Dng Ngc Dng

Ging vin khoa Anh

i hc tng hp TP HCM

Phng php luyn dch

Anh - Vit

Vit - Anh

1991

10LI GII THIU

Mt trong nhng kh khn ln nht ca ngi hc ting Anh l dch thut. C nhng sinh vin hc rt vng v vn phm v phong ph v t vng nhng li khng th dch nhun nhuyn mt on vn sang ting Vit v ngc li t Vit sang Anh. iu rt d hiu v bn thn ngi khng nm vng phng php dch thut.

Dch mt ngn ng ny sang mt ngn ng khc khng n gin nh vic ni mt ngn ng ph. Ngi dch phi nm vng v c 2 ngn ng m mnh phi dch chuyn. Do , phng php luyn dch hin nay vn l mt kh khn ln vi ngi hc ting Anh.

gip cc sinh vin, hc sinh v cc bn hc vin ang c kh khn v vic dch thut, chng ti c gng bin son b Phng php luyn dch Anh-Vit, Vit-Anh ny bng nhng kinh nghim ging dy mt trng i hc v qu trnh hc tp nc ngoi.

Phng php luyn dch Anh-Vit, Vit-Anh c s dng ging dy Trng i hc Tng hp nh mt gio trnh chnh thc trong nhiu nm qua v c chng ti hiu nh b sung thm nhng vn mi m.

Cun sch ny s l mt cm nang hu ch cho nhng ai mun bc vo lnh vc dch thut ca 2 ngn ng Anh, Vit v t kt qu tt trong cc k thi cc cp ca mn Anh ng.NHNG VN L THUYT C BN

1.1. Khng ai khng bit cu ngn ng tr thnh mt so ng ca : "Tranduttore, traditore" (Dch tc l phn). iu ny c bit ng khi chng ta dch cc ngn ng Ty Phng, v cc ngn ng ny thuc v mt nn vn ho khc bit hn vi nn vn ho ca chng ta. Tri li, i vi mt ngn ng nh Hn vn, chng ta vn c th dch gn st vi tinh thn vn bn, nh vo mi tng giao ng cm c thit lp qua bao nhiu th k giao lu vn ho ca Trung Quc, l cha k c nhiu s tng ng gia vit v cc ngn ng Phng ty. Do , khi bt tay vo vic dch ting Anh, Php, c, Ty Ban Nha hay sang ting Vit hay ngc li, ngi dch vp phi nhiu kh khn trong vic lt t c ci phn tinh thu nht ca nguyn bn.1.2. Cch gii quyt th nht ca cc dch gi xa nay l va dch va thch lun mt th (interpreting translation). V d nh hai cu th Kiu:L g b sc t phong

Tri xanh quen thi m hng nh ghen c Nguyn Vn Vnh chuyn sang Php ng nh sau: Quoi de suprenant dans cette loi des compensationsQui veut que e'abondance ne se manifeste quelque part, que comme pendant d'une pnuric qui se manifeste autre part.Le ciel bleu a contract Ihabitude de livrer avec les joues roses le combat de la jalousieNgoi s kin bn thn th ting Php ca NVV nghe lng thng nng n (se manifeste.....quelque part...se manifesle autre part), dch gi cn phm nhng li chnh t sau:1. Khng nht qun trong phng php dch. Nu chn dch thot (phng dch) th khng nn bm st tng ch, nu chn li dch tht st (trc dch) th khng c quyn gii thch g thm. Nh trong cu 1, dch gi chuyn " L g b sc t phong" ra thnh " khng c g phi ngc nhin v ci lut b tr, lut ny mun rng ch ny y d tha th ch khc phi chu thiu thn khim khuyt" .Trong cu th Nguyn Du c ch no l: "Lut b tr" (loi des compensations)

u?2. Trong cu th hai, dch gi li theo phng php dch st tng ch, tng cu, bt chp ngha, thanh m vn iu ra sao.

Tri xanh=Le ciel bleu = Tri mu xanh

M hng=Les joues roses = m mu hng

nh ghen=Le combat de la jalousie

=Trn nh do lng ghen tung

Quen thi=Contract l'habitude

=Nhim thi quen

Trong khi, nu theo phng php dch thot (phng dch), NVV phi hiu l tri xanh m ch s mnh (destine), m hng m ch giai nhn, ngi c nhan sc v.v...1.3. Cch gii quyt th hai l phng dch, tc l dch thot ly , khng bm tr vo nguyn tc. Ngay trong lch s phin dch kinh in Pht gio cch y 17 th k t ting Pali hay sanskrit sang ting Trung Quc chng ta cng chng kin khuynh hng ny. An Th Cao, Chi Thuyn, Thch o An ch trng phng dch - Huyn Trang cng theo phng php ca Cu Ma La Thp. phng ty cng c s xung t gia hai khuynh hng khi phin dch Kinh Thnh v cc tc phm vn trit hc c i, v d cc hc gi ngi Syrie khi n c ng ti Baghdad (th ca Iraq by gi) theo phng php trc dch khi phin dch tc phm ca Plato, Aristotle, Galen, v Hippocrates sang ting Rp. Nhng Cicero trong th k th nht trc cng nguyn l nhn vt ni ting nht trong ch trng chng li vic trc dch t ting Hi Lp sang ting La tinh. Thnh Jerome ch trng dch st tng ch , tng cu ca thnh Kinh. Mt ngn nm sau, Martin Luther cng theo ch trng ny khi dch Thnh Kinh sang ting c. Vit Nam, trc nm 1975, thi s Bi Ging ch trng phng dch. Theo ng: "Dch vn l sng to tr li ng vn trong mt ngn ng khc. Dudch mt cun sch, hay dch mt on, mt cu thi, du dch hay, du dch d,

cng khng cch g thot khi vng yu sch ca ti to".1

iu ny hon ton ng, nhng khuyt im chnh ca phng php phng dch l thng khi n tr thnh chnh tc phm ca ngi dch, v nguyn tc ch tr thnh ci phng cho vic ph din t tng ca ngi dch m thi, th d nh trong chnh trng hp ca Bi Ging: Hamlet c th ngm th Nguyn Du, hay Othello c th nim Nam A M A Di Pht... Cicero khi dch Homer sang ting La tinh bin Homer tr thnh Virgil, mt nh th La M m ng knh phc. Herder khi dch Shakespeare sang ting c bin Shakespeare thnh Goethe. l ch nguy him ca phng php phng dch.1.4. Phng php trc dch xut pht t quan im cho rng dch l chuyn giao mt thng ip (translation as tranmission). Phng php phng dch xut pht t quan im cho rng dch l sng to (translation as creation).Theo nhng nh ngn ng hc hin i, nh Roman Jokobson v J.C. Catpord, c 3 m hnh phin dch:a. Intralingual: rewording in the same language.

Vit li bng cng mt th ting. (theo ti, y khng phi l dch ng ngha,

m ch l din t cng mt bng mt cch khc thi.)

b. Interlingual: rewording in another language. Vit li bng mt ngn ng khc.c. Transmutation: rewording in another code altogether: chuyn hn sang mt m ngn ng khc.Ch c m hnh b mi ng l m hnh phin dch nh chng ta ang bn y. Trong m hnh ny, Peter Newmark, gio s dy mn dch thut trng i hc Bch khoa Lun n, phn bit ra hai khuynh hng nh sau:a. khuynh hng ng - ngha (semantic approach)

b. khuynh hng giao - tip (communicative approach)

1 Bi Ging, Li bt cho bn dch Le Malentendu ca Albert Camus, V Tnh xut bn, 1967, tr. 179Khuynh hng ng - ngha gn ging nh li trc - dch, ngha l bm st cu truc ng ngha, cu trc c php v ngha t vng chnh xc ca nguyn bn. Khuynh hng giao tip gn ging nh li phng dch, ngha l c gng to ra hiu qu i vi ngi c ging nh hiu qu ca nguyn tc:Peter Newmark c v s sau y:

SOURCE LANGUAGE BIAS(Tn trng ngn ng gc, ngn ng ca nguyn tc)TARGET LANGUAGE BIAS(Tn trng ngn ng mc tiu, ngn ng ca bn dch)

LITERAL

(dch st)FREE

(dch phng)

FAITHFUL

(trung thnh vi nguyn tc)IDIOMATIC

(cn c trn li ni ca ngn ng dch)

SEMANTIC

(Ng ngha)COMMUNICATIVE

(giao tip)

Th d nh nhm t ting c sau y: Bissiger hund!Hund = ch

bissinger l mt tnh t pht xut t ng t bissen c ngha l cn.

Nu theo phng n ng ngha, ta c th dch nhm t trn l "ch cn" = Dog that bites. Nu theo phng n giao tip, ta phi dch l "Coi chng ch" = Beware of the dog! Ngi Php dch nhm t trn l Chien mchant. Ting vit kt hp c Anh ln Php (ch d) nn thng dch l: "Coi chng ch d". Trong th d ny r rng phng n giao tip r rng v chnh xc hn v cu trn l mt li cnh co, nn dch ra l " ch cn" ngi c s khng hiu g c.1.5. Theo Peter Newmark, khuyt im ca phng n giao tip l thng dch st vn bn gc (undertranslation) trong khi phng n ng ngha li thng dch vn bn gc mt cch d dng, rm r (over translation). Nh th phng n giao tip c hiu qu (effective) hn, nhng phng n ng chnh cha nhiu thng tin v vn bn gc hn.Ti khng hon ton ng vi quan im ca Peter Newmark. Phng php trc dch hay ng ngha i khi khng cung cp nhiu thng tin hn phng php giao tip, m tri li cn lm chng ta hiu sai ngha ca vn bn gc (source text).V d nh cu sau y bng ting Ty Ban Nha:

Tengo Suen

Tengo = Ti c = = I have

Suen = gic ng

Nu dch st l " Ti c gic ng" (I have a sleep) th hon ton khng ng, v

ca cu trn mun ni l: " Ti bun ng" (I am sleepy)

Hay l cu bng ting Php sau y, thng c nghe sn bay:

Madame Odelle, passager destination de Douala, est demande au tlphone.

Phng n trc dch sang ting Anh s cho bn dch sau y:

Madame Odelle, passenger with destination Douala, is demanded on the telephone.Phng n giao tip s cho bn dch sau y (ng vi tinh thn ting Anh hn)

Ms Odelle, passenger for Douala, you are wanted on the telephone.

1.6. Milferd Larson, trong tc phm Meaning based translation (1984), khng dng nhm t giao tip (communicative), nhng dng nhm t c ng (idiomatic) m t phng php ny. Tuy vy, li phn bit ca Milfsred Larson khng trng hp vi li phn bit gia ng ngha (semantic) v giao tip (communicative) nh Peter Newmark. B phn bit gia dch da theo hnh thc (form-based) v dch da theo ngha (meaning -based). Dch da theo hnh thc tc l trc - dch, dch st, tng t nh khi nim phng n ng ngha ca Peter Newmark, nhng trong Peter Newmark cn cho rng phng n trc dch vn c u im ring ca n, Milfred Larson hon ton bi bc li dch ny. B vit: "Nguyn tc c bn nht l mt bn dch c ng (ging nh phng n giao tip ca Peter Newmark) ti to ngha ca ngn ng gc bng mt hnh thi t nhinnht ca ngn ng tip nhn (tc ngn ng dch)"1

1 M. LARSON, Meaning-based Translation (1984) tr. 17[The basic overriding principle is that an idiomatic translation reproduces the meaning of the source language in the natural form of the receptor language].1.7. Katharina Reiz, mt nh l lun phin dch ngi c, trong tc phm Mglichkeiten und Grenzensetzungskritik (1971) (nhng kh tnh v gii hn ca nh ph bnh dch thut), tm cch chia ra nhng tiu chun khch quan nh gi mt bn dch. Phng php ca tc gi ny da trn "vic phn loi vn bn dch". (ubersetzungsrelevante Texttypologie). Da trn tc phm organon - Modell (1965) ca Lare Bechner, Katharanina Reiz phn loi vn bn theo ba chc nng chnh ca ngn ng l thng tin (Darstellung) biu hin (Ausdruck) v i thoi (Appell).Ta c s sau:

Funktion der Sparache: Darstellung - Ausdruck - Appell

(chc nng ca ngn ng)

Dimension der Sprache: - Logisch - asthetisch - dialogisch

(chiu kch ca ngn ng) (lun l) - (thm m) - (i thoi )

Texttyp - inhaltsbetont - formbetont - appeubetont

(loi hnh vn bn)

(nhn mnh vo

ni dung)

(nhn mnh vo

hnh thc)

(nhn mnh vo kh

nng giao tip)

Ngha l, theo Katharanina Reiz, khng c vic chp nhn phng php ny m bi bc l mt phng php khc. Vn chn la phng php dch l tu vo loi hnh vn bn. V d nh vn bn khoa hc (chc nng ngn ng l thng tin, chiu kch ngn ng l lun l, loi hnh bn bn nhn mnh vo ni dung c truyn t) th nn chn phng php trc - dch, dch st. Nu nh l vn bnhc (chc nng ngn ng l biu hin, gy n tng, chiu kch ngn ng l thm m, loi hnh vn bn nhn mnh vo hnh thc din t) th nn chn phng php c ng ca Milfred Larson. dch nhng cu i thoi, p phch qung co, th khng cn phng php no tt hn l phng php giao tip, nh th d "Coi chng ch d" trong tiu mc 1.4 ni trn. D nhin, li phn loi chc nng ngn ng ca Katharina Reiz s b nhiu nh ngn ng hc cho l qu s si v thiu chnh xc. V mt ny M.A.K Halliday c mt bng phn loi chc nng ngn ng chi tit hn. Roman Jakobson cng c mt kiu phn loi khc. Nhng ti s bn tip n Halliday v Jakobson trong cc phn sau.NHNG KH KHN TRONG CNG TC DCH THUT

2.1 Kh khn th nht thng gp phi l ngi dch khng nm vng c ngn ng gc (source language) ln ngn ng mc tiu hay tip nhn (target or receptor language). iu ny rt ph bin sinh vin khoa ngoi ng, nhng mt ch yu ny c th dn dn c khc phc nu c hng dn tt.Kh khn ni trn bt ngun t vic hai c cu ngn ng (Anh v Vit hay Php v Vit) qu khc nhau. Ngay c gia ting Anh v ting Php, qua bao nhiu th k giao lu vn ho, vn tn ti nhng faux amis. V d ng t Php demander khng tng ng vi demand ca Anh, m tng ng vi request.Php Anh actuel topical ventuel possibleaddition bill (trong nh hng)

Gia ting c v ting H Lan, c nhng t ging ht nhau m ngha hon ton

khc nhau.

c H Lan

Chu ng vertrangen chm li

Kho st, xem xt betrachten thc tp, thc hnh

Ngay gia ting Hn ca ngi Trung quc v ting Hn ca ngi Vit cng c s d bit trong cch hiu nhng t rt ph bin nh: an tr, t t, tiu tm, cng phu, o ..... Ngi tu gi s an tr cu cm, o ngha l i n tn y, klng.. ch khng c ngha xu nh trong ting Vit, cn tiu tm i vi h khng c ngha l hp hi, bn tin nh chng ta hiu m c ngha l cn thn.. cn ch cng phu ngy nay nu ai xem phim L Tiu Long th hiu rng ch ch c quyn cc, v thut (kungfu) ch khng lin quan g n ch cng phu ca Vit Nam c theo hc gi Nguyn Hin L, nhiu ngi Tu ch ting Hn ca c Phan Bi Chu l khng "thun", ngha l i khi c phan s dng nhng t Hn do chnh ci nho s Vit Nam t ra, ch khng phi ca ngi Trung Quc. Nhiu ngi Anh hc ting thy ch morbido li tng lm l morbid (cht chc, m m...) trong khi n c ngha l soft (mm mi, du dng). S lm ln ny k khng lm sao cho ht c. Ngi Vit chng ta hc nhiu ngoi ng cng th. Nu gii ting Php trc ri hc ting Anh sau, ngi hc thng ct ngha ting Anh theo phm tr ting Php, hay ngc li.2.2 Kh khn th hai nghim trng hn l ngi dch khng c kin thc chuyn mn cn thit v lnh vc mnh phi phin dch. y l yu t vn ho - x hi (socio - cultural factor) m chng ta thy hu nh tt c mi gio trnh dy dch u khng h quan tm n. V d nh ngy nay trong ting Anh c rt nhiu t c s dng trong i sng hng ngy xut pht t cc lnh vc khc nhau (y t, x hi hc, nhn chng, kinh t v.v..) nh:(intra - uterine device) ECG electrocardiogramGreenhouse effect, Murphy's law, IUD, ressies, blabs.

Trong thc t, nhiu ngi s cho rng khng th m m tm hiu ht mi lnh vc lm cng tc dch thut cho hon ho. Ti cng nhn rng l mt l tng bt kh thc hin, nhng nu chp nhn theo ui cng vic dch thut (k c ngn ng v phin dch), v c bit l i vi gio vin dy dch, chng ta c bn phn phi hc hi, tm ti cng nhiu cng tt v nhiu lnh vc tri thc m sinh vin quan tm. Sinh vin khng ch hc ngn ng n thun, m cn phi c b xung thm kin thc v cc ngnh khoa hc (x hi cng nh t nhin) nm vng hn ngn cnh v ng cnh ca ngn ng mnh ang hc. Trong ting Vit ngy nay c rt nhiu t mi pht xut t nhiu lnh vc khoa hckhc nhau v tr thnh ph bin nh: v m, phn cp, bc xc, hch ton, din rng, din hp, ti ch, phn cng, phn mm, quy hoch, bng n thng tin, trc chin...khi ging dy mn dch Vit - Anh, ti ngh cc gio vin nn lu tm tm hiu cc t tng ng. Khi nghin cu nh vy chng ta ng thi hiu c ci bi cnh vn ho - x hi - lch s ca nhng t .Ti xin n c mt vi v d v trng hp do thiu hiu bit chuyn mn nn a n vic dch sai. Di y l mt cu th trong v kch Romeo v Julliet ca Shakespeare.O Love ! O life ! not life, but Love in death! (Act 3, Scene 5)Trn Thin o, mt cy bt phin dch tiu thuyt Anh, Php ni ting min

Nam trc 1975, dch nh sau:i tnh yu, i cuc sng, nhng khng phi l cuc sng m l tnh yu trong ci cht.

[Tp ch Vn, c san v Albert Camus] Hiu bit th nht m Trn Thin o thiu l do khng c li nguyn tc ca Shakespeare. Cu ca b tc Paris tht ln khi pht hin Juliet cht (cht gi) ngay trc m ci . Nu hiu nh vy th c l Trn Thin o khng chia ra mt cu dch ng ngn nh trn do bm qu st vo t ng nguyn bn. Cu th trn c ngha l: "i mi tnh ca anh! i cuc sng ca anh ! Em khng cn sng na nhng vn l tnh yu ca anh trong ci cht".Hiu bit th hai m Trn Thin o thiu l s h khng nhn thy rng cu th ca Shakespeare c Albert Camus trch lm t ngay trc v kch Les Justes ca ng. Albert Camus mn cu th ni ln ch t tng gia hai nhn vt chnh ca tc phm: Chng b kt n t hnh sau v mu st nhip chnh vng thnh cng, ny cn sng tip tc u tranh cho l tng cch mng ca chng. Bn streamline cun Destination tights c dch ra " lc kt tin".Hn na ngay c khi c hiu bit chuyn mn m bt cn cng vn chia n nhng sai lm tai hi. Trn Vn Gip, mt nh Hn hc uyn thm, trong bnph lc cho bi nghin cu Le Bouddhisme en Annam ds origines au XIII sicle, khi trch v tm tt nhng on vn trong khm nh Vit S thng Gim Cng Mu lin quan n pht Gio t thi nh nh cho n cui i L Trung Hng, dch cu: "Sc thin h bc th o thch chi nhn, v c d cung nhn quan thng" sang Php vn nh sau: "L'empereur interdit aux devins, Sorciers et religieux d'entretenir des relations avec les habitants du palais" (Hong , ch L Thnh Tn, sc cm cc Tng o khng c qua li vi nhn dn trong thnh). Ngha l "cung nhn" c Trn Vn Gip hiu lm l "habitants du palais" (nhn dn trong thnh) trong khi ngay t in Hn Vit ca o Duy Anh cho bit: "cung nhn" tc l "cung n" (Gille d'honneur). Nu cm s si quan h vi cung n th hp l, ch nu cm quan h vi nhn dn th li l mt vn khc. S sai lm ca Trn Vn Gip tr thnh mt s kin lch s trong tc phm Vit Nam Pht Gio S lc ca Thch Mt Th, tc l tc giny chp bn trong Cng Mc 1Gio s Khnh Hoan, khi dch v kch

Hamlet, chuyn cu th:

To be or not be, that is the question. Ra thnh:Sng hay thi khng sng, vn l y.

Bn mi y ca Bi , Bi Phng, Bi Anh Kha (nxb Vn hc 1986, tr. 91)

cng dch nh th.

Sng hay khng nn sng , mi l vn . Ni chung cc bn dch Php, c, , Ty Ban Nha u theo chung mt khun, ngha l hiu rng to be trong cu th trn c ngha l to live hay to exist. Nhng nu chng ta nghin cu k li v kch v bi cnh tn gio ca th k 16 Anh - Cng Gio, Tin Lnh, Hoi nghi v.v.. cn phi dch cu th trn (theo phng php giao tip) nh sau: "C phi l hn ma ca cha ta hay khng , mi l vn ?"Ti gii thch iu ny rt r trong ging trnh v Shakespeare cho sinh vin

nm th t khoa Anh vn nn khng i vo chi tit y.

1 Ti liu theo L Mnh Tht, dch li my on vn trong Cng Mc v tnh trng Pht Gio thi Hu L tp san t tng s 4, nm th 5, thng 6-19722.3. Kh khn th 3 lin quan n vn phong cch hc. Nu mt bn dch Ng Tt T sang ting Anh c cng mt th ting Anh nh trong bn dch Nguyn Cng Hoan hay Nam Cao, T Hoi, th l mt s tht bi trong vic dch thut, v phong cch vn hc ca cc nh vn ni trn hon ton khc nhau. Quyn Vietnamese Literature ca Nguyn Khc Vin v Hu Ngc (Nh xut bn Red River, Hanoi) l mt v d in hnh cho li phin dch san phng ny; d l nhng nh vn, nh th c cch xa nhau my th k cng c dch bng mt loi ting Anh ging nhau. Nu xem y l mt t liu nghin cu theo quan im dch ng ngha (semantic) th c, nhng nu nhn t gc phng php giao tip v c bit l gc phong cch hc (stylistics) th r rng l mt tht bi. chnh l l do ti sao Ty phng nhng kit tc ln vn c dch i dch li nhiu ln. Kh khn ny c gc r su trong cng tc dch thut vn hc ni chung, v ngn ng vn hc cn phi c x l mt cch c bit hn cc phong cch ngn ng khc. Theo ti, c th dn dn khc phc kh khn ny nu nhng dch gi quan tm hn n cc nghin cu trong ngn ng hc hin i nh phong cch hc, vn bn hc, h thng lin kt vn bn (discocerse hay l interdiscouse), l thuyt logic ng ngha v.v.. Trc y mi ngi vn c thi phi khoa hc i vi mn phin dch, cho rng c gii ting Anh th dch ci g sang ting Anh cng c. Nhng th no l "gii ting Anh". Ngay c trong nh trng i hc, mn phin dch (translation) cng c dy mt cch cu th, v trch nhim, thng c giao cho nhng gio vin khng c chuyn mn g khc v lun lun c giao cho cc sinh vin mi c gi li trng, do quan nim l mt mn chng i hi cng sc ging dy bao nhiu. Ti quan nim rng y chnh l mt mn hc ba nht, gay go nht trong tt c cc mn ca khoa khoa ngoi ng, v n i hi ngi dy c y kh nng hiu bit v c hai ngn ng (ngn ng gc v ngn ng mc tiu), nm vng bi cnh vn ho - lch s ca vn bn c dch cng nh qun trit cc phong cch ngn ng khc nhau (phong cch hi thoi, phong cch hn lm, phong cch vn hc v.v..) l cha k nhng kin thc v ngn ng hc v l thuyt dch hin i.MT VI NGUYN TC C BN CA CNG TC DCH THUT

3.1. Trc ht cn phi dch ngha mt cch nghim tc cng tc phin dch. E. A.

Nida, bc thy trong l lun phin dch M, a ra mt nh ngha nh sau: "Dch thut l ti to li trong ngn ng tip nhn s tng ng t nhin v gn gi nht i vi thng ip ca ngn ng gc, trc ht l phng din ngha v sau l v phng din phong cch"[Translating is reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source language, first in terms of meaning and second in term of style]Theo E.A. Nida, bt c ai mun bn n khoa hc phin dch, hay ni cho chnh xc hn, bn n s m t khoa hc ca cc qu trnh trong cng tc phin dch, u phi tr li hai cu hi c bn.(1) Dch thut l mt khoa hc hay mt ngh thut?

(2) C th thc hin vic dch thut mt cch hon ho khng?

3.2. E.A.Nida tr li rng cng tc dch thut c th c m t ba cp chc

nng (functional levels):

1. Nh mt khoa hc

2. Nh mt k nng (skill) v

3. Nh mt ngh thut

"Mt s phn tch k lng chnh xc iu g xy ra trong qu trnh phin dch, c bit trong trng hp ngn ng gc v ngn ng tip nhn c cu trc ng php v ng ngha hon ton khc nhau, cho thy rng, thay v i thng t mt tp hp cc cu trc b mt sang mt tp hp khc, ngi phin dch c nng lc thc s phi qua mt qu trnh c v lng vng l phn tch, chuyn hon v phc nguyn".1[A careful anailysis os exactly what goes on in the process of translating,

especially in the case of source and receptor language having quite different

1 Sch dn, trang 79grammatical and semantic structures, has shown that, instead of going directly from one set of surface structures to another, the competent translator actually goes through a seemingly round about process of analysis, transfer, and restructuring].E.A.Nida c v mt s tng qut v qu trnh chuyn t ngn ng gc sang ngn ng tip nhn nh sau:SOURCE LANGUAGE RECEPTOR LANGUAGE (ngn ng gc) (ngn ng tip nhn)

TEXT TRANSLATION

(Vn bn) (Phin dch)

ANALYSIS RESTRUCTURING (Phn tch) (phc nguyn)

TRANSFER (chuyn hon)Ngi phin dch lm g trong khu phn tch? Cn phi phn tch:

1. Mi quan h ng php gia cc thnh t. (Grammatical relationships between constituent parts)2. ngha quy chiu ca cc n v ng ngha.

(Referential meaning of the semantic units)

3. ngha lin hi ca cc c cu ng php v cc n v ng ngha.

(Connotative values of the grammatical structures and semantic units)

3.3 V t tng ca E.A. Nida qu hm sc, c ng, ti xin din gii li nh sau: Thot nhn chng ta tng rng ngi dch i thng t cc c cu b mt ca ngn ng c dch sang c cu b mt ca ngn ng dch (m E. A . Nida gi l receptor language), v d t cu Ti c mt nh lc 7 gi chiu sang I am at home 7 p.m. Thc s l ngi dch phi tri qua t nht 3 cng on.

151. Phn tch: so snh cu trc ng php gia ting Vit v ting Anh. Cu ting Vit m ch th tng lai, hin ti hay qu kh? So snh ngha ca hai ngn ng chn ra nhng n v ngha thch hp. V d ti c mt khng phi l I have face, Nh c th l house hay home....ng thi xem xt ngha lin hi ca c cu ng php [Vit v Anh] v n v ng ngha [thng l t vng] xem vn bn gc c mt ngm no hay khng. Cu ting Vit ni trn c th l pht biu v mt s kin khch quan [Ti lun lun c mt nh vo lc 7 gi chiu]. Cng c th cu trn mang ng mi mc, ku gi [xin c n, c ng 7 gi chiu l ti c nh]. Cu trn c th c hm trch mc ...[Sao li vo gi y? ti thng c mt nh lc 7 gi chiu c m?...] Ni tm li.... c th c v s gii thch khc nhau v mt cu pht ngn bnh thng nht, nu xt theo gc ng dng hc (pragmatics).2. Chuyn ho: E.A.Nida cho rng y l cng on t phc tp nht, bi v, theo ng, cc ngn ng ch khc nhau cu trc b mt, cn rt ging nhau c cu ht nhn (The kernel structures of different languages are surprisingly similar, so that transfer may be effected with the least skewing of the content, sch dn, trang 86). vn quan trng t ra l E.A.Nida khng ra nhng tiu ch bit c ngi phin dch c hiu chng c cu ht nhn ca ngn ng gc v ngn ng tip nhn hay khng ? V c cu ht nhn l c cu ng ngha (semantic), c php (syntactic) hay ng dng (pragmatic)? E.A.Nida khng cho chng ta mt cu tr li r rng v vn ny.3. Phc nguyn: ti ch li ni dung ca thng ip cn c trn cc c cu ht nhn ca ngn ng gc. Ni mt cch n gin l tm ra cu trc thch hp trong ngn ng tip nhn dch thng ip trong ngn ng gc.3.4. Ti cho rng ng gp quan trng nht ca E.A. Nida vo l lun dch nm ch ng nhn mnh rng khi dch ni dung quy chiu ca thng ip gc (referential content of the message) chng ta khng quan tm n nhng cm t c th (precise words) hay nhng c ng (idoms). Chng ta quan tm n cc tp hpnhng thnh t (sets of componets). E.A. Nida nhn mnh "Ni cho ng, chng

ta khng dch nhng t, chng ta dch nhng b cc nt thnh t"1

[In fact, one does not really translate words, but bundles of componential features]Ngha l cc t ch l nhng cng c chuyn ch nhng thnh t ngha (componets of meaning). Do , khi dch t vn bn gc sang vn bn mc tiu, chng ta dch cc thnh t ngha cha ng trong t ch khng phi dch bn thn cc t . E.A.Nida so snh t vi nhng Vali, cn qun o bn trong Vali l cc thnh t ngha. iu ny a n h qu l iu ct yu khng phi l vali m l cc qun o bn trong. Nh vy vic dch thut ging nh vic ly qun o t va li ny b sang vali khc. iu quan trng l cc qun o c n c ni n an ton hay khng. ( ngha l khng b h hao, st m g)."iu quan trng khng phi l nhng t c th no s lm xong vic chuyn ch nhng thnh t ngha, m chnh im phi chuyn i, v mt t vng, ng nhng thnh t ngha cn phi chuyn."[What counts is not the particular words which carry the componential features, but the fact that the correct componential features are lexically transported].3.5 iu E.A.Nida va ni hon ton ph hp vi phng php giao tip hin i.Nhng cch dch ca ng ch c th p dng cho vic dch cc phong cch ngn ng khoa hc hay hn lm, ngha l thng ip ni dung quan trng hn hnh thc chuyn giao thng ip . Tuy nhin, i vi phong cch vn hc - hnh thc chuyn giao thng ip t nht cng quan trng bng hay hn ni dung c chuyn giao th l thuyt ca E.A.Nida hon ton khng ph hp. D vy, s phn tch ca ng v qu trnh dch thut lm ba giai on chnh nh c m t trn l ht sc b ch cho nhng ngi bt u lm cng tc phin dch. Peter Newmark a ra nhn xt tng quan nh sau:"Bi v nhn t ch cht khi quyt nh cch thc dch l tm quan trng ni ti ca tng n v ng ngha trong vn bn nn tuyt i a s cc vn bn i hiphi dch theo phng php giao tip l phng php ng ngha. Phn ln tc

1 Sch dn, trang 91phm khng phi l vn hc, nh bo ch, bo co, vn khoa hc k thut, s trao i th t khng mang mu sc c nhn, vn chng tuyn truyn, qung co, yn th, vn tiu chun ho tiu thuyt bnh dn - tt c l nguyn liu tiu biu thch hp cho vic dch theo phng php giao tip.Tri li, nhng li pht biu c o, trong ngn ng c th ca ngi vit hay ngi ni cng quan trng nh ni dung, cho d l vn trit hc, tn gio, chnh tr, khoa hc k thut hay vn hc, nhng pht biu nh vy cn phi c dch theo phng php ng ngha".1[Since the overrding factor in deciding now to trans-late is the intrinsic

importance of every semantic unit in the text, it follows that the vast majority of texts require communicative rather than semantic translation. Most non - literary writing, non - personal correspondence, propaganda, publicity, public noties, standarlized writing, popular fiction, comprise typical material switable for communicative translation. On the other hand, original expression, whether it is philosophical, religious, political, scientific, technical or literary, needs to be translated semantically]Tc gi c chia v d bn dch bi pht biu ca tng De Gaulle sang ting Anh

(do Spears dch nm 1966)

Nguyn tc ting Php nh sau:

"Infiniment plus que leur nombre, ce sont les chars, les avions, la tactique des Allemands qui nous font reculer. Ce sont les chars, les avions la tactique des Allemands qui ont surpris nos chefs au point de les amener l o ils en sont aujourd'hui"Dch st sang Vit ng, ta c:

[Hn c vn s lng, chnh xc xe bc thp, phi c, v chin thut ca ngi c y li chng ta. Chnh xe bc thp, phi c, v chin thut ca ngi c khin cho cc tng lnh ca chng ta b bt ng n dn h n tnh hnh hin nay]Spears dch thot sng ting Anh nh sau :

1 Peter Newmark, Approaches to Translation (1989), Prentice Hall, trang 44

18[It was the tanks, the planes and the tactics of the Germans, far more than the fact that we were out-the German tanks, planes that provided the element of surprise which brought our leaders to their present plight.Nghin cu bn dch ca Spears v so n vi bn vn gc ta thy c cht sa i : sa i v cu trc cu cng nh thm tht mt s t vng cho cu r ngha thm.V d trong cu ting Php khng c "outnumbered" "our armies", "provided the element", "present plight".Nhng E.A Nida v nhng ngi ch trng dch theo phng php giao tip s ng vi bn dch ca Spears. Ti dch li bn ting Anh ca Spears i chiu.[Chnh xe bc thp, phi c, v chin thut ca ngi c , cn quan trng hn c vic chng ta b thua km v qun s, buc qun i chng ta phi trit thoi chnh xe bc thp, phi c v chin thut ca qun c to ra mt yu t bt ng a cc tng lnh ca chng ta n tnh hung ny].Peter Newmark cng ng rng nu xt t gc do phng php giao tip th bn dch ca Spears hon ton c gi tr. Nhng theo, theo Peter Newmark, vi nhng cu pht biu quan trng, nh ca De Gaulle, ng thi mang theo tnh cht dung d (simplicity), m rn ri (rawnesand starkness) rt c th trong li ni ca v tng Php ny, ta nn dch theo phng php ng ngha l dch st, nh sau:[Far, far more than their numbers, it was the tanks, the planes and the tactics of the Germans that caused us to retreat. It was the tanks the planes and the tactics of the Germans that took our leaders by surprise and brought them to the state they are in today]3.6. Theo bn, rt kh m ni nn theo phng php no khi bt tay vo cng tc dch thut. Trong thc t dch gi thng cn nhc, tu nghi la chn theo vn cnh, cu ny nn dch thot, cu kia nn dch st, ngay trong cng on vn. V d nh c on vn sau y chng ta c cm gic nh khng phi l mt bn dch, m l mt sng tc tht s."Mt tri ang ln xung bn kia rng ni. T lu, chng ti i trong bng ti. Cht em b a tay ch cho ti nhn mt tp lu tranh bn sn i. Tp lu lng ngt: nu khng c mt ln khi mng to ln, th tng nh l nh v ch. Ln khi u hiu gn gn mu lam trong bng ti, ri vn ln vng ng trong m my tri"Nguyn tc Php vn ca Andr Gide trong tc phm La Symphonie Pastorale: "Le soleil se couchait et nous marchions depuis longtemps dans l'ombre, lorsque enfin ma jeune guide m'indiqua du doigt, flanc de coteau, une chaumire qu'on et pu croire inhabit, sans un mince filet de fume qui s'en chappait, bleuissant dans l'ombre, puis blondissant dans l'or du ciel".R rng dch gi "ti ch" li hon ton nguyn tc, k c phng din cu trc ln t vng, sa i li ngt v chm cu. C th ni y l mt on vn mang phong cch vn hc c dch theo li "chuyn ngha" (transposition) m c A.E.Nida v Peter Newmark u cao. bi Hong Hc Lu ( ca Thi Hiu) do Tn cch y gn mt th k vn l tuyt phm cha bn dch no qua mt c, thm ch i khi kch gi cn ti to ra mt "bn dch" thm su u huyn hn c chnh nguyn tc, nh trong trng hp Trc Thin dch Thin Lun (Essays in Zen buddhism) ca D. T. Suzuki.3.7. phn sau ca tc phm, do s c gi s hiu lm phng php ng ngha (semantic translation) l dch st tng ch, tng cu (literal translation), Peter Newmark phn bit hai loi dch ni da trn nhng im khc bit c bn nh sau:a. Dch theo li lin tuyn (interlinear translation)

Li ny Nabokov goi l dch t - vng hay xy dng (lexical or constructional translation). ngha c bn ca tt c cc t c dch mt cch bt chp ng cnh (context) v trt t t ca nguyn tc c gi nguyn. Mc ch chnh l hiu r cch vn hnh ca ngn ng gc hay to ra mt qu trnh tin phin dch ( pre - translation procedure) i vi mt vn bn gc phc tp.b. Dch st theo ngha en (literal translation): ngha c bn ca tt c cc t c dch mt cch phi ng cnh (out of context) nhng cu trc c php ca ngn ng mc tiu c tn trng.Nh vy s khc bit c bn, theo Peter Newmark, l phng php ng ngha tn trng ng cnh cn phng php dch st th khng. Bn dch truyn Kiu sang Php vn ca Nguyn Vn Vnh nh c nu lm v d u cun sch ny l tiu biu cho li dch st.3.8 Nh vy, k c A.E.Nida, Peter Newmark, Milfred Larson, Nabokov, vn sinh t trong cng tc phin dch vn l lt t ht c ngha ca thng ip gc. Nhng ngha c bn l g? c bao nhiu phm t ngha? L thuyt trng ng - ngha hay lgic c ng gp g trong kha cnh ny? Nu chu kh c cc tc phm ca cc nh ng ngha hc, v d nh Korzybski Ogden & Richards, Tarski, chng ta cm thy chng hiu g v hai ch " ngha". Milfred Larson cho chng ta s v vic phin dch nh sau:SOURCE LANGUAGE

(ngn ng gc)

RECEPTOR LANGUAGE

(ngn ng tip nhn)

DISCOVER THE MEANING

(Khm ph ngha)

RE - EXPRESS THE MEANING

(ti din t ngha)

MEANING

( ngha)

Theo Milfred Larson "Cc thnh t ngha c ng gi trong cc t vng nhng chng c ng gi khc nhau trong mi ngn ng (Meaning components are packaged into lexical items but they are packaged differently in one language than in another) (10) R rng y l tng ca E.A.Nida.Di y l s so snh gia ting Anh v ting Ty Ban Nha:

AnhTy Ban Nha

The boy runsEl nin corre

The motor runsEl motor functiona

The clock runsEl reloj anda

His nose runsSu nariz chorrea

Trong bn trng hp trn ting Anh c th dng mt t "run" ng gi tt c cc thnh t ngha khc nhau, nhng ting Ty Ban Nha phi dng bn t vng khc nhau cho cc thnh t ngha . Nh trong ting Vit ch c mt t "nga" cho tt c cc loi nga, nhng trong ting Hn ta c cu, bt, li, truy, ch, h, kiu v.v... trong ting Anh ta c horse, mare, stallion, colt, pony....vn phn tch cc thnh t ngha hay nt ngha (semantic features) rt quan trng trong vic dch thut v n gip ngi dch hiu tht cn k nhng ngha m mt t no hm cha. V d:a. T bachelor mang nt ngha sau: + c thn] [+ n ng] [+ hi ln tui]b. T spinster mang cc nt ngha ( + n b) ( + c thn) ( + ln tui). iu c bit l t ny c thm ngha lin hi (connotation) l ng ch bai, coi thng... trong khi t bachelor khng c ngha lin hi ny.3.9 Nh vy iu u tin khi kho st ci ngha ca mt t, chng ta nn kho st 2 phng din: phng din ng cnh v phng din phi ng cnh. Trc ht chng ta xem xt t phng din phi ng cnh. Trong phng din ny, mt t c hai kha cnh.a. Kha cnh ngha gc (denotation)

b. Kha cnh ngha lin hi ( connotation)

Ngha gc chng ta c th tra trong t in, cn ngha lin hi l nhng tnh cm, thi ca ngi ni, ngi vit tim n trong t . V d:Slender thin skinny

C 3 t ny u c ngha gc (denotation) nh nhau, nhng mi t li c ngha

lin hi khc nhau.

Slender: th hin thi chp nhn tnh cm a thch (nn dch l "mnh mai, tha tht")Thin: Th hin thi trung lp v tnh cm khch quan (nn dch l " gy, m") Skinny: th hin thi khng chp nhn v tnh cm ght b (nn dch l " m nhom, da bc xng, khng khiu").3.10 Sau chng ta t nhng t ny vo ng cnh gc xc nh ng ngha ng cnh (contextual meaning) ca chng. V d a book on mathematics l mt cun sch v ton hc, nhng a book on sale li khng phi mt cun sch v bun bn m l mt cun sch ang by bn. cng mt nt ngha " thi khng lm cng vic m mnh ng lm", tu theo ng cnh, phi c chuyn ch bng cc t vng khc nhau.V d: The king abdicated (vua thoi v) The maid gave notice (c hu xin ngh)The Minister resigned (ng b trng t chc).

Trong ting Vit chng ta c nhng danh t tp hp nh m, n, bn, ton, nhm, t v.v... phi tu ng cnh dch sang ting Anh cho chnh xc.

Mt n chim=a flock of birds

Mt n b=a drove of cows

Mt n kin=a colony of ants

Mt by c=a scholl of fish

Mt n ch=a pack of dogs

Mt ng ct=a heap of sand

Mt chng sch=a stack of books

Mt xu cha kho=a bunch of keys

Mt n heo=a herd of swine

ch m ng ting Anh c mass, crowd, throng, rabble, phi tu theo ng cnh c bin php dch thch hp. Chng ta ch c mt ting "lng bng" ch s tin mt ngi no (bt k a v no hay l ngh g) nhn c th lao cho cng sc anh ta b ra lm mt vic g . Nhng trong ting Anh ta c : the teacher' salary, the minister' stipend, the worker's wage, the doctor's fee, the writer's royalty...3.11. Milfred Larson Phn ra 3 loi ngha.

a. ngha qui chiu (Referential meaning): tc l ni dung thng tin (informative content) ngha ny c t chc thnh mt c cu ng ngha (semantic structure).b. ngha lin kt (organizational meaning)

Khi cc thnh t ngha lin kt vi nhau to ra nhng n v ln hn, chng to ra ngha lin kt trong vn bn. ngha ny khng nm trong nhng n v t vng ri rc m xut hin l do s c kt ca cc n v y thnh mt chnh th.c. ngha hon cnh (situational meaning) gn ging

ngha ng cnh (contextual meaning). Tu theo mi quan h gia ngi pht ra thng ip v ngi nhn thng ip m chng ta s gii thch thng ip theo nhiu cch khc nhau c 3 loi ngha ny c th hm n (implicit) hay tng minh (explicit).3.12. Nhng ngha ca mt t khng th tch ri khi chc nng (function) ca t .

L thuyt ngn ng ca Roman Jakobson v M.A.K. Hallday u xoay quanh vic xc lp cc chc nng c bn ca ngn ng Peter Newmark cho rng tt c mi cng tc dch thut u c hm cha mt l thuyt v ngn ng (a theory of language) trong khi Jakobson, Firth v Wanddruzska ch trng rng mt l thuyt v ngn ng phi da trn nn tng ca n l l thuyt dch. Theo Jakobson ngn ng c 3 chc nng chnh.a. Chc nng thm m (aesthetic function, m Jakobson gi l chc nng thi ca = poetic function). Mt trong nhng chc nng quan trng ca ngn ng l gy s thch th cho gic quan thng qua vic s dng m thanh, hnh tng, hay n d (metaphors), k c nhp iu, s cn i hi ho ca cu trc cu, thanh iu, ng iu v.v.. iu ny thy r nht trong thi ca v trong thi ca v trong tc phm vn hc. Nhng ng t trong ting Anh rt phong ph v hiu qu m thanh nh: race, rush, scatter, mumble, gasp, grunt, spueal, squeak, fumble... khng phi kh dch nhng kh truyn t c chc nng thm m ca chng.b. Chc nng a y (phatic function) dng duy tr cuc i thoi hn l

chuyn giao mt thng ip c th. V d trong ting Anh ta c:

- How are you?

- You know...

- Have a good time

- Well...

- Lovely to see you.

- Nasty weather, isn't it?

- Of course.

- Undoubtedly.

c. Chc nng siu ngn ng: (metalingual function)

Ngn ng c th dng ni v chnh bn thn n. V d ng php hay cc l thuyt ngn ng.Theo Bhler, ngn ng c 3 chc nng chnh;a. Chc nng din t (expressive function): tng t nh chc nng thm m

ca Jakobson.

Cc loi vn bn s dng chc nng din t:

1. Vn hc (serious imaginative literature).

2. Nhng cu pht biu uy tn (authoratative statements). Th d ca Pht Thch Ca, Jesus, hay cc danh nhn....3. Vn t thut ( autobiography).. tiu lun (essays) th t c nhn ( personnal correspondence).b. Chc nng thng tin (informative function). Ht nhn ca chc nng ny nm ngoi ngn ng. Thng ip l iu ti yu. Bc in tn l hnh thc hon ho ca loi chc nng ny . Sch gio khoa, tin tc trong bo ch cng s dng chc nng ny l chnh.c. Chc nng ku gi (Vocative function) Mc tiu ca chc nng ny nhm vo ngi nghe hay ngi c nh hng n thi ca h, tc ng h theo chiu hng ca ngi ni hay ngi vit. Vn chng tuyn truyn chnh tr ch yu l khai thc chc nng ny.3.13. Tm li, ngi dch cn hiu r chc nng ca ngn ng (ngn ng gc v ngn ng mc tiu), gi tr ng ngha ca vn bn trong mt ng cnh c th, tin ti xc lp th loi vn bn v phng n phin dch thch hp.S TM TT

BA CHC NNG NGN NG

EXPRESSIVE

(din t)

INFORMATIVE

(Thng tin)

VOCATIVE

(Ku gi)HAI PHNG PHP DCH

SEMANTIC

(Ng ngha)

COMMUNICATIVE

(Giao tip)

BA LOAI NGHA

REFERENTIAL(Qui chiu)

ORGANIZATIONAL (Lin kt)

SITUATIONAL(Hon cnh)

HAI KHA CANH NGHA T VNG

DENOTATION( Ngha gc)

ORGANIZATION(Ngha lin hi)Ngay c vn xc lp cc m hnh vn bn cng khng phi l mt chuyn n gin. Ngy nay c mt chuyn ngnh ring l ngn ng hc vn bn (Textlinguistics) Ti khng c th gi i su vo chi tit y nn ch c th gii thiu vi cc bn sinh vin tc phm Vn Bn Vi T Cch i Tng Nghin cu ca ngn ng hc ca I.R. Galperin (do Hong Lc dch) v H thng lin kt vn bn ting vit ca Trn Ngc Thm. C hai cun u do Nh xut bn Khoa hc X hi xut bn. Cn sch bng ting Anh xin cc bn xem thm mc sch tham kho cui tp gio trnh ny.3.14. Mt iu hay thng b b qua l vn phong cch hc trong vn bn gc v vn bn mc tiu. Theo hai nh ngn ng Martin Joos v Strevens c th chia ra cc loi phong cch nh sau:a. Phong cch hn lm (officialese) b. Phong cch nghim tc (official) c. Phong cch lch s (formal)d. Phong cch trung lp (neutral)

e. Phong cch gin d (informal)f. Phong cch hi thoi (Colloquial)

g. Phong cch cm k (Slang)

h. Phong cch cm k (Taboo)

V d nh nhng cu sau y din t cng mt bng nhiu phong cch khc nhau:a. Officialese: The consumption of any nutriments what so ever is categorically prohibited in this establishment. (S tiu th bt c chng loi thc phm no b tuyt i nghim cm trong c s ny.)b. Official: The consumption of nutriment is prohibited (Vic tiu th thc phm b cm).c. Formal: You are requested not to consume food in this establishment (Yu cu bn khng tiu th thc phm trong c quan ny).d. Neutral: Eating is not allowed here (cm n ung y)

e. Informal: Please don't eat here (xin ng n ung y)

f. Colloquial: You can't feed your face here (Cm khng n ung, ht sch y).g. Slang: lay off the nosh (cm tit tr c p ht g y nh)

h. Taboo: Lay off the fucking nosh (ch c p ht g y)

Vic phn chia gia cc phong cch khc nhau khng phi hon ton tuyt i, v hin ti trong mt vn bn c th c nhiu phong cch khc nhau cng mt lc. Vic phn tch v xc nh phong cch khng th tch ri vic phn tch ng ngha, tnh cch nht qun ca vn bn, chc nng ca ngn ng c s dng trong vn bn, nh ca ch nhn thng ip, mi quan h gia ngi vit v ngi c cng nh hon cnh xung quanh ca thng ip . Nhng im ny s bc l ra y hn trong chng sau khi chng ta bt tay vo vic dch nhng vn bn c th.CHNG 2

PHIN DCH CP T VNG (Translation at the lexical level)4.1. gip cho sinh vin v ngi hc thc r tnh cht a ngha ( Polysemy) ca t vng ( Anh v Vit) v lm sng t vi im l thuyt, ti thiu k nhng bi tp sau y. im l thuyt cn nh l kin ca E.A. Nida v Milfred Larson v cc thnh t ngha (meaning components) (xem li mc 3.4 v 3.8 chng1). Trin khai ra chng ta c th ni rng dch l chuyn cc thnh t ngha t mt ngn ng ny (ngn ng gc = source language) sang mt ngn ng khc ( ngn ng mc tiu = targeet language) ch khng phi chuyn cc t vng ( m Nida gi l " va li ng qun o" cn M. Larson gi l "bao b ng gi"). Nh vy mt t trong ting Anh c th phi dch bng mt t hp t trong ting Vit hay thm ch c mt cu (hay ngc li).4.2. Chuyn nhng cu sau y sang Ting Vit, c bit lu n cc t c gch

di.

1. The sky was studded with stars.

2. She was wearing a diamond - studded ring

3. The sea was studded with the sails of yachts.

4. The prince reappeared in the guise of a peddler.

5. She did that under the guise of friendship

6. Your words and actions do not always jibe.

7. The umpire's lapse of memory brought jibes from the crowd.

8. The attack made a breach in the defenses of the city.

9. Failure to doff one's cap is a breach of etiquette.

10. A good team has no place for drones.

11. The drone of motor could be head.

12. He's a boring old drone.

13. The parson droned out the psalm.

14. A horde of followers rushed into the streels.15. Hordes of buffaloes roamed the plains.

16. Autumn coler began to tinge the leave.

17. Even their happy days had a tinge of sadness.

18. His admiration was tinged with envy.

19. The coach made some scathing remarks.

20. Daddy Cameron through the accident unscathed.

21. The basement became a seething mass of flames.

22. The shop began to seethe with activity.

23. Floods make rivers turbid.

24. The turbidity of his mind is unbearable.

25. The doctor advised tepid baths.

26. The tepidness of her welcome made him angry,

27. They kept house on a very meagre income

28. The meagerness of the vegetaiton increased as we approached timberline.

29. No one likes his meagre face.

30. They always have meagre meals.

31. It was a meagre attendance at the council meeting.

32. Disease and disorder were rampant.

33. The elephants got free and went on a rampage.

34. Rich soil makes some plans too rampant.

35. They give has a fragile appearance.

36. Chineware is very fragile.

37. The new selling plan will be a test of his mettle

38. Garth was a mettlesome youth.

39. The luster of each facet was dazzling in the sunlight.

40. There was a soft luster in her eyes.

41. Not a morsel of food fell on the floor.

42. The letter brought a morsel or two of hope.

43. The French tried to incite the Indians to revolt.

44. Bribes were one means of incitement.45. Pain had distorted her face.

46. The speaker distorts the facts.

47. Do you have access to the president of the company.

48. The files are accessed every day to keep them up to date.

49. She accessed three diffenrent files to find the correct information.

50. He was made accessory to the crime.

51. That man is not accessible to argument.

52. It is a collection of pairtings not accessible to the public.

53. Tropical birds have bright plumage.

54. She is a full -plumaged girl

55. Most dogs are mongrels

56. The man is a mongrel but his wife is a thoroughbred.

57. Hunters stalk their game in the forest.

58. Dealth and disease stalked unchecked.

59. Can all lumberman wield an axe?

60. The principal wields his influence wisely.

61. Does silence imply approval?

62. The implications of his refusal are clear.

63. Milton espoused the ideals of freedom

64. His faithful spouse accompanies him everywhere.

65. The law divests criminals of the right to vote.

66. He will divest himself of all responsibilies.

67. I cannot divest myself of the idea.

68. Can you get out of the clutches of your moneylenders?

69. A drowing man will clutch at a straw.

70. Put the clutch in!

71. Pay a man back his own coin.

72. He likes to coin new phrases.

73. Several industrial shares reached new lows yesterday.

74. Buy low and sell high.75. Reporters are trying to get the low -down on the war in the Persian gulf.

76. There's no love lost between them.

77. It is not to be had for love or for money

78. What a love of a cottage!

79. Steel your heart against pity!

80. John is an enemy worthy of one's steel.

81. The horse lacks staying power.

82.I hope that the principle of equality of opportuning for men and women has come to stay.83. Mary is the stay of his old age.

84. He saw service in both world wars.

85.These old climbing - boots have seen good service on my nemerous holidays in the Alps.86. He has the car serviced regularly.

87. We are sold out of small sizes.

88. I went bankrupt and was sold up.

89. Are the workers sold on the idea of profit - sharing?

90. Victory was dearly bought.

91. He bought fame at the expense of his health and happiness.

92. She became the byword of the vilage.

93. The place was a byword for iniquity.

94. All the enemies show a clean pair of heels.

95. Famine often follows on the heds of war.

96. That is really a heaven-sent opportunity.

97. What heavenly peaches!

98. What a performance !

99. Are you salisfies with the performance of your new car ?

100. The seals performed well at the circus.

[Sau khi dch xong sinh vin v ngi hc c th i chiu vi mu cui sch].4.3. Vi im cn lu trong khi lm bi tp. Trc ht sinh vin nn thc tp n li nhng im l thuyt chng 1 khi dch nhng cu trn. V d tm hiu 3 kha cnh - ngha ca nhng t c gch di, sau xem xt chc nng ca chng, bt u dch theo phng n ng ngha hiu tht k ca cu ri chuyn sang dch theo phng php giao tip.Nh t low trong ba cu s 73,74,75. Mt hc sinh mi hc ting Anh cng bit

low c ngha l " thp" nhng ngha lin hi ca n l " thp km", mt iu:

LOW

DENOTATION

(Ngha gc) thp

CONOTATION

(Ngha lin hi) thp km

Khng phi sinh vin no cng nm c. iu ny ta thy th hin trong cc t

hp t sau:

Low price (gi h) Low wages(lng thp)

Low birth (dng di thp km) Low manners (c ch hlu, khng vn ho)

Xem xt t "low" trong cu 73 n c s dng nh mt danh t (noun) v c s nhiu. Vy l chc nng ng php (grammatical function) thay i chc nng ca c cu l chc nng thng tin (informative) v phong cch l trung lp (neutral). Nh vy c th dch theo phng php giao tip.73a: Ngy hm qua nhiu c phn chng khon cng nghip li st gi thm na.Nu dch theo phng php ng ngha ta c:

73b: Nhiu c phn chng khon cng ngh t n gi mi thp hn vo ngy

hm qua.

Xem t " low" trong cu 74 ta thy n c chc nng trng t v i st sau mt

ng t. C cu c chc nng truyn khin, ku gi v phong cch nghing vtnh ch quan ca ngi ni mang tnh cht hi thoi. Ta c th dch theo

phng php giao tip nh sau:

74a: hy mua hng vi gi thp v em bn li vi gi cao

Trong khi nu dch theo phng php ng ngha ta c:

74b: Mua thp v bn cao.

T " low" trong cu 75 li c chc nng tnh t v phi b ngha cho "down". C cu c chc nng thng tin v phong cch mang tnh cht bo ch (v "lown - down" l thut ng ca gii bo ch). Ta c th dch theo phng php giao tip nh sau: 75a: cc nh bo ang tm mi cch moi c nhng tin tc chnh xc v cuc chin ti vng Vnh.Dch theo phng php ng ngha :

75b: cc nh bo ang c gng tm kim c nhng tin tc ni b

(khng b xuyn tc) v cuc chin tranh ti vng Vnh Ba T.

4.4. Chuyn nhng cu sau y sang ting Anh, lu n nhng t c gch di.

1. Mt qu tri qu t ! Ti th lm vic nh thng mi cn c th ch

bit nm n ra .

2. Ti bit r Thnh ph H Ch Minh nh lng bn tay.

3. Anh ta b tng c nu tip tc nh cng.

4. C ta l v c ca ti.

5. N l mt a con hoang.

6. ng c lm tng (phch li) vi ti.

7. Tun lun lun bn ci mi vic cho ti.

8. a b i chp chng v pha ngi m.

9. Ch cn suy ngh mt cht cng thy c rng yu tnh ca lch s chnh l s bin i lin tc.10. Ti b ti ny thu ht t lu

11. Chnh ph Columbia tuyn chin vi bn Mafia bun ma tu.

12. Cc gio vin km cn phi c nng cp.

13. t nc ta ang phi chu ng mt s thiu thn ton din khi cn b

c nng lc v trnh .14. B con tp bt con tm.

15. i t nm ngn ra tin l.

16. Ti bit cht nh v ting Latinh.

17. Hn ta hm ca lm.

18. Mt hn ti mt khi thy bng cnh st.

19. ng c ta lm om sm ln y nh.

20. Ny .. bn t l dn xn y nh.

21.Trch nhim ca mi cng dn l theo st s pht trin x hi v chnh tr trong t nc ca mnh.22. Chng ti c lng nhng cht nh cng khng sao.

23. Tt c cc n xin u b ngm ch lnh mi.

24. Ti khng thch a.

25. iu thuc c tm thuc m.

PHN TCH

4.5. Dch t ting Vit sang ting Anh vn l mt dng thc tp hc ba i vi sinh vin ngoi ng. Do gio trnh ny tp trung hn vo khu phin dch ny.1. Lm vic nh mi = y r rng l mt hon d (simile) mang phong cch hi thoi. Do ta khng th dch ra l work very hard (y l gii thch ch khng phi dch). Mt s sinh vin dch ra gn ng l to work like a nigger nhng l do lm ln vi mt t hp t khc l to work like a horse.Nm n ra = mt t hp t va c chc nng thng tin, va c chc nng thm m v ngha lin hi rt r rng (mang tnh cht bi bc kch) nn cng phi tm mt t (hay t hp t) trong ting Anh mang cc tnh cht trn.Di y l cc t hp t quen thuc, c t " nm"

To recline=Na nm na ngi

=To be in position of rest

To roll=Nm, ngi mt cch u oi

=To rest in a lazy way

To sprawl=Nm xoi ra, dang tay dang chn

=Lie with the arms and legs loosely spread out

To wallow=Nm ln ln trong bn nh

=To roll about in mud

To lie awake=Nm thao thc

To lie on one's belly=Nm sp

To lie on one's back=Nm nga

To sleep under the

stars=Gi t nm sng

To endure the vicissiltudes offorture=Nm gai nm mt

To be down with

illness=m nm bp

To cuddle up=Nm co (trong lng ca ai)

To lie in=Nm c (sau khi sanh)

To lie at full length on

the ground=Nm sng st trn mt t

3. Tng c = c th dch l " to be fired" hay l " to be dismissed from office" nhng so snh v phong cch ta thy hai t hp t trn mang phong cch lch s (formal) v trung lp (neutral) trong khi nhm tr "tng c" mang phong cch hi thoi (colloquial).4. V c = rt nhiu sinh vin dch ra l "old wife". Nhng "old wife" l v gi

ch khng phi v c.

5. a con hoang = khng nn dch ra l "illegitimate chils" (phong cch lch s

= formal style). Cng khng phi l "bastard" (dng chi bi, nhc m trong phong cch hi thoi).6. Lm tng = phong cch hi thoi (colloquia). Sau yl mt s t c lin

quan:

Kiu cng = Arrogant, haughty

Hm hnh=Supercilious, disdainful

Lo xc=Insolent

Hng hch=Peremptory, domimeering

Oai quyn=Masterful, lordly

7. Bn ci = y trch nhim sang cho ngi khc = to shift responsibility to someone elsePhong cch ting lng (slang)8. i chp chng = phong cch hi thoi (colloquial) Hy chn la trong cc loi "i"khc nhau di y

i c nhc=To lim; hobble; halt

i do ph=To have a stroll round the town

i loch chch=To stagger; lurch; reel

i lch bch nh vt bu=To waddle

i m mm=To grope

i t t=To saunter

L bc i=To plod; trudge

i vnh vo=To swagger

i tun=To go the rounds

i lang thang=To wander; roam

9. Ch cn suy ngh mt cht tng ng vi just think for a moment nhng em t vo trong c cu li khng thch hp. Hn na, nu xt c cu, th y l phong cch han lm (academic) nn dng ng t m u cu.10. Thu ht = phong cch lch s (formal). C nhiu loi "thu ht" khc nhau. A magnet attracts steel = nam chm ht thpBright colors attracts babies = Mu sc ti sng d thu ht tr nh

Do you feel to attracted to her? = Anh c b nng thu ht khng?

He shouted to attract attention = Hn la ln thu ht s ch ( ca mi ngi). To lure someone into a trap = thu ht ai vo byThe spell of music = s thu ht ca m nhc

Fetching smile = n ci thu ht.The play is a great daw = v kch thu ht ng o ngi xem.

11. Bn bun ma tu = drug traffickers. Phong cch bo ch (Journalese) c

ngha lin hi thin v s khng chp nhn (disapproval)

12. Km = khng phi l bad hay poor. Phong cch gin d ( informal). A bad teacher thng c ngha l mt gio vin khng ng hong, nu xt v phng din phong cch hi thoi th chp nhn c. nhng c c cu ta li thy cu mng phong cch na informal na formal v c nhm t "nng cp" pha sau.nng cp c th l to improve hay to promote. Nhng trong lnh vc gio dc hc ngi Anh c mt t ring mang phong cch thut ng chuyn mn (jargon).

13. Ch " trnh " cng gy nhiu rc ri cho sinh vin by gi do cch ni ca ngi H Ni . ng l phi ni " Anh y c trnh vn ho cao" (bn thn ch trnh ch l level, mang phong cch khch quan, cn phi xc nh l trnh kin thc, trnh tip thu, trnh t duy.... v gii thch trnh ny thp hay cao na) ngi H Ni kt gn li l " Anh y c trnh ". Ti c nhn xt l ngi H Ni rt quen li ni gn ny: Anh c ci nghim nh! (nghim chnh) ci thng lo! (lo tot) Con ranh ny hn (hn lo, hn xc).

14. B con tp bt con tm = phong cch thnh ng v mang tnh cht hi thoi.

15. i ( = to change). Phong cch hi thoi.

i o=To convert (into another religion)

i tnh ly tin=To exchange love for money

Hng i hng=Barter

i ch ( ngi)=To interchange seats

Thay lng i d=To be inconstant, unfaithful

i =To change one's mind

i gi=A change of air

i i=To alter the style of living

Bin i=To transform

17. Hm ca = phong cch vn hc thng thy trong tc phm min Bc, in hnh cho li ni rt gn li (hm hnh v ca ci). C th dch l to be proud of one's nhng khng nm bt c tnh cht gn gng rn ri ca t gc.Hm hnh = insolent, arrogant

Ca ci = property, possessions, riches.

18. Ti mt = phong cch hi thoi = to grow pale, to turn pale, to blanch

Gin ti mt = to be livid with rage.

Mt ti khng cn ht mu = as white as a sheet. B ti = rare steakS ti mt = to blanch with fright

19. Lm om sm = phong cch hi thoi . C th hiu l to complain vigorously

hay to be nervously agitated. Nhng y l phong cch lch s. (formal).

20. Dn xn = phong cch ting lng (slang). Khng th dch ra l very good hay wonderful va sai va khng ng phong cch.21. Theo st = to follow hard, to close up on someone

theo ht = to keep an eye on someone.

Theo gi = to be after a petticoat Theo di = to keep track of someone. Theo phe = to take the side of someone. Theo kp = to catch up with someone. Theo trai = to elope.Theo di = (tnh hnh, thi cuc) = to keep oneself well informed on current events.22. lng nhng = phong cch ting lng tr thnh thng dng trong hi thoi m ch nhng mi quan h ngoi hn nhn ca mt ngi chng, ngi v khng ng n.chuyn lng nhng = idle talk, twaddletnh i lng nhng = to engage in grivolous love affairs (nhng y l phong cch

lch s).

23. Ngm = phong cch hi thoi. ngm ru = to macerate in alcohol Ngm th = to declaim verresNgm tm = (ngha bng) to pigeonhole (a case)

25. Thuc m = anaesthetic, chloroform, narcotic.

Nhng y l cc t y khoa (medical terms) t khi s dng trong phong cch hi thoi.4.6. Trong khi phin dch t Anh sang Vit cc sinh vin thng gp phi nhng ch rt bnh thng nhng li mang mt ni dung mi, c th l do ng cnh, c th l do yu t ng php to ra, m nu khng lu tm n sinh vin c th dch sai hoc st .V d: I used to be a student. [Ti tng l mt sinh vin] You must like her very much. [Chc l anh ta thch c ta lm] She must be playing the piano[Gi ny chc c y ang chi piano]

The Dean called a meeting yesterday

[Ngi khoa trng triu tp mt cuc hp ngy hm qua] She calls her husband names.[B ta chi ra ng chng xi x]

4.7. Chuyn nhng cu sau y sang ting Vit.

1. I shall suffer from this misfortune.

2. We shall not be disturbed here.

3. Thou shalt not steal

4. The Governor for the time being shall be Chancellor of the University.

5. Whoever commits robbery shall be punished with rigorous imprisonment for a term whith may extend to ten years ans shall also be liable to a fine.6. No student shall get credit for his attendance at lectures in the Faculty of Arts as a part of his college course, until he shall have matriculated.7. One of those privileges we hold to be this, that such writers, when they happen to fail, shall not be subjected to severe discipline but shall be gently reminded that it is high time to wake (Macaulay)4.8. CALL - CALLING - CALLS

Chuyn nhng cu sau y sang ting Vit.

1. I called at your house, but you were not in.

2. The ship is said to call at Nha Rong port.

3. The chairman called them to order.

4. What calling does this man follow?

5. He has many calls on his time.

6. The calls of justice demanded his punishment.

7. A new kind of music has been called into being.

8. Shall we call it five quid?

9. I feel called to be a doctor.

10.Do you mean to call John's bluff?

11.He has been called to the Bar.

12.Your innocence has been called into question.

13.You must take such steps as seem called for.

14.His behaviour called forth numerous protests.

15.He was so short of money that he had to call in the loans he had made.

16.I called on him to keep his promise.

17.If war breaks out, we shall be called up at once.

4.9. CLEAR

Chuyn nhng cu sau y sang ting Vit.

1. In all haste he cleard the fence without difficulty.

2. People are clearing the course

3. A judge gives orders to clear the court.

4. Clear your mind of cant (Dr. Johnson)5. At least you should clear your reputation.

6. This merchant cleared 5000 on his cotton exports.

7. The lecturer cleared his throat

8. The Prime Minister's decision cleared the air.

9. You are in the clear now

10.Please speak loud and clear

11.Stand clear of the gates of the lift !

12.you should keep clear of that follow keep.

13.The winner cleared six feet.

14.Jacl up the wheel until it clear the ground.

15.The police are after you, you'd better clear out.

16.All these hospital expenses have cleared me out

4.10. COME

Chuyn nhng cu sau y sang ting Vit.

1. The train came puffing into the station

2. The sunshine came streaming through the windows.

3. Your bill comes to 20

4. All his plans came to nothing

5. He will never come to much.

6. They came to blows.

7. John came to his senses.

8. Try to come to terms with your father-in-law.

9. Business in Ho Chi Minh city is coming into blossom

10. Dalat city came into sight.

11. That sort of thing comes naturally to her.

12. My shoe laces have come undone

13. The seam came unstitched.

14. The flap of the envelope has come unstuck.

15. Don't come the bully over me.

16. He tried to come the virtuous over me.17. That's coming it a bit strong.

18. She will be 21 come May.

19. It came about in this way.

20. I came across this old brooch in a curio shop.

21. The garden is coming along nicely.

22. The teapot just came apart in my hands.

23. The man came at me with a big stick.

24. The light switch came away from the wall.

25. He came back at the speaker with some sharp qustions.

26. If you're uninsured you're burgled, you'll have no come-back

27. The complaint will come before the United Nations Assembly next week.

28. It is not advisable to come between a man and his wife.

29. Was the money honestly come by?

30. How did you come by that cut on your wrist?

31. My rich uncle came down generously

32. What a come - down for him

33. He came down on the side of a more flexible trade policy.

34. The headmaster came down on the boy like a ton of bricks.

35. Tradesmen came down on him for prompt settlement of his accounts.

36. Her hair cames down to her waist.

37. He had come down to gegging.

38. He's had to come down to earth.

39. I had to come down with 10 to her favourite charity.

40. The number of calle coming forward for slaughter.

41. When did women's trousers come in?

42. Don't throw it away. It may come in handy one day.

43. She has come in for a forture.

44. Their handling of the case has come in for a great deal of criticison.

45. Did the proposed visit to Rome ever come off?

46. The film did not quite come off.47. Please use lipstick that does not come off on the wine glasses.

48. When we came off the gold standard...

49. Come off it ! What do you know about horseracing?

50.The car workers have come out again

51.You have came out well in that photograph.

52.A fit of dizziness came over her.

53.Don't scold the boy, he'll come round in time.

54.How did you manage to come through without even a scratch?

55.What heading does this come under?

56.He came up the hard way.

57.Your work has not come up to the required atandards.

[Sau khi dch xong v so snh vi bi dch mu, sinh vin lm tip cc bi

dch di y. Gio vin c th tu nghi la chn trong s cc cu trn cho sinh vin lm bi tp ch khng th lm ht mt lc c. vn quan trng l gip sinh vin so snh cch s dng t vng khc nhau ni ngn ng gc v ngn ng mc tiu. Mc ch th hai l thng qua vic dch sinh vin s tng vn s dng t vng - iu quan trng nht nm vng mt ngoi ng ].4.11. Chuyn nhng cu sau y sang ting Anh.

1. Ti khng th lm ho vi th trng ca ti c.

2. C ta phi h mnh xin x ti gip .

3. Ci ti xch ny nm ngn c khng ?

4. Hai v chng li m nhau ti bi.

5. Ny ... anh thch ti phi khng ?

6. Ti ng h sng kin ca anh.

7. Tr n xong l ti sch bch, chng cn xu teng.

8. C ta lun trnh xa nhng ngi c a v x hi thp hn mnh.

9. Ao ti st mt mt cc.

10.Ti phi cng hn mt trm ngn.

11.Bc tranh v ging c ta lm.

12.Hn b th trng co cho mt m gh qu.( = hn b th trng "da" cho mt trn th thm)

PHN TCH

1. Lm ho = phong cch hi thoi. Nn phn bit dung ho hay ho gii ( phong cch lch s = rormal)Ho gii = compromise, to settle a dispute

Dung ho = to conciliate, toreconcile, to attune.

2. H mnh = phong cch hi thoi = to demean oneself, to humble, to stop to doing something.5. Thch = phong cch hi thoi. Nu xt ngha c cu th thch y khng phi l challenge hay dare. Tin gi nh ca cu ni l mt hon cnh trong ( Ti s t co anh, chng hn) nhng ngi ta la khng s, (c lm i, ti thch anh y...)10. Cng = phong cch hi thoi xen vi phong cch ting lng (slang). D nhin

khng th dch ra l to make offerings ( cng ng b, thn linh, cng t)

11. Ging = phong cch hi thoi. y khng phi l to be like hay to resemble

nh cc trng hp sau y.

She resembles her mother = c y ging m.

Your daughter does not take after you in any way = Con gi ch chng ging ch

cht no.

He is a chip off the block = anh y ng l con nh tng, chng ging lng cng

ging cnh.

12. Co = da = phong cch hi thoi xen vi phong cch ting lng. Nu dch l to sclod heavily chng ta chuyn sang phong cch lch s.4.12. DRAW

Chuyn nhng cu sau y sang ting Vit:

1. You should draw a line between virtue and hypocrisy.

2. This lecture will draw a large audience

3. His pathetic story drew tears from the audience.

4. Journalisls often try to draw the responsible ministers.5. This man is so prone to draw the long bow that I do not believe what he says hill I get it corroborated.6. Draw it mild, old chap !

7. The chimney does not draw.

8. When does the draw take place?

9. The game ended in a draw.

10.The new play is a great draw

11.He seems to be slow on the draw.

12.He was not to be drawn.

13.He drew himself up to his full height.

14.He drew back from the proposal.

15.The days begin to draw on our savings.

16.We must not draw in after midsummer.

17.His face looks drawn with anxiety.

4.13. DO

Chuyn nhng cu sau y sang ting Vit:

1. Patience and perseverance will do wonders.

2. Please do the flowers .

3. Have you done your teeth?

4. This log will do for a seat.

5. Don't think I'm trying to do you.

6. Mind you do the beef well.

7. The steak was done to a turn.

8. Hard work had a great deal to do with his succers.

9. Everyone suspected he had done away with dis opponenls.

10.A good employer always does welll by good workmen.

11.He complains that he has been hard done by.

12.Do as you would be done by.

13.How will you do for water?

14.These shoes are done for.15.The horse was done in after the race

16.Tell Tom to do out the stables.

17.Th dining - room needsdoing over.

18.This dress does up at the back

19.I can't do woith him and his insolence.

20.You look as ifyou could do with a good night's sleep

21.That man could do with a shave

22.The hens haven' laid any eggs, we shall have to do without

4.14 FALL

Chuyn nhng cu sau y sang ting Vit

1. It falls to you to divide the money

2. His countenance fell.

3. He is riding for a fall.

4. His scheme fell through.

5. They fell to with a good appelite.

6. I fell to wondering where to go for my holidays.

7. He fee in with my views at once.

8. His supporters began to fall away.

9. It's always useful to have something to fall back on.

10.He has fallen on evil days.

11.The ground falls towards the river.

12.All the expenses fell on me.

13.Attendance at church has fallen off this summer.

14.The missile fell short.

15.Your work falls shout of my expectations.

16.His best jokes all fell flat.

17.The big firms are falling over themselves for the services of this young scienlist.18.When does the rent fall due?

19.She fell an easy prey to him.20.He falls for every pretty face he sees.

21.He always falls down on his promises.

22.They fell about when sir Harold slipped on the bananaa skin.

23.Don't fall behind with your rent.

24.I've fallen behind with my correspondence.

25.They fall into line with my project.

26.He has fallen out with the girl he was going to marry.

4.15. Chuyn nhng cu sau y sang ting Anh.

1. Mt hn c chy di ra

2. Ma ng ngy dng nh ko di hn.

3. Bc ngn cn di

4. iu thuc ny rt qu.

5. Thng b c v nhanh nhu y

6. Ti b i x t bc qu

7. Hn giu phn ln l nh may

8. Cc c c tranh ginh xu x nhau c chim tri tim ca hn.

9. Dm nh hn l ht c

10.Sn phm ca anh khng t tiu chun.PHN TCH

1. Chy di = phong cch hi thoi nhng cng thng c s dng trong vn hc. Sinh vin thng lng tng khi gp nhng t hp t nh " mt my mo xo..., mt c thn ra, mt mi nh a m ...v .v..."Tu ng cnh m chng ta s p dng phng php ng ngha ( semantic) hay

giao tip ( communicative) dch.

Mt my mo xo = to make a wary face Mt c thn ra = to wear a long face Mt n ra = to look foolishn khng chu c = What a fool

Mt c ra = to be at a loss

Mt trng ng = to look like a fool Mt a m = to put on a long face Mt dn my dy = to have the cheek Mt mt = to lose face.Lm mt ngu = to put a bold face. L mt ra = to show one's faceKhng dm nhn mt = to be unable to look someone in the face.

2. Ko di = phong cch lch s

Di dng = verbose, long -winded

(o) di lt tht = trailing (dress)

di li = to beat about the bush

Di lng = lazy, idle, slothful

di lng tn vi ! = you lazybones !

Ko di = to prolong, lengthen.

3. Bc ngn cn di = phong cch thnh ng (proverbial) c ngha l tiu xi qu

mc mnh kim c (to spend more than what you can get).

4. Rt = phong cch hi thoi = ko =phong cch ting lng. Rt tu thuc ku ro ro = to purr one's pipe

(thng xe) rt ln=(brakes ) to screech

(chut) rt (rc)=(mice) to squeak

Rt (nghin ) rng=to clench one's teeth.

5. Nhanh nhu = phong cch hi thoi = lanh li

Nhanh nhn=brisk, quick, vivacious

Nhanh tay=quick - handed

Nhanh tr=nimble - minded, clever.

8. Tranh ginh xu x = phong cch hi thoi thng c s dng nh phong

cch lch s v phong cch vn hc.

Tranh chp = to dispute, to contest Mi tranh chp = bone of contention Tranh cng = to vie in powerTranh u = to struggele

Tranh hng = to contest for supremacy Tranh lun = to debate, to discuss Tranh th = to take advantage ofTranh th qun chng = to win the support of the masses. Tranh tng = to engage in a lawsuit9. Dm =phong cch hi thoi. Ging nh rm i = phong cch lch s v vn

hc.

Rm i = vain, snobbish, foppish. Lm b lm tch = to put on airs.Thng rm = anob, fop

i ct rm = affected elegance.

4.16. GET

Chuyn nhng cu sau y sang ting Vit:

1. How does he get his living?

2. I don't get you.

3. She wished she could get her unmarried daughter soff her hands.

4. The medicine was horrid and she couldn't get it down.5. If the news gets out, there'll be trouble.

6. He got it into his head that I had played a trick on him.

7. He got off with only a fine.

8. The book is well got up.

9. A clever lawyer might find ways of getting round that clause.

10. No one could appreciate your got - up story.

11. How is your son getting along in school?

12. Smith is getting along in years.

13. This is your chance to get in on a good thing

14. He is a very hare man to get next to.

15. He got off on the wrong foot.

16. The radio is getting on my nerves.

17. He'd beller get on the ball if he expecls to advance in this type of work.

18. This type of business may take him a few months to get his hand in.

19. I left I couln't move another step, but after lunch I got my second wing.

20. The police had two good dues to follow and they soon got the goods on the murderer.21. He really deserved to get the gate.

22.I'll get even with him for his insulting remarks.23. Somehow the children got wind of the fact that thre was going to be ice cream for dersert.

4.17. GO

Chuyn nhng cu sau y sang ting Vit:

1. She makes a little money go a long way.

2. A little of his company goes a long way.

3. The Prime Minister's statement went a long way towards reassuring the nation.4. A poung doesn't go far nowadays.

5. That's all very well as far as it goes.

6. He went to great trouble to make his guests comfortable.7. He went purple with anger.

8. She went gret with worry.

9. Kensington went Labour at the by election.

10. All the Democracy candidates went bananas .

11. This beer has gone flat.

12. His project has gone phut.

13. She is six months gone.

14. I wish you'd stop going on about my smoking.

15. His daghter goes on the pill.

16. Jane seems to go off Peter.

17. It's a piny Peter's so gone on Jane.

18. I wonder whether this play will go over.

19. Leather pysamas were all the go last year.

20. She's been on the go all day.

21. It'll be no go to ask for a rise when you arrive so late.

4.18. GOOD

Chuyn nhng cu sau y sang ting Vit:

1. Do what seems good to you in the matter.

2. They gave us a good reception.

3. Theman is good for subscription of 50.

4. I've got rid of him for good and all.

5. The food in the besieged town is as good as done.

6. He will surely be as good as his word.

7. How's the good lady?

8. That's a good' un.

9. The matter is as good as settled.

10.We were 5 to the good.

11. I've a good mind to report you to the police.

12. The police ran after the fellow, but he made good his escape.

13. The loss is large, but the Incurance Company is bound to make it good.14. This crecditor has made good his laim, and must get his money.

4.19. Chuyn nhng cu sau y sang ting Anh.

1. B ta nh hi bit rng ng phu qun ang c mo

2. V ti c lun mm cn nhn v chuyn ti v mun.

3. Lm th th ch c nc m g?

4. K hoch ca ti th l tiu tng.

5. Chnh thng Tun n gim cho ti lc .

6. Cnh st ang truy lng mt ngi ang dng tn gi l Hng.

7. Cha ti 3 ngy hn xi lng ht c gia ti.

8. C ta c inh ninh rng khng ai bit chuyn y.

9. Mi nhn ai cng tng Tun l M, nhng tht ra hn l Vit Nam mt trm

phn trm.

10. Tn cng t nh giu l mn b ca my tn c bc bp.

4.20. Chuyn nhng cu sau y sang ting Vit.

1. It's a hard nut to crack.

2. My father is as hard as nails.

3. His grandfather is hard of hearing.

4. It will go hard with him, if we don't help him.

5. He was hard hit by great financial losses.

6. He's hard up for ideas to write a good story.

7. I don't by any means like hard boiled women.

8. The men are hard put to for a living for thenselves.DNG NGC DNG Ging vin khoa Anh Trng i hc tng hp Tp. H Ch Minh

LUYN DCH

ANH - VITPREFACE

The purpose of this book is to provide a collection of material for the study and translation of the English language in educational establishments of many kinds but all at the stage somewhere between the end of "secondary" and the beginning of "tertiary" or advanced education. As this is an anthology of advanced English, its use presupposes a certain elementary knowledge of the language on the part of the student. Moreover, having been interested mainly in the problem of translation. I have found, in practice, that even with beginners, there are no insuperable difficulties, provided the teachers has a perfect mastery of the mother tongue. It is now universally recognized that the strict application of the rules of the direct method to adult beginners is impracticable, and that, while the exclusive use of English classes is desirable, where possible, the judicious use of translation saves a great deal of time, and does no harm.The long passages of prose have been chosen from writers ancient and modern with an eye to killing a number of birds with one stone. At a pinch, these excerpts may do duty as a concise reader or anthology of English prose and may thus be used in special reference to a course in American of English literature.

DNG NGC DNG University of Ho Chi Minh City Department of English 1989PART ONE

TRANSLATION AT THE LEXICAL LEVEL

1. Experience has demonstrated that improving the students vocabulary - systematically - raises his ability and skill, gradually but surely, in all of his studies. An extensive knowledge of the exact meanings of English words, in addition to an average understanding of Vietnamese possible equivalents, will prove to be of no little service to those who are striving after a palatable translation from English to Vietnamese. Obviously, one cannot submit a well - done translation unless he knows and understands the meaning intended by each word. This is true whether the words have so many meanings that they become semantic problems or are specific in reference but relatively unfamiliar in meaning. It is difficult to see how one could even give a carefully qualified translation apart from a cultivated command of both languages and the ability to adapt them skillfully to one's purposes.2. It was in the light of these considerations and in response to a widely felt need for a course in English Vietnamese translation that these exercises were prepared. They are designed to foster flexibility in the art of translation and in the use of words as well as a larger recognition and a more precise working vocabulary. They should encourage creativeness and the use of dictionary. They should encourage creativeness and the use of dictionary without depending on it to such an extent that students become bewildered and discouraged by its complexities.

EXERCISES

A. Group I: Translate the following sentences into Vietnamese.

1. The sky was studded with stars.

2. The prince reappeared in the guise of the peddler.

3. A wisp of cloud clung to the monuntainside.

4. Your words and actions do not always jibe.

5. The attack made a breach in the defenses of the city.

6. A good team has no place for drones.7. A horde of followers rushed into the streets.

8. Autumn colors began to tinge the leaves.

9. The coach made some scathing remarks.

10.The basement became a seething mass of flames.

Group II:

1. She was wearing a diamond studded ring.

2. The robber's disguise was detected.

3. A will - of - the wisp hovered over the swamp.

4. The umpire's lapse of memory brought jibes from the crowd.

5. Failure to doff one's cap is a breach of etiquette.

6. The drone of motors could be heard.

7. Hordes of buffaloes roamed the plains.

8. Even their happy days had a tinge of sadness.

9. Daddy Cameron through the accident unscathed.

10.The shop began to seethe with activity.

TENTATIVE TRANSLATIONS Group I:1. Bu tri y nh sao.

2. V hong thn li xut hin trong lt mt g bn hng rong.

3. Mt m my l lng bn sn ni.

4. Li ni v hp ng ca anh chng i i vi nhau.

5. Cuc tn cng chc thng hng tuyn phng th ca Thnh ph.

6. Mt i tuyn tt khng th nhn nhng k lm bing.

7. Mt m bng a theo chy trn ra cc ng ph.

8. Ma thu nhum vng cc l cy.

9. Hun luyn vin a ra nhng li nhn xt gay gt.

10.Tng hm chm trong mt mn la si sc.

Group II:

1. Nng eo mt chic nhn nam kim cng.

2. Cnh st khm ph ra tung tch ca tn cp.3. Trn cnh m ly l lng nhng nh ma tri.

4. m ng reo h phn i khi thy trng ti qun bng i nh th.

5. Khng d nn ra cho l tht l.

6. Ngi ta c th nghe thy ting ng c chy u u.

7. C n tru i lang thang trn cnh ng.

8. Ngay c nhng thng ngy hnh phc ca n cng nhum mt mu sc bun thm.9. Cha thot c tai nn m khng b h hn g.

10.Ca hng bt u hot ng nhn nhp.

B. Group I:

1. Floods make rivers turbid.

2. The doctor adviced tepid baths.

3. Disease and disorder were rampant.

4. They kept house on a very meager income.

5. Chinaware is very fragile

6. The new selling plan will be a test of his mettle.

7. Few could endure the rigors of frontier life.

8. The luster of each facet was dazzling in the sunlight.

9. Not a morsel of food fell on the floor

10.The French tried to invite the Indians to revolt.

Group II:

1. The turbidity of his mind is unbearable.

2. The tepidness of her welcome made him angry.

3. The meagerness of the vegetation increased as we approache trimberline.

4. The elephants got free and went on a rampage.

5. The girl has a fragile appearance.

6. Garth was a mettlesome youth.

7. Rigor mortis sets in an hour or two after a person dier.

8. There was a soft luster in her eyes.

9. The letter brought a morsel or two of hope.10. Bribes were one means of incitement.

TENTATIVE TRANSLATIONS Group I:1. Nhng con sng b cn l lm cho c ngu.

2. Bc s khuyn nn tm nc m.

3. Bnh tt v hn lon ang lan trn.

4. H duy tr c mc sng trong gia nh nh vo mt s li tc ht sc khim tn.5. s rt d v.

6. K hoch bn hng mi ny s cho chng ta bit r v kh nng tho vt ca anh ta.7. It ai m kham ni s cc kh trong i sng bin gii.

8. Mi mt (ca vin kim cng) , khi soi ra nh mt tri, u sng lp lnh.

9. Khng h c mt mu thc n no ri vi trn sn nh.

10.Ngi Php c gng kch ng ngi da ni lon.

Group II:

1. Khng ai chu ni s tr n ca hn.

2. Anh pht cu v s tip n lnh nht ca nng.

3. Cng i n gn ba rng, (chng ti thy) cy ci cng tha tht dn i

4. L voi sng chung v ph phch lung tung.

5. C gi c mt v mt xanh xao yu ui.

6. Garth l mt chng trai ht sc hiu ng.

7. T thi cng li khong mt hai ting ng h sau khi ngi cht.

8. Mt nng long lanh mt ln nh sng du dng.

9. L th em li mt tia hy vng no .

10.Hi l l mt trong nhng cch thc xi dc ngi khc lm by.

C. Group I:

1. Pain had distorted her face

2. Dad is avowed Republican.

3. The police chief will accede to the major's request.4. Vast throngs congest the stores at Christmas time.

5. Tropical birds have bright plumage.

6. Most dogs are mongrels.

7. She was as shy as a fawn.

8. The weasel can crawl into very small places.

9. A log will smolder on the hearth for hours.

10.Hunters stalk their game in the forest.

Group II:

1. The speaker distorts the facts.

2. The candidate will make a frank avowal of his principle.

3. Do you have access to the president of the company?

4. Traffic congestion is an increasing problem.

5. That is a full - plumaged girl

6. The man is a mongrel but his wife is a thoroughbred.

7. The dog fawns upon his master when he gets home at night.

8. I don't like those who are skilled in saying weasel words.

9. There was a look of smoldering rage in his eyes.

10.Death and disease stalked unchecked.

TENTATIVE TRANSLATIONS Group I:1. Cn au lm mo m c khun mt nng. (Mt nng nhn nh nh d di v

cn au)

2. Cha tuyn b mnh l mt ng vin ng cng ho.

3. Cnh st trng s chp hnh theo li yu cu ca Ngi th trng.

4. C m ng chen ln cht cng cc ca hng vo ma Ging Sinh.

5. Cc loi chim vng nhit i thng c mt b lng mu sc rc r.

6. Phn ln ch u l ch lai ging.

7. Nng e l nh mt ch nai t

8. Con chn c th chui vo nhng ni rt cht hp.

9. Mt khc ci c th chy m hng gi trong l si.10.Nhng ngi th sn len ln n gn cc con mi trong rng.

Group II:

1. Din gi bp mo (xuyn tc) cc s kin.

2. ng c vin s phi cng b mt cch trung thc cc nguyn tc ca mnh.

3. Anh c th tip cn c vi Gim c ca cng ty khng?

4. Vn tc nghn lu thng (kt xe) ngy cng tr nn nghim trng.

5. l mt c gi lng cnh (trng thnh).

6. Thng chng thuc loi na thy na th, nhng b v th ng l con nh

gc gc hn hoi.

7. Con ch xum xoe vy ui mng ch khi ng v nh vo bui ti.

8. Ti khng a c nhng k ch gii n ni mp m (mp m nh ln con

en).

9. Trong mt hn ta tot ra mt nh la gin m .

10.Cht chc v bnh tt lan trn khng sao ngn li c.

D. Group I:

1. The teacher thought me very wayward

2. Quack doctors get rich on people who are gullible.

3. Coyness is charming if not too much pretended.

4. Germany waged ruthless warface.

5. Their boisterousness broke up the scout meting

6. Though accused of murder, the prisoner remained stolid.

7. The rifle's recoil made his shoulder sore.

8. Can all lumbermen wield an ax?

9. A big breakfast will obviate the need of stopping for lunch.

10.He is thick in the middle because he indulges too often in steak dinners and gets little exercise.Group II:

1. Waywardness in the Army leads to the guardhouse

2. Circus sideshows often exploit one's gullibility.

3. He makes no pretensions to expert knowledge of the subject.4. The wages of sin is death

5. Boisterous winds drove the ship ashore.

6. The coach keeps everybody at his best by seeming stolid.

7. My wife recoiled in horror from the body.

8. The principal wields his influence wisely.

9. The fact that he had to invoke the protection of the police is obvious.

10.He's spoiled because his parents are too indulgent.

TENTATIVE TRANSLATIONS Group I:1. Thy gio ngh rng ti l mt thng b cng u cng c.

2. Bn bc s lang bm lm giu c l nh bn bnh nhn c tin .

3. S e l rt c duyn nu ng kiu cch qu.

4. c Quc pht ng mt cuc chin tranh tn khc.

5. S n o quy ph ca chng ph hng cuc hp ca cc hng o sinh.

6. B co vn t ra lnh m khi nghe kt n phm ti st nhn.

7. Khu sng di ngc li khi bn lm vai anh au nhi.

8. Tt c cc th rng c bit s dng ru khng?

9. n sng cho y vo th khng cn phi ngh li n tra.

10.Bng hn pht bu ra v c chi mi vo mn bt tch v chng chu tp tnh th dc g c.Group II:

1. Trong qun i bt tun thng lnh s b pht giam.

2. Cc cuc biu din ca gnh xic thng l ch khai thc s d tin ca ngi xem.3. ng ta khng h cho rng mnh c nhng hiu bit chuyn mn v ti ny.

4. Ci gi phi tr cho ti li l ci cht.

5. Nhng trn gi mnh lit cun c con tu vo b.

6. Ngi hun luyn vin lm cho mi ngi phi lun lun kch ng bng cch v t ra lnh m.7. V ti kinh hong li li trc xc cht.8. Vin hiu trng bit kho s dng phm vi nh hng ca mnh.

9. Hin nhin l hn cn phi ku gi s bo v ca cnh st.

10.S d n h hng nh th l do cha m qu nung chiu.

E. Group I:

1. Does silence imply approval?

2. Slaves were accustomed to grovel before a king.

3. The number of calls will soon diminish.

4. Does his endorsement mean his active support?

5. Worry should not encumber you.

6. A summer out of doors will imbue him with vigor.

7. She seemed to be in a trance.

8. His faithful spouse accompanied him everywhere.

9. He will divest himself of all responsibilities.

10."Portal of Paradise is the title of a poem

Group II:

1. The implications of his refusal are clear.

2. He is inclined to grovel before his employer.

3. Only by undiminished effort can he win.

4. Did you endorse the check? Endorsement is necessary before it can be cashed.5. Remain, if you can, unencumbered by debt.

6. The man is imbued with patriotism

7. She was entranced with the idea of going to HaNoi

8. Milton espoused the ideals of freedom.

9. The law divests criminals of the right to vote.

10.The miners prefer portal to portal pay.TENTATIVE TRANSLATIONS Group I:1. Im lng tc l ng phi khng ?

2. Cc n l ngy xa c thi quen ph phc trc v hong .

3. S phi gim bt s ln thm ving.

4. ng nh th c phi l ng ta s tch cc ng h khng ?

5. Anh khng nn s lo lng lm nng n tm tr.

6. Ch cn mt ma h ngoi tri l ng ta s cng phng sc sng ngay.

7. B ta dng nh chm trong mt cn m.

8. Ngi v trung thnh lun c mt bn cnh ng khp mi ni.

9. Anh khng cn chu trch nhim v bt c chuyn g c.

10."Ca ng Thin ng" l ta ca mt bi th.

Group II:

1. Nhng iu hm sc khng th ni ra c ng sau li t chi ca ng ta tht r rng.2. Hn c khuynh hng t ra qu lu, khm nm trc mt ch.

3. Hn ch c th thng c bng mt n lc lin tc khng suy gim.

4. Anh c k hu vo chi phiu cha? vic k hu rt cn thit trc khi chi phiu c tr bng tin mt.5. Nu c th, anh nn trnh ng n nn chng cht.

6. Ngi n ng y trn ngp mt lng yu nc.

7. Ch cn suy ngh n vic ra H Ni l c ta sng run c ngi.

8. Milton hin trng cuc sng ca ng cho l tng t do.

9. Lut php khng cho cc ti phm hnh s c php bu c.

10.Cc cng nhn th m thch c tr lng ngay.TRANSLATION OF PARTICULAR WORDS

An exhaustive list of words that might fairly be dealt with under the above heading, would be very long indeed. We can therefore do little more than call attention to those words and meanings which have been known to present special difficulty to students in translation.A. Shall and will

These two auxiliary verbs occasion much perplexity. We shall first consider them separately, and then bring into contrast.Group I

1. I shall suffer from this misfortune.

2. We shall be left to ourselves.

3. I shall not be admitted into the Party.

4. We shall not be disturbed here.

5. I shall go home.

6. I shall have much pleasure in coming to hear his lecture.

Group II

1. Thou shall not steal.

2. Thou shall not covet.

3. Thou shall not bear false witness against thy neighbour.

4. He that knows his Master's will and does it not, shall be beaten with many stripes.5. The Governor for the time being shall be Chancellor of the University.

6. Whoever commits r