Phy Ana Lab- Muscular System - PDF

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

MUSCULAR SYSTEM


Types of Ordinary Body Movements

Flexion

Extension

Rotation

Abduction

Circumduction


Flexion

a movement in the sagittal

plane that decreases the

angle of the joint and

brings two bones closer

together

ex. bending of knee or

elbow

bending forward at the

hip


Extension

Movement that

increases the angle or

the distance between

two bones or parts of

the body

Ex. Straightening of the

knee or elbow


Hyperextension

If extension is greater

than 180

chin points toward the

ceiling


Abduction

Moving a limb away

from the midline or

median plane of the

body

Fanning or movement

of the fingers or toes

when they spread apart


Adduction

Opposite of abduction

Moving/movement of a

limb toward the body

midline


Body Movements

Figure 6.13d


Rotation

Movement of a bone

around its longitudinal

axis

Common movement of

ball and socket joint


Body Movements

Circumduction

Combination of flexion,

extension, abduction

and adduction

Commonly seen in ball

and socket joints

Proximal end is

stationary and distal

end moves in circles

Figure 6.13d


Body Movements

Pronation

Moving the palm of the

hand from an anterior

or upward facing

position to posterior or

downward facing

position


Body Movements

Supination

Opposite of pronation


Inversion

Turning the sole of the

foot so that if faces

medially


Eversion

opposite of inversion

turning the sole of the

foot so that if faces

laterally


Dorsiflexion

movement of the ankle

that moves the instep of

the foot up

Standing on your heels


Plantar flexion

Straightens the ankle

joint causing the toes to

point downward


Types of Muscles

Prime mover – muscle with the major responsibility

for a certain movement

ex. Pectoralis major

Antagonist – muscle that opposes or reverses a

prime mover

Ex. Triceps brachii- extend forearm

biceps brachii- antagonist

Synergist – muscle that aids a prime mover in a

movement and helps prevent rotation

ex. Brachioradialis-brachialis (flex forearm)

Fixator – stabilizes the origin of a prime mover


Naming of Skeletal Muscles

Direction of muscle fibers

Example: rectus (straight)

Relative size of the muscle

Example: maximus (largest)

minimus (small)



Location of the muscle

Example: many muscles are named for

bones (e.g., temporalis, deltoid )

Number of origins

Example: triceps (three heads)

biceps ( two heads)

quadriceps ( four heads)



Location of the muscle’s origin and insertion

Example: sternocleidomastoid

Shape of the muscle

Example: deltoid (triangular)

Action of the muscle

Example: flexor and extensor (flexes or

extends a bone)


Origin

Point of attachment which

is more proximal and

more fixed

Insertion

more distal and more

movable (flexible) point

of attachment

Belly

Fleshy or middle part of a

muscle


HEAD/NECK MUSCLES


HEAD/NECK MUSCLES

Epicranius-

• Frontalis

Origin

cranial aponeurosis

(galea aponeurotica)

Insertion

skin of eyebrows

Action

Draws scalp anteriorly

Raises eyebrows


HEAD/NECK MUSCLES

Epicranius-

• Occipitalis Origin

Mastoid and occipital

bone

Insertion

Margin of Cranial

aponeurosis (galea

aponeurotica)

Action

Wrinkles forehead

Draws scalp posteriorly


HEAD/NECK MUSCLES

Orbicularis oculi

Origin

Orbit

Insertion

Circular path of orbit

Action

Closes eye


HEAD/NECK MUSCLES

Zygomaticus

major

Origin

Zygomatic bone

Insertion

Angle of the mouth

Action

Raises angle of the

mouth as in smiling


HEAD/NECK MUSCLES

Zygomaticus

minor

Origin

Zygomatic bone

Insertion

upper lip

Action

Elevates upper lip

Exposes maxillary teeth


HEAD/NECK MUSCLES

Buccinator

(trumpeter’s

muscle)

Origin

Maxilla and mandible

Insertion

Angle of mouth

Action

Compresses cheek as in

whistling and blowing


HEAD/NECK MUSCLES

Orbicularis oris

(kissing muscle)

Origin

Mandible and maxilla

Insertion

Angle of the mouth

Action

Closes and puckers the

lips


HEAD/NECK MUSCLES

Levator labii

superioris

Origin

Maxilla

Insertion

Angle of the mouth

Action

Elevates upper lip


HEAD/NECK MUSCLES

Depressor

angulioris

Origin

Mandible

Insertion

Angle of the mouth

Action

Depresses angle of mouth


HEAD/NECK MUSCLES

Masseter

Origin

Zygomatic arch

Insertion

Mandible

Action

Raises the jaw

Masseter


HEAD/NECK MUSCLES

Temporalis

Origin

Temporal bone

Insertion

Mandible

Action

Closes the jaw

Elevates mandible

Temporalis


HEAD/NECK MUSCLES

Sternocleidomastoid

(prayer muscle)

Origin

Sternum and clavicle

Insertion

Temporal bone

(mastoid process)

Action

Both muscles:

- Flexes head,

One muscle:

- rotates head toward

opposite shoulder

Sternocleidomastoid


HEAD AND NECK MUSCLES

Trapezius

Origin

Skull, vertebral column

Insertion

Scapula

Action

Extends head and neck

Trapezius


MUSCLES OF THE TRUNK

Erector Spinae

Iliocostalis

Longissimus

Spinalis Origin

Vertebrae and pelvis

Insertion

Superior vertebrae, ribs

Action

Maintains erect posture

of vertebral column



External

Intercostals

Origin

Ribs

Insertion

Next rib

Action

expands thorax



Internal

Intercostals

Origin

Ribs

Insertion

Next rib

Action

compress thorax



Rectus abdominis

Origin

Pubis

Insertion

Sternum and fifth and

seventh ribs

Action

Flexes vertebral

column increases

pressure of abdomen

Rectus abdominis



External oblique

Origin

Last 8 ribs

Insertion

Iliac crest

Action

Compresses abdomen



Internal oblique

Origin

Iliac crest

Insertion

Last three ribs

Action

Compresses abdomen



Transversus

abdominis

Origin

Last 5 or 6 ribs

Insertion

Pubis

Action

Compresses abdomen



Trapezius

Origin

Skull, vertebral column

Insertion

Scapula

Action

Extends head and rotates

scapula

Trapezius



Rhomboideus

Origin

Vertebrae

Insertion

Scapula

Action

Retracts scapula



Levator scapula

Origin

Vertebrae

Insertion

Scapula

Action

Raises scapula



Serratus anterior

Origin

Ribs

Insertion

Scapula

Action

Protracts scapula



Pectoralis major

Origin

Sternum, clavicle and

first six ribs

Insertion

Greater tubercle of

humerus

Action

Prime mover of arm

flexion

Adducts and medially

rotates arm

Pectoralis major



Pectoralis minor

Origin

Ribs

Insertion

Scapula

Action

Depresses scapula



Teres major

Origin

Scapula

Insertion

Humerus

Action

Extends shoulders



Latissimus dorsi

(swimmers’s muscle)

Origin

Vertebrae

Insertion

Humerus

Action

Extends shoulder and

adducts arm

Latissimus

dorsi



Supraspinatus

Origin

Scapula

Insertion

Humerus

Action

Abducts the arm



Infraspinatus

Origin

Scapula

Insertion

Humerus

Action

Extends and rotates arm


Deltoid

Origin

Scapular spine and clavicle

Insertion

Humerus (deltoid

tuberosity)

Action

Abducts the arm

Flexes and extends

shoulder

Deltoid

Anterior Muscles of Upper Extremities



Biceps brachii

Origin

Coracoid process of

scapula

Insertion

Proximal radius

Action

Flexes elbow and

supinates forearm

Biceps brachii



Brachialis

Origin

Humerus

Insertion

Proximal ulna (coronoid

process)

Action

Flexes arm



Brachioradialis

Origin

Humerus

Insertion

Styloid process of

radius

Action

Flexes forearm

(synergist of brachialis)



Pronator teres

Origin

Humerus and coronoid

process of ulna

Insertion

Radius

Action

Pronates forearm



Flexor carpi radialis

Origin

Humerus (medial

epicondyle)

Insertion

2nd and 3rd metacarpals

Action

Flexes wrist and abducts

hand



Palmaris longus

Origin

Humerus (medial

epicondyle)

Insertion

Flexor retinaculum and

palmar aponeurosis

Action

Weakly flexes hand at

wrist joint



Flexor carpi ulnaris

Origin

Humerus (medial

epicondyle) and ulna

Insertion

Pisiform, hamate and 5th

metacarpals

Action

Flexes and adducts hand at

wrist joint


Posterior Muscles of Upper Extremities Triceps brachii

Origin

Humerus and glenoid

fossa

Insertion

Olecranon process of

ulna

Action

Extends forearm

(antagonist of biceps

brachii)

Triceps

brachii


Posterior Muscles of Upper Extremities

Extensor carpi

radialis longus

Origin

Humerus

Insertion

2nd and 3rd metacarpal

Action

Extends and abducts

wrist


Posterior Muscles of Upper Extremities Extensor digitorum

Origin

Humerus (lateral

epicondyle)

Insertion

Distal phalanges of 2nd to

5th digits

Action

Extends fingers, flare

and adduct fingers


Posterior Muscles of Upper Extremities

Extensor carpi

ulnaris

Origin

Humerus (lateral

epicondyle)

Insertion

5th metacarpal

Action

Extends and adducts

wrist


Antero-Medial Muscles of Hip and Lower

Extremities

Sartorius

Origin

Iliac spine

Insertion

Tibia

Insertion

Flexes thigh and

laterally rotates it

Flexes knee



Extremities • Adductors

(magnus, longus,)

Origin

Ischial and pubic

rami,pubis, body of pubis

Insertion

Linea aspera of femur

Action

Adducts, flexes and

laterally rotates thigh

(synergist with thigh

extension)



Extremities

Quadriceps group

Origin

Vastus lateralis – greater

trochanter of femur

Rectus femoris – pelvis

V. medialis, intermedius-

femur

Insertion

Tibial tuberosity via

patellar ligament

Action

All extends knee, rectus

femoris also flexes thigh



Extremities



Extremities

Tibialis anterior

Origin

Tibia

Insertion

First cuneiform and 1st

metatarsal

Action

Dorsiflexes foot

(primemover); inverts

foot



Extremities Extensor digitorum

longus

Origin

Tibia and fibula

Insertion

Distal phalanges

Action

Dorsiflexes foot



Extremities Peroneus (Fibularis)

Origin

fibula

Insertion

Tarsals and metatarsals

Action

Plantar flexes and everts

foot


Posterior Muscles of Hip and Lower Extremities

Gluteus maximus

Origin

Sacrum and ilium and

coccyx

Insertion

Greater trochanter of

femur

Action

Extends thigh and laterally

rotates thigh

Gluteus maximus



Gluteus medius

Origin

Ilium

Insertion

Greater trochanter of

femur

Action

Abduct thigh and medially

rotates thigh

Gluteus medius



Tensor fasciae latae

Origin

Iliac crest

Insertion

Tibia

Action

Flexes and abducts thigh



Hamstring Group

Biceps femoris

Origin

Ishial tuberosity and

femur

Insertion

Head of the fibula

Action

Extends thigh

Flex knee



Hamstring Group

Semitendinosus

Semimembranosus

Origin

Ischial tuberosity

Insertion

Proximal tibia

Action

Extends thigh

Flexes knee

Rotates leg medially



Gastrocnemius

Origin

Distal femur

Insertion

Calcaneus (heel via

calcaneal tendon)

Action

Plantar flexes foot



Soleus

Origin

Tibia and fibula

Insertion

Calcaneus

Action

Plantar flexes foot


Muscle of the Pelvic floor and perineum

Superficial

transverse

perineus

Origin

Ischial tuberosity

Insertion

Central tendon of

perineum

Action

Stabilize central

tendon of perineum



Bulbospongiosus

Origin

Central tendon of perineum

Insertion

Male- corpus spongiosum of

penis

Female – pubic arch and clitoris

Action

Male-aids in urine and semen

expulsion

Female- constricts vaginal

orifice, assists in erection of

clitoris



Ischiocavernosus

Origin

Ischial tuberosity

Insertion

Penis or clitoris

Action

Erection



Levator ani

Pubococcygeus Origin

Pubis

Insertion

Coccyx, anal canal

urethra, central

tendon of perineum

Action

Constrict anus,

urethra and vagina

Resists intra-abdominal

pressure

Supports fetal head

during childbirth



Levator ani

Iliococcygeus

Origin

Iliac spine

Insertion

Coccyx

Action

Constrict anus,

urethra and vagina

Supports fetal

head

during childbirth



Coccygeus

Origin

Ischial spine

Insertion

Lower sacrum and coccyx

Action

Supports pelvic viscera

Resists intra-abdominal

pressure

Pulls coccyx anteriorly

after defecation and child

birth

Phy Ana Lab- Muscular System - PDF

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