Phylogenetic Perspective and the Evolution of … Perspective and the Evolution of Development...
Transcript of Phylogenetic Perspective and the Evolution of … Perspective and the Evolution of Development...
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Biology 340
Comparative Embryology
Lecture 2
Dr. Stuart Sumida
Phylogenetic Perspective and
the Evolution of Development
“Evo-Devo”
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So, what is all the fuss about
“phylogeny?”
PHYLOGENETIC SYSTEMATICS allows
us both define groups and their
relationships.
However, those definitions MUST be
careful, rigorous, and testable. (If they
aren’t testable, they aren’t science.)
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Biologically valid groups must be defined
on the basis of SHARED, DERIVED
characteristics.
In other words: a biologically valid group
is defined on the basis of features that
are found in ALL members of the group,
and ONLY in members of that group.
These SHARED, DERIVED characters
are known as “SYNAPOMORPHIES.*”
*Singular: Synapomoprhy
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The degree of relatedness of
groups is dependant on WHAT
synapomorphies are shared,and
at what level…
What is a shared, derived
character at one level, will NOT
be a shared derived character at
another level.
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Bacteria Archaea Eucarya
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Bacteria Archaea Eucarya
So, these (Archaea and Eucarya)
share more in common, and a
more recent common ancestor.
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What kind of features can be
used to generate phylogenetic
trees?
They must be HOMOLOGOUS
CHARACTERS. That is, they
must be structures or features
inherited from a common
structure in a common ancestor.
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Criteria for Anatomical Homology:
•Same Anatomical Position
•Same Embryological Material
•(In animals) Supplied by Same
Nerve
Function is NOT a good criterion
(because functions can change over
time…)
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From: Chuck Amuck by Chuck Jones, Farrar Straus
Giroux Publishers, New York, 1989.
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Knowing the relationships of organisms
allows us to consider certain other
concepts:
CONVERGENT EVOLUTION – the
acquisiton of similar features due to
similar environmental pressures.
PARALLEL EVOLUTION – (a special
case of convergence) when convergent
evolution takes place between very
closely related lineages.
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Our focus
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GERM LAYERS
and
SEGMENTATION
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Eumetazoa has:
Germ Layers
Endoderm
Ectoderm
Tissues
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Segmentation: an example:
A simplified arthropod larva with multiple
segments, each with appendages, or the
genetic ability to develop appendages.
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Different kinds of arthropods can elaborate upon different
segments and appendages. This provides an enormous
versatility.
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Choanoflagella
Porifora
Placozoa
Ctenophora
Cnidaria
Protostomia
Pterobranchia
Echinodermata
Hemichordata
Chordata
Animalia
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Choanoflagella
Animalia
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Animalia
Multicellular
heterotrophs
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Choanoflagella
Porifora
Metazoa
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Porifera (Sponges):
Known as far back as
PreCambrian
600 million years ago.
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Example: Porifora (Sponges): No true
germ layers or tissues
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Choanoflagella
Porifora
Placozoa
Ctenophora
Cnidaria
Eumetazoa
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Eumetazoa
Germ Layers
Endoderm
Ectoderm
Tissues
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Ctenophores and Cnidarians
Known as far back as PreCambrian
“Ediacarian Faunas”.
•Two germ layers – ectoderm and
endoderm
•Only one opening into gut.
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Ctenophores and Cnidarians
Known as far back as
PreCambrian “Ediacarian
Faunas”.
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Choanoflagella
Porifora
Placozoa
Ctenophora
Cnidaria
Protostomia
Bilateralia
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Bilateralia
Bilaterally symmetrical at some
point during ontogeny
Three germ layers: ectoderm,
endoderm, mesoderm.
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Bilateralia
Includes two great groups of
animals:
Protostomia (means 1st mouth)
Deuterostomia (means 2nd
mouth)
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Protostomia includes many
phyla, including:
•Arthropoda
•Mollusca
•Annelida (segmented worms)
•Many others
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Choanoflagella
Porifora
Placozoa
Ctenophora
Cnidaria
Protostomia
Pterobranchia
Deuterostomia
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Choanoflagella
Porifora
Placozoa
Ctenophora
Cnidaria
Protostomia
Pterobranchia
Echinodermata
Hemichordata
Chordata
Animalia
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Protostomia includes many
phyla, including:
•Arthropoda
•Mollusca
•Annelida (segmented worms)
•Many others
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Ecdysozoa
Others
Platyhelminthes
Mollusca
Annelida
Lophotrochozoa
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Ecdysozoa
Others
Platyhelminthes
Mollusca
Annelida
Lophotrochozoa
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Trilobitomorpha
Chelicerata
Crustacea
Myriapoda
Insecta
ARTHROPODA
Mandibulata
Ecdysozoa
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Choanoflagella
Porifora
Placozoa
Ctenophora
Cnidaria
Protostomia
Pterobranchia
Echinodermata
Hemichordata
Chordata
Animalia
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Recall Bilateralia
Protostomia (means 1st mouth)
Deuterostomia (means 2nd
mouth)
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The best known of the
Deuterostomia:
•Pterobranchia
•Echinodermata
•Hemichordata
•Chordata
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Choanoflagella
Porifora
Placozoa
Ctenophora
Cnidaria
Protostomia
Pterobranchia
Echinodermata
Hemichordata
Chordata
Animalia
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ECHINODERMATA:
Characterized by:
•Radial symmetry as
adults (bilateral as
larvae)
•Water-vascular system
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PHYLUM HEMICHORDATA:
Deuterostomes with GILL SLITS
(Original function of gill slits NOT for
breathing; for FILTER FEEDING.)
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PHYLUM CHORDATA
Deuterostomes with the following
synapomorphies:
•Pharyngeal gill slits
•Dorsal hollow nerve cord
•Notochord
•Post-anal tail
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PHYLUM CHORDATA
Includes the following subphyla:
•Urochordata
•Cephalochordata
•Vertebrata
•(People used to think Hemichordata
were included, but they turn out to be
the sistergroup.)
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SUBPHYLUM UROCHORDATA
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How can something like this be
related to chordates like us?
Addition of a new life stage: a
mobile larval stage.
CAENOGENESIS: Interpolation
of a new life stage into the
lifecycle.
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The new larval stage of a urochordate
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UROCHORDATE: Metamorphosis from
larva to adult
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Adult
urochordate
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Some urochordates stay
larval all life long, but they
become sexually mature –
an example of NEOTONY.
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More “fish-like” PHYLUM CEPHALOCHORDATA
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So, then
what’s a
vertebrate…?
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“Fishes” including Most Synapsida Reptilia
Sarcoptrygians Amphibians Diadectomorpha (Mammals) (including Aves)
AMNIOTA (FOR SURE)
Amniota?
TETRAPODA
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Amniotes: have four embryonic
structures that reside outside the
embryo to help it survive:
•Amnion
•Yolk sac
•Chorion
•Allantois
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Diadectomorpha:
•No intertemporal bone like other amniotes
•Very terrestrially adapted
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“Amphibia” Amniota
Seymouriamorpha Diadectomorpha Synapsida Parareptilia Captorhinidae Diapsida Archosauromorpha
Amniota
Reptilia
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Basal Synapsida (“Pelycosauria”): A single
opening on side of skull
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Synapsida: Including
Modern Mammals
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Diadectomorpha(?) Synapsida Reptilia Avialae
AMNIOTA
The Synapsida
can be divided into
three “grades.”
“Pelycosauria”
“Therapsida”
Mammalia
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Mammals:
•Mammary glands
•Hair
•Facial muscles – muscles of facial
expression
•A specialized jaw joint (between a
single bone of the lower jaw (dentary)
and the squamosal region of the skull)
•Three bones in the middle ear to help
in hearing
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Mammals have mammary glands for NOURISHING THE YOUNG
Mammals have HAIR.
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Mammals have muscles of facial expression
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Monotremata Metatheria Eutheria (Egg-laying mammals) (Marsupials) (Placental Mammals)
Mammalia (detail)
Theria
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The duck-billed platypus and spiney anteater (Echidna) are
members of Monotremata (egg-laying mammals).
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Monotremata Metatheria Eutheria (Egg-laying mammals) (Marsupials) (Placental Mammals)
Mammalia
Theria
Metatheria: also
known since the
Cretaceous
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Monotremata Metatheria Eutheria (Egg-laying mammals) (Marsupials) (Placental Mammals)
Mammalia
Theria
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The METATHERIA, also known as
MARSUPIALS are often called the “pouch
mammals” because although initial
development is internal, much takes place
in the mother’s pouch – which is
technically outside the body.
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A Placenta:
•Combination of the amniote
Chorion and Allantois
•Helps the developing embryo
to communicate with mother.
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“Evo-Devo”
The Union of Evolutionary and
Developmental Biology
Natural for evolutionary biologists and
developmental biologists to find common
ground. Evolutionary biologists seek to
understand how organisms evolve and change
their shape and form. The roots of these
changes are found in the developmental
mechanisms that control body shape and form.
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Darwin's perception was given a theoretical basis
and evo-devo its first theory when Ernst Haeckel
proposed that because ontogeny (development)
recapitulates phylogeny (evolutionary history),
evolution could be studied in embryos.
Technological advances in histological sectioning
and staining made simultaneously in the 1860s and
1870s enabled biologists to compare the embryos of
different organisms.
Though false in its strictest form, Haeckel's theory
lured most morphologists into abandoning the study
of adult organisms in favor of embryos--literally to
seek evolution in embryos.
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Notice how ontogenetically early forms appear more similar.
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The idea that ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny suggests that an
organism's development will take it through each of the adult
stages of its evolutionary history, or its phylogeny. Thus its
development would reiterate its evolutionary history — ontogeny
recapitulating phylogeny.
This idea is an extreme one. If it were strictly true, it would
predict, for example, that in the course of a chick's development,
it would go through the following stages: a single celled
organism, a multi-celled invertebrate ancestor, a fish, a lizard-like
reptile, an ancestral bird, and then finally, a baby chick.
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What is clear is that we cannot only study evolution
by looking at a progression of adult structures.
Adult x+n
Adult 4
Adult 3
Adult 2
Adult 1
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We must study the evolution of ontogenies.
Adult x+n
Adult 4
Adult 3
Adult 2
Adult 1
Embryo x + n
Embryo 4
Embryo 3
Embryo 2
Embryo 1
Useful characters for understanding the evolution of organisms/groups can
come from any ontogenetic stage.