chromosomes.

81. hominins includes humans and our bipedal now-extinct relatives

80. hominoids Members of the primate superfamily that includes apes and humans.

5. Homoerectus

-Increase in body size and robustness compared to earlier Homo-Bigger cranial size than early Homo

-Little forehead development (compared to modern humans)-Projecting nuchal torus at the back of the skull

-Large brow ridgesCompared with us

-long low braincase receding from the large brow ridges-thick cranial bone

-More anterior located foramen magnum (bipedalism)

86. Homoerectus

__________ ___________ fossil evidence was found at Zhoukoudian? included skulls, 14 skullcaps, other cranialpieces, and more than 100 isolated teeth, but only a scattering of postcranial elements. The remains belong to anupward of 40 adults and children.

169. Homoerectus

Nariokotome boy was what species (also known as ergaster)

88. Homoerectus

Traditionally, what is the name of the first species to move out of Africa?

4. Homohabilis

-Larger braincase with a different shape and size than Australopiths-Smaller face than the Australopiths

-Larger front teeth compared to back teeth and narrower premolars than Australopiths-Moderate jutting out of the lower jaw

-Smaller teeth than Australopiths-~3.5-4.5 ft. height

-Feet have a modern human-like arch-More anterior located foramen magnum (bipedalism)

7. Homosapiens

-More gracile body structure than the Neanderthal and Homo erectus-Less dense skeletons

-Differently shaped cranium than Neanderthals and other previous species-Thin walled and high vaulted skull

-High vertical forehead-Smaller teeth

-Less heavily developed jaws and less prognathism-More anterior located foramen magnum (bipedalism).

67. homologies Similarities between organisms based on descent from a common ancestor. (i.e. vertebrates having the same armbones)

97. homologouschromosomes

chromosome pairs of approximately the same length, centromere position, and staining pattern, with genes for thesame characteristics at corresponding loci; Involved in recombination (crossing over) in Prophase I of Meiosis

55. homozygous Having the same allele at the same locus on both members of a pair of chromosomes.

75. HumanGenomeProject

An international effort aimed at sequencing and mapping the entire human genome, completed in 2003.

160. hyperplasia means increase in number of cells/proliferation of cells

161. hypertrophy The increase in the volume of an organ or tissue due to the enlargement of its component cells.

147. immunesystem

What does HIV attack?

94. increasedcranial size

Why was Homo habilis identified as a different genus than the australopithecines?

72. interspecificvariation

Between species; refers to variation beyond that seen within the same species to include additional aspects seenbetween two different species.

71. intraspecificvariation

Within species; refers to variation seen within the same species.

36. introns Segments of genes that are initially transcribed and then deleted. Because they aren;t expressed, they aren't involved inprotein synthesis. However, a DNA sequence that is deleted during the manufacture of one protein may not be deletedin another. Therefore this term is not synonymous with "noncoding DNA"

141. John Ray This individual provided the first definition of the concept of genus and species. His species identification was based onmating-reproduction. He stated that two organisms that could reproduce and produce a reproductively viable product,were to be considered the same species.

119. La Chapelle-aux-Saints

The most famous Neanderthal discovery; led to false interpretation of primitive, bent-over creature.

12. linguisticanthropology

The study of human speech and language, including origins of language in general, as well as specific languages.

41. meiosis Cell division in specialized cells in ovaries and testes. Meiosis involves two divisions and results in four daughter cells,each containing only half the original number of chromosomes. These cells can develop into gametes.

45. meiosis This process results 4 haploid daughter cells with 23 single stranded chromosomes each.

149. melanin The protein pigment produced by melanocytes in the skin.

57. Mendeliantraits

Characteristics that are influenced by alleles at only one genetic locus. Examples include many bloot types, such asABO. Many genetic disorders such as Sickle-Cell Anemia and Tay-Sachs disease are further examples.

44. mitosis This process results in 2 diploid daughter cells with 46 chromosomes each.

40. mitosis

simple cell division; the process by which somatic cells divide to produce two identical daughter cells. (The imageshown seems to be amidst anaphase)

70. modifiedtraits

Referring to characters that are modified from the ancestral condition, and thus diagnostic of particular evolutionarylineages.

62. mother andher infant

What is the basic primate social unit?

137. Mousterian This tool industry appeared around 200,000 years ago and persisted until about 40,000 years ago, in much the sameareas of Europe, the Near East and Africa where Acheulean tools appear. In Europe these tools are most closelyassociated with Homo neanderthalensis, but elsewhere were made by both Neanderthals and early Homo sapiens.These required a preliminary shaping of the stone core from which the actual blade is struck off. The toolmakers eithershaped a rock into a rounded surface before striking off the raised area as a wedge shaped flake (see photo at left), orthey shaped the core as a long prism of stone before striking off triangular flakes from its length, like slices from abaguette. These tool forms display a wide range of specialized shapes. Cutting tools include notched flakes, denticulate(serrated) flakes, and flake blades similar to Upper Paleolithic tools. Points appear that seem designed for use in spearsor lances, some including a tang or stub at the base that allowed the point to be tied into the notched end of a stick.Scrapers appear for the dressing of animal hides, which were probably used for shoes, clothing, bedding, shelter, andcarrying sacks. These accumulating material possessions imply a level of social organization and stability comparableto primitive humans today.

107. mousterian The stone tool technology most often associated with the Neanderthals is termed what?

34. mutation a change in DNA. This term can refer to changes in DNA bases as well as changes chromosome number, and/orstructure.

90. NariokotomeBoy

Most complete Homo erectus fossil ever found, on the west side of Lake Turkana, in east Africa. This was of anapproximately 8 year old boy who was 5'3''.

17. naturalselection

The most critical mechanism of evolutionary change, first described by Charles Darwin; refers to genetic change orchanges in the allele frequencies of certain traits in populations due to differential reproductive success betweenindividuals.

6. Neanderthal

-Protuberant bun-shaped back of the skull-Large brain size & brain case

-Low and retreating forehead, compared to modern humans-Thicker, denser bone compared to us (also cranium)

-Larger nose & nasal cavity-Long and projecting face

-Larger brow ridgescompared with us with an arched shape

-More anterior located foramen magnum (bipedalism)

63. new worldmonkeys

This classification of monkeys has a prehensile tail which can be used for hanging from branches, as well as inlocomotion.

21. nucleotide A _______________ is composed of a nitrogenous base, a sugar, and a phosphate unit.

20. nucleotides The DNA molecule is composed of two chains of even smaller units called ___________. Each one in turn iscomposed of three components: a sugar (deoxyribose), a phosphate group, and one of four nitrogenous bases(adenine, thymine, guanine, cytosine)

102. observation,hypothesis, testhypothesis, analyzedata, results

What are the steps of the scientific method?

64. old world monkeys This classification of monkeys lacks a prehensile tail; they cannot grasp using their tails.

135. Oldowan These are the oldest known, appearing first in the Gona and Omo Basins in Ethiopia about 2.4 million yearsago. The key innovation is the technique of chipping stones to create a chopping or cutting edge. This type oftools were made by a single blow of one rock against another to create a sharp-edged flake and were associatedwith Homo habilis.

14. paleoanthropology The study of anatomical and behavioral human evolution as revealed in the fossil record.

146. pandemic an epidemic that spreads through many populations and may affect people worldwide. Examples includeHIV/AIDS and "Spanish Flu" of 1918-1919

150. pathogen An infectious agent (colloquially known as a germ) is a microorganism—in the widest sense, such as a virus,bacterium, prion, or fungus—that causes disease in its host. This is known as a _____________.

48. phenotype The detectable manifestation of gene action is called the _____________.

13. physicalanthropology

The study of human biology within the framework of evolution with an emphasis on the interaction betweenbiology and culture.

59. polygenic Referring to traits that are influenced by genes at two or more loci. Examples include stature, skin color, eyecolor, and hair color.

155. preagriculturaldiet

This type of diet was high in animal proteins but low in fats, particularly saturated fats. This diet was also highin complex carbohydrates (including fiber), low in sodium, and high in calcium.

84. Primates These trends define this order:-a tendency towards erect posture-a generalized limb structure which allows for practice of numerous forms of locomotion-Prehensile (grasping) hands and sometimes feet-retention of five digits on the hands and feet-an opposable thumb, and partially opposable big toe.-nails instead of claws-tactile pads enriched with sensory nerve fibers at the ends of digits.-lack of dietary specialization-a generalized dentition (teeth are not all specialized for processing only one type of food)-Compared to other animals, they rely heavily on vision, and less on the sense of smell.-color vision-depth perception-eyes placed toward the front of the face- visual information from each eye transmitted to visual centers in both hemispheres of the brain-visual information organized into three-dimensional images by specialized structures in the brain itself.-decreased reliance on the sense of smell-expansion and increased complexity of the brain-more efficient means of fetal nourishment-longer periods of gestation-reduced numbers of offspring-a greater dependence on flexible learned behaviors-the tendency to live in social groups- the tendency towards diurnal activity patterns

79. primates Members of the mammalian order ________, which includes lemurs, lorises, tarsiers, monkeys, apes, and humans.

159. Primates,Hominidae,Homo,sapiens

What is the taxonomy of humans? give Order, Family, Genus, and Species

15. primatology The study of living non-human primates.

46. prophase I The stage of meiosis in which recombination, or crossing over occurs.

82. prosimians a type of primate that include lemurs, lorises, bushbabies, and tarsiers, but not monkeys, apes, or humans.

157. prosimians most primitive primates

28. proteinsynthesis

___________ ____________ takes place outside the cell nucleus in the ribosomes, which are in the cytoplasm.

30. proteinsynthesis

The first step of this is to copy the DNA message into a form of RNA called messenger RNA (mRNA). This process iscalled transcription. The mRNA then peels away from the DNA, and a portion of it travels through the nuclearmembrane to the ribosome. meanwhile, the DNA bases are reestablished, and the DNA molecule becomes once moreintact.As the mRNA strand arrives at the ribosome, its message is translated, or decoded. Just as each DNA triplet specifiesone amino acid, so do the mRNA triplets, which are called codons. Subsequently, a different form of RNA, transfer RNA (tRNA), brings each amino acid to the ribosome. The ribosomethen joins that amino acid to another amino acid in the order dictated by the sequence of mRNA codons.In this way, amino acids are linked together to form a molecule that will eventually be a protein or part of a protein.What is this entire process called?

104. punctuatedequilibrium

The theory that species persist unchanged for long periods and then undergo rapid evolutionary change is known as_____________ _____________.

99. quadrupedallocomotion

The type of locomotion in which there is predominantly walking on all fours. The bone structure includes long pelvis,with some forms having long arms for swinging and suspensory locomotion. The legs bones are usuallysmaller/shorter. smaller proportion lower body to upper

145. race In its most common biological usage, the term ________ refers to geographically patterned phenotypic variationwithin a species.

53. recessive Describing a trait that isn't expressed in heterozygotes; also refers to the allele that governs the trait. For such anallele to be expressed, an individual must have two copies of it, one from the mother and one from the father. (Theindividual must therefore be homozygous).

43. recombination occurs when homologous chromosomes exchange genetic information (also known as crossing over)

61. reinforcessocialrelationships

Why is grooming, the picking through fur to remove dirt, parasites, and other materials that may be present,important for nonhuman primates? This is another reason why social grooming is common among primates.

92. relative dating dating methods indicating that something is older or more recent than something else are called

93. relative datingtechnique

biostatigraphy is an example of a

29. ribosomes The organelles in the cytoplasm in which protein synthesis occurs.

144. rickets The condition that results from lack of Vitamin D, causes bone deformities, and narrows the birth canal during labor.results in bowing of long bones of the legs, which in turn become bowed because they cannot handle normal weight.

19. RNA A single-stranded molecule similar in structure to DNA. three forms are essential to protein synthesis:- messenger- transfer- ribosomal

22. RNA

Each nucleotide that forms the single chain of this consists of a nitrogenous base, a ribose sugar, and a phosphate.

31. RNA

This molecule:1. is single stranded

2. contains a different type of sugar than DNA.3. Contains the base Uracil as a substitute for the DNA base Thymine.

2. RobustAustralopithecine

This hominid had:-Huge broad molars and premolars with thick enamel for chewing

-Large zygomatic arches-large sagittal crest

-Wider dish-shaped flatter faces-Small ape-like brain case

-Heavier build than Gracile version-Large and deep lower jaw

-anterior located foramen magnum (bipedal)

1. Sahelanthropustchadensis

This species of hominid had:-sloping face

-Very prominent brow ridges-foramen magnum intermediate between that of a quadrupedal ape and a bipedal hominin

- It was unknown whether bipedal or quadrupedal-elongated skull

-small canine teeth-Shorter middle part of the face when compared to great apes.

-small brain (perhaps even smaller than chimpanzees

74. sexualdimorphism

Differences in physical characteristics between male and females of the same species. For example, humans areslightly ____________ ____________for body size, with males being taller, on average than females._________ ___________ is more pronounced in many species such as gorillas, orangutans, and evenbaboons.

131. Shanidar Several well-preserved skeletons dated between 70,000-60,000 years ago; good example of Neanderthals fromsouthwestern Asia; one old individual with multiple injuries was a testament to Neanderthal compassion andhumanity.

98. sister chromatids These are generated when a single chromosome is replicated into two copies of itself.

78. social behaviors These have developed in nonhuman primates because they are ways to solve adaptive problems. They are adaptiveresponses during more than 50 million years of primate evolution.

23. somatic cells All the cells in the body, except for those involved in reproduction

52. species A group of organisms that can inter-breed to produce fertile offspring. Members of one species are reproductively isolatedfrom members of all other _________. (i.e. They cannot mate with them to produce fertile offspring.)

65. study ofnonhumanprimates

this study is done because primates are our closest relatives, so if we want to identify the components that have shaped theevolution of our species, a good starting point is to compare ourselves with our closest living relatives, the approximately230 species of nonhuman primates.

100. suspensorylocomotion

swinging is known as this type of locomotion; long arms are an adaptation for this type of locomotion

164. T4 Cell that the HIV virus attacks

163. telomerehypothesis

One hypothesis for senescence, or the decline in physiological functioning usually associated with aging, is known as the______________ _______________. In this view, the DNA sequence at the end of a chromosome, known as thetelomere, is shortened each time a cell divides. Cells that have divided many times throughout the life course have shorttelomeres, eventually reaching the point at which they can no longer divide and are unable to maintain healthy tissuesand organs. Changes in telomere length have also been implicated in cancers and other diseases associated with aging.Furthermore, shorter telomeres are associated with excess body fat, suggesting that obesity may hasten the aging process.

140. ThomasMalthus

English clergyman and economist that wrote about the relationship between food supply and population growth.

156. today's diet This type of diet is high in saturated fats and salt, low in complex carbohydrates, fiber, and calcium.

33. transferRNA

a different form of RNA, which brings each amino acid to the ribosome. The ribosome then joins that amino acid toanother amino acid in the order dictated by the sequence of mRNA.

27. triplet In the DNA instructions, a _________, or group of three bases, specifies a particular amino acid.

108. true true or false: The Acheulian biface or "hand axe" is a basic tool of the Acheulian tradition

153. true true or false: preagricultural diet reflects a diet high in animal proteins which results in the specific pattern of amino acidsrequired in human nutrition.

91. true true or false, the environment has an influence on growth and development

154. true true or false: coevolved nutritional requirements are often incompatible with foods available and typically consumed today.

151. Vitamin D pale skin is an adaptation to capture more what from the sun's rays (so that rickets can be avoided)