Physical and Cultural Land
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is the definitive location of a place using a recognize coordinate system
also referred to as site ◦ Site features include the number of people living
at that place, their ethic character, their income and other attributes of their culture
◦ Site also includes the physical characteristics such as landforms, climates, or resources
Examines the location of places with respect to other places to understand interdependence at local, regional, national and global scales
Also referred to as situation of a city or destination on the planet , its relationship to another place or nearby landmarks
its accessibility or isolation Example: countries that have poor location
relative to the wealthy industrialized nations of Europe
Is the combination of absolute location and relative location
The development of tourism at any specific geographic location depends on its site, and its situation (reflecting the ease – usually expressed in time and money - with which a potential tourist can travel to that place), and its relationship to other attractions
Another important element in the movement of visitors from one place to another is the perception
2. Place and Space physical characteristics
climate vegetation landforms
human characteristics languagefood and clothing political systems and
religion architectural styles
The nature of the physical environment in each place on the surface of the earth affects the ability of humans to live there and influences travel to each place
Three elements of the physical character of place important for tourism are climate, vegetation and landforms
CLIMATE Climate is a major environmental factor that residents or visitors of any site on earth must consider. Climate is an attraction. Climate also affects what is known as an individual’s comfort level
Comfort level is related to sensible temperature
CLIMATE and WEATHER ◦ Weather is the day-to-day state of the
atmosphere, and its short-term (minutes to weeks) variation.
◦ Climate is defined as statistical weather information that describes the variation of weather at a given place for a specified interval.
CLIMATE VARIABLES 1. The amount of energy from the sun received at that location. 2. Latitude 3. Continentality 4. Prevailing wind system 5. The amount, duration, and seasonal distribution of precipitation6. Landforms
CLIMATE VARIABLES 1. The amount of energy from the sun
received at that location.
The amount of solar energy is a function of the intensity of reflection and absorption of the sun’s rays and the duration of time each day that the rays are striking the earth’s surface.
CLIMATE VARIABLES 1. The amount of energy from the sun received at that location.
Places near the equator receives greater solar energy, have warm temperature Middle latitudes ( 30 to 60 north and south of the equator ) - resulting winter and summer High Latitudes (60 latitude) - less solar energy , have cooler temperature
CLIMATE 2. Latitudes
a.High latitudes are generally characterized as having cold winters and cool summers
b. Low latitudes are warm to hot all year round
c. Mid latitudes have distinctive seasonal changes.
CLIMATE 3. Continentality - continental effect
Land masses heat more rapidly in summer and cool more rapidly in winter than water. The climatic contrasts between locations near large bodies of water and those in the center of continents result in different characteristics of land and water.
CLIMATE 4. Prevailing wind system
The middle latitudes, (30 to 60 north and south latitude, have prevailing wind system blowing from west to east.
CLIMATE 5. Precipitation The amount of precipitation that a place receives depends on the air masses and the source region that influences the amount of water vapor content in the air mass. Places on earth have extremely heavy precipitation, while others large areas receive insufficient precipitation
The Sahara Desert, covering most of North Africa, is the largest desert in the world.
CLIMATE 6. Landforms
Landforms such as mountains may create unique climate characteristics in a place.
Higher elevations in mountains have the same effect as higher latitudes, causing cooler climates.
CLIMATE - The World’s Climate a. Tropical Climates – are the humid climates
that have no winter season. They are located near the equator. The temperatures are high and rainfall is heavy.
1. Tropical Rainforest – climate closest to the equator has rainfall all year ex. Hawaii and South Pacific Islands
2. Tropical Savanna – has dry season Caribbean, Acapulco, Mexico, Kenya, Africa, Miami, Florida
CLIMATE - The World’s Climate b. Dry Climates – The dry climates consist of the
desert and steppe regions.
c. Mesothermal Humid Climates – occupy the middle latitudes1. Mediterranean - 35 and 45 degrees latitude. It has hot temperatures reaching 100 degrees in the summer, and mild winters , with temperatures dropping below 32 degrees Fahrenheit. Ex. Southern California and Southern Europe
CLIMATE - The World’s Climate c. Mesothermal Humid Climates – occupy the
middle latitudes2. Marine West Coast - has moderate
temperatures all year, with no dry season. Ex. London, England, Paris, France, Seattle, Washington
3. Humid subtropical has hot summer and mild winters. Fall is the best is to visit places with such climates Ex. Other Florida cities
CLIMATE - The World’s Climate
d. Microthermal Humid Climates – are also in the middle latitudes, but they have cooler winters- commonly known as humid continental climates Ex. Chicago, Moscow and Beijing
e. Polar Climates - include subarctic, tundra and ice – cap climates
TROPICAL RAIN FOREST In the hotter parts of the world, where rainfall is heavy and well scattered throughout the year
CONIFEROUS FORESTS Northerly regions that have mild summers and very cold winters.Forest are located in the subartic climates, marine west coast, and some of the cooler humid continental climates.
DECIDUOUS FOREST Composed of trees such as oak, maple, chestnut, elm or walnut. Deciduous trees lose their leaves during winter.
PRAIRIE OR STEPPE These are short grass, usually growing on high humus content soils. The grasses of steppes are highly nutritious for grazing animals and soils are quite fertile.
TROPICAL SAVANNA Have tall grasses and are less suited for domestic animals . The savanna lands are home to the great animal herds of Africa.
Steppe Tropical Savanna
SEMIDESERT AND DESERT VEGETATION Is made up of dwarf trees, shrubs and various types of cactus, although in gravelly and sandy areas, virtually no plant exist.
TUNDRA VEGETATION A complex mix of very low growing low shrubs, moss, lichens, and short grass.
The word tundra derives from the Finnish word for barren or treeless land.
LANDFORMS - The surface features of a specific place. The characteristics and combination of landforms at a specific place give character to that place and affect the type of activities and tourism found there.
The Pocono Mountains is a popular recreational destination for local and regional visitors - in Pennsylvania
Each place has unique cultural and human characteristics that make it different from other places.
Much of the difference in places results from variations in culture.
Culture is acquired behavior, the way of life held in common by a group of people. ◦ It is learned and provides people with similarities in
speech, behavior, ideology, livelihood, technology and language.
◦ It includes a sense of belonging to a distinct group of people.
Language, food, clothing, political systems, religion and architectural style are the elements that affect cultural landscapes.
LANGUAGE – is one of the most important aspects of culture, for it is the means by which ideas and concepts are transmitted within or between groups. It is one of the most important means of preserving a way of life from one generation to another.
A speech community possesses both a standard language comprising the accepted community norms of syntax, vocabulary and pronunciation and a number of more or less distinctive dialects
Example : United States, English-speaking Canada, Australia, and United Kingdom all have only slightly different forms of standard English
PANCAKE fritterhot cakeflannel cake batter cake
Languages are important for tourism in two ways ◦ Tourists often develop travel patterns visiting
countries where people speak their language.
◦ Fear of being unable to communicate inhibits many potential tourists from traveling to a particular destination. Language barriers limit the movement and exploration of tourists in the new environment
Italian Phrases Hi / Bye - Ciao (Chow)
Good Day - Buongiorno (BWON JOR noh)Good Evening - Buona Sera (BWON-ah SEH-rah)
Yes - Si (See) No - Per Fevore (PAIR fah-VO-reh) Thank you - Grazie (GRAH-zy-eh) Thank you very much - Grazie mille (GRAH-zy-eh MILL-eh) It's a masterpiece! - É un capo lavoro! (Eh oon CAH-po lav-OHR-oh)
French Phrases Hello - Bonjour (bohn-ZHOOR)
Good Day - Bonjour (bohn-ZHOOR) Yes - Oiu (Wee) No - No (NOH) Please - S’il vous plaît (see voo PLAY) Thank you - Merci (MehrSEE) Do you Speak English? - Parlez-vous anglais (PAHR-lay voo zahn-GLAY)
Spanish Phrases Hello - Hola
Good Morning - Buenos dias (bwonos dee as)Good bye - Adios (a dee os)Yes - Si (See) No - NoThanks - Gracias (Gra see ass)
FOOD AND CLOTHING Foods that are eaten by various groups
are chosen as a result of cultural attitudes and normal patterns of behavior toward food.
Religion plays an important part in the prohibitions of certain foods
FOOD AND CLOTHING Dietary choices can also define cultures and play a role in religion.
For exampleOnly kosher foods are permitted by Judaism,
and halal/haram foods by Islam, in the diet of believers. In addition, the dietary choices of different countries or regions have different characteristics. This is highly related to a culture's cuisine.
FOOD AND CLOTHING Most traditions have a recognizable
cuisine, a specific set of cooking traditions, preferences, and practices, the study of which is known as gastronomy.
Many cultures have diversified their foods by means of preparation, cooking methods and manufacturing.
FOOD AND CLOTHING Variations in food provide uniqueness
of the place .
Tourists often select food with which they are most familiar even when food is one of the attractions of a place.
Spanish Food Barcelona enjoys a variety of high-quality seafood,
meat, poultry, game, fruit and vegetables. The combinations of produce are unusual and
good dishes to look out for include oca (goose) and canalons (Catalan cannelloni).
Desserts include crema catalana (custard with a carmel crust) and mel i mató (cottage cheese and honey).
Catalonia has many great wines particularly from Penedès, Costers del Segre, Alella and Perelada.
Sangria, a wine and fruit punch sometimes laced with brandy, is a popular drink with locals.
FOOD AND CLOTHING
Dress adds character to place. Every article of clothing also carries a cultural and social meaning.In many societies, people of high rank reserve special items of clothing or decoration for themselves as symbols of their social status.
POLITICAL SYSTEMS AND RELIGIONPolitical systems and religion are two forces that institutionalize the way of life of a group.
Political systems and religion provide order to a place.
POLITICAL SYSTEMS Politics is the process by which groups of people make decisions.
Although the term is generally applied to behavior within civil governments, politics is observed in all human group interactions, including corporate, academic, and religious institutions
POLITICAL SYSTEMS The most obvious political commonality is the legal system.
Legal systems directly impact tourists in a variety of ways, from currency regulations to entertainment activities, foods and dress.
RELIGIONAll societies have value system – common beliefs, understandings, expectations, and controls – that unite their members and set them off from other different groups .
Such value system is termed as religion when it involves systems of formal or informal worship and faith in the sacred and divine.
RELIGIONReligion differs from one place to another. It is reflected in some cases in the laws, personal interactions, dress, entertainment, leisure pursuits and cultural landscapes.
Religion has been an important in tourism as both a motivator to travel and as an attractor.
1.Christianity - had its origin in the life and teachings of Jesus, a Jewish preacher of the 1st century of the modern era, whom his followers believed was the messiah promised by God. Christianity’s mission was conversion. As a universal religion of salvation and hope it spread quickly among the under classes of both the eastern and western parts of the Roman Empire, carried to major cities and ports along the excellent system of Roman roads and sea lanes.
2. Islam – there is only one God, who may be revealed to humans through prophets Mohammed is revered as the prophet of Allah (God) Koran , the word of Allah revealed to Mohammed, contains not only rules of worship and details of doctrine but also instructions on the conduct of human affairs.
2. Islam All Muslims are expected to observe the five pillars of faith: a. repeated saying of the basic creedb. prayers five times daily , facing Meccac. a month of daytime fasting (Ramadan) d. almsgiving e. if possible, pilgrimage in Mecca (Hajj)
2. Islam It was the law of brotherhood that served to unify an Arab worldMosque – place of worship, community clubhouse, meeting hall , school – is the focal point of Islamic communal life and the primary imprint of the religion on the cultural landscape.
3. Hinduism - is the world’s oldest major religion . It is an ethnic religion, an intricate web of religious, philosophical, social, economic and artistic elements comprising a distinctive Indian civilization. For the Hindu, the primary aim of this life is to conform to prescribed social and ritual duties and the rules of conduct for the assigned caste and profession. Those requirements comprise that individual’s dharma – law and duties.
4. Buddhism – a universalizing faith founded in the 6th century B.C. in northern India by Siddhartha Gautama, the Buddha ( “Enlightened One”) The Buddha’s teaching were more a moral philosophy that offered an explanation for evil and human suffering than a formal religion.
4. BuddhismHe viewed the road to enlightenment and salvation to lie in understanding the “four noble truths” a. existence involves suffering b. suffering is the result of desire c. pain ceases when desire is destroyed d. the destruction of desire comes through knowledge of correct behavior and correct thoughts.
4. East Asia Ethnic Religion Confucianism Confucius, a compiler of traditional wisdom, emphasized the importance of proper conduct between ruler and subjects and between family members.The family was extolled as the nucleus of the state, and filial piety was the loftiest of virtue.
4. East Asia Ethnic Religion Taoism - an ideology that according to legend was first taught by Lao Tsu in the 6th century B.C.Its central theme is Tao (the Way) , a philosophy teaching that eternal happiness lies total identification with nature and deploring passion, unnecessary invention, unneeded knowledge and government interference in the simple life of individual
4. East Asia Ethnic Religion Japanese Shinto – the traditional religion of Japan that developed out of nature and ancestor worship. Shinto – The Way of the Gods – is basically a structure of customs and rituals rather than ethical or moral system. It observes a complex set of deities, including emperors, family spirits, and the divinities residing in rivers, trees, certain animals, mountains and particularly the sun and moon.
ARCHITECTURAL STYLES Architectural styles classify architecture in terms of form, techniques, materials, time period, region, etc. It overlaps with, and emerges from the study of the evolution and history of architecture.
Due to the scarcity of wood, the two predominant building materials used in ancient Egypt were sunbaked mud brick (adobe) and stone, mainly limestone, but also sandstone and granite in considerable quantities
From the Old Kingdom onward, stone was generally reserved for tombs and temples, while bricks were used even for royal palaces, fortresses, the walls of temple precincts and towns, and for subsidiary buildings in temple complexes.
Temple of Hatshepsut, Luxor, Egypt
The Sumerians were a people who lived in Mesopotamia (modern-day Iraq) from the 4th millennium BC to the 3rd millennium BC. Their accomplishments include building the Ziggurats, high mud-brick buildings.
Ziggurats
The most famous Sumerian buildings are the ziggurats -- large terraced platforms with temples on top. Such ziggurats may have been the inspiration for the Biblical Tower of Babel.
Parthenon
The Parthenon is a temple of the Greek goddess Athena built in the 5th century BC on the Acropolis of Athens. It is the most important surviving building of Classical Greece.
The upper part of the Greek National Academy building in Athens, showing the pediment with sculptures.
The Architecture of Ancient Rome adopted the external language of classical Greek architecture for their own purposes, which were so different from Greek buildings as to create a new architectural style
Colosseum in Rome, Italy
Gothic architecture is a style of architecture, which flourished in Europe during the high and late medieval period
Originating in 12th century France and lasting into the 16th century, Gothic architecture was known during the period as "the French Style" , with the term Gothic first appearing during the latter part of the Renaissance as a stylistic insult. Its characteristic features include the pointed arch, the ribbed vault and the flying buttress.
Interior of Cologne Cathedral
Basilica Minore de San Sebastian
It is a fine example of the revival of Gothic architecture in the Philippines. It prides itself as the only all-steel basilica in Asia
Architectural Styles
