Phylogeny & Systematics Chapter 25. Phylogeny: the evolutionary history of a species.
Phylogeny and the Tree of Life Chapter 26. Investigating the Tree of Life Phylogeny is the...
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Transcript of Phylogeny and the Tree of Life Chapter 26. Investigating the Tree of Life Phylogeny is the...
Phylogeny and the Tree of Life
Chapter 26
Investigating the Tree of Life
Phylogeny is the evolutionary history of a species or group of related species
Phylogenies have two components:1.branching order (showing group relationships) 2.branch length (showing amount of evolution). The discipline of systematics classifies
organisms and determines their evolutionary relationships
Systematists use fossil, molecular, and genetic data to infer evolutionary relationships
Linnaeus’ ContributionTaxonomy is the ordered division and
naming of organismsIn the 18th century, Carolus Linnaeus
published a system of taxonomy based on resemblances
Two key features of his system remain useful today: two-part names for species and hierarchical classification
The two-part scientific name of a species is called a binomial
The first part of the name is the genus The second part, the specific epithet, is
unique for each species within the genus Capitalize the first letter of genus name
only and write in italics or underline Example: Homo sapiens Acer
rubrum (modern humans) (red
maple tree)
Hierarchical ClassificationLinnaeus introduced a system for
grouping species in increasingly broad categories
The taxonomic groups from broad to narrow are domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, and species
A taxonomic unit at any level of hierarchy is called a taxon
Fig. 26-3Species:Pantherapardus
Genus: Panthera
Family: Felidae
Order: Carnivora
Class: Mammalia
Phylum: Chordata
Kingdom: Animalia
ArchaeaDomain: EukaryaBacteria
Linking Classification and Phylogeny
Linnaean classification uses a pyramid-type diagram to depict linneage
Systematists depict evolutionary relationships in branching phylogenetic trees
Fig. 26-4Species
Canislupus
Pantherapardus
Taxideataxus
Lutra lutra
Canislatrans
Order Family Genus
Carn
ivora
Felid
aeM
ustelid
aeC
anid
ae
Can
isL
utra
Taxid
eaP
anth
era
Fig. 26-5
Sistertaxa
ANCESTRALLINEAGE
Taxon A
Polytomy: more than 2 groups emerge
Common ancestor oftaxa A–F
Branch point(node)
Taxon B
Taxon C
Taxon D
Taxon E
Taxon F
What We Can and Cannot Learn from Phylogenetic Trees
Phylogenetic trees do show patterns of descent
Phylogenetic trees do not indicate when species evolved or how much genetic change occurred in a lineage
It shouldn’t be assumed that a taxon evolved from the taxon next to it
Homology and Analogy
Homology is similarity due to shared ancestry like between a wolf and a coyote
Analogy is similarity due to convergent evolution, similar conditions/adaptations
Look alike, but evolved independantly from eachother
Australian "mole"
North American mole
Analogies are also known as homoplasies ("to mold the same way")
Homology can be distinguished from analogy by comparing fossil evidence and the degree of complexity
The more complex two similar structures are, the more likely it is that they are homologous
Systematists use computer programs and mathematical tools when analyzing comparable DNA segments from different organisms
Fig. 26-8
Deletion
Insertion
1
2
3
4
Orange sections no longer align
only with addition of gapswill they align
Types of mutations that normally occur
It is also important to distinguish homology from analogy in molecular similarities
Mathematical tools help to identify molecular homoplasies, or coincidences
Molecular systematics uses DNA and other molecular data to determine evolutionary relationships
Constructing phylogenetic treesCladistics groups organisms by common
descentA clade is a group of species that includes
an ancestral species and all its descendantsA valid clade is monophyletic, signifying
that it consists of the ancestor species and all its descendants
A paraphyletic grouping consists of an ancestral species and some, but not all, of the descendants
A polyphyletic grouping consists of various species that lack a common ancestor
Fig. 26-10
A A A
BBB
C C C
DDD
E E E
FFF
G G G
Group IIIGroup II
Group I
(a) Monophyletic group (clade) (b) Paraphyletic group (c) Polyphyletic group
Includes all descendants
Shared Ancestral and Shared Derived CharactersIn comparison with its ancestor, an organism
has both shared and different characteristicsA shared ancestral character is a
character that originated in an ancestor of the taxon
A shared derived character is an evolutionary novelty unique to a particular clade
A character can be both ancestral and derived, depending on the context, it is useful to know in which clade a shared derived character first appeared
Fig. 26-11
TAXA
Lan
cele
t(o
utg
rou
p)
Lam
pre
y
Sal
aman
der
Leo
par
d
Tu
rtle
Tu
na
Vertebral column(backbone)
Hinged jaws
Four walking legs
Amniotic (shelled) egg
CH
AR
AC
TE
RS
Hair
(a) Character table
Hair
Hinged jaws
Vertebralcolumn
Four walking legs
Amniotic egg
(b) Phylogenetic tree
Salamander
Leopard
Turtle
Lamprey
Tuna
Lancelet(outgroup)
0
0 0
0
0
0
0 0
0
0
0 0
0 0 0 1
11
111
1
11
1
1
11
11
An outgroup is a species or group of species that is closely related to the ingroup, the various species being studied
Systematists compare each ingroup species with the outgroup to differentiate between shared derived and shared ancestral characteristics
Homologies shared by the outgroup and ingroup are ancestral characters that predate the divergence of both groups from a common ancestor