PHP Essentials - · PDF filePHP Essentials 2 © 2009 Techotopia.com PHP Essentials –...

PHP Essentials

PHP Essentials

2

© 2009 Techotopia.com

PHP Essentials – Edition 1.0

© 2009 Techotopia.com. This eBook is provided for personal use only. Unauthorized use,

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Table of Contents

Chapter 1. About PHP Essentials .............................................................................................. 10

1.1 Intended Audience ......................................................................................................... 10

Chapter 2. The History of PHP .................................................................................................. 11

2.1 The Creation of PHP ....................................................................................................... 11

2.2 PHP 3 Hits the Big Time .................................................................................................. 11

2.3 PHP 4 - Optimization, Scalabilty and More .................................................................... 12

2.4 PHP 5 - Object Orientation, Error Handling and XML .................................................... 12

2.5 How Popular is PHP? ...................................................................................................... 13

Chapter 3. An Overview of PHP ................................................................................................ 14

3.1 What Exactly is PHP? ...................................................................................................... 14

3.2 How Does PHP Work? .................................................................................................... 14

3.3 Why is PHP so Useful? .................................................................................................... 16

3.4 Summary ........................................................................................................................ 17

Chapter 4. Creating a Simple PHP Script .................................................................................. 18

4.1 The PHP Code Delimiters ............................................................................................... 18

4.2 Testing the PHP Installation ........................................................................................... 18

4.3 Emdedding PHP into an HTML File ................................................................................. 19

4.4 Embedding HTML into a PHP Script ............................................................................... 20

4.5 Summary ........................................................................................................................ 21

Chapter 5. Commenting PHP Code ........................................................................................... 22

5.1 PHP Single Line Comments............................................................................................. 22

5.2 PHP Multi-line Comments .............................................................................................. 23

Summary .............................................................................................................................. 24

Chapter 6. An Introduction to PHP Variables ........................................................................... 25

6.1 Naming and Creating a Variable in PHP ......................................................................... 25

6.2 Assigning a Value to a PHP Variable ............................................................................... 26

6.3 Accessing PHP Variable Values ....................................................................................... 26

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6.4 Changing the Type of a PHP Variable ............................................................................. 28

6.5 Checking Whether a Variable is Set ............................................................................... 28

Chapter 7. Understanding PHP Variable Types ........................................................................ 30

7.1 The PHP Integer Variable Type ....................................................................................... 30

7.2 The PHP Float Variable Type .......................................................................................... 30

7.3 The PHP Boolean Variable Type ..................................................................................... 31

7.4 The PHP String Variable .................................................................................................. 31

7.5 Extracting and Writing String Fragments ....................................................................... 32

7.6 Creating PHP heredoc Strings ........................................................................................ 33

Chapter 8. PHP Constants ......................................................................................................... 34

8.1 Defining a PHP Constant ................................................................................................ 34

8.2 Checking if a PHP Constant is Defined ........................................................................... 35

8.3 Using a Variable as a Constant Name ............................................................................ 35

8.4 Predefined PHP Constants ............................................................................................. 36

8.4.1 PHP Script and Environment Related Constants .................................................... 37

8.4.2 PHP Mathematical Constants ................................................................................. 37

Chapter 9. PHP Operators......................................................................................................... 39

9.1 PHP Assignment Operators ............................................................................................ 39

9.2 PHP Arithmetic Operators .............................................................................................. 40

9.3 PHP Comparison Operators ........................................................................................... 41

9.4 PHP Logical Operators .................................................................................................... 42

9.5 PHP Increment and Decrement Operators .................................................................... 44

9.6 PHP String Concatenation Operator .............................................................................. 45

9.7 Concatenation of Numbers and Strings in PHP .............................................................. 45

9.8 PHP Execution Operator - Executing Server Side Commands........................................ 46

Chapter 10. PHP Flow Control and Looping ............................................................................... 48

10.1 PHP Conditional Statements .......................................................................................... 48

10.1.1 The PHP if Statement .............................................................................................. 49

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10.1.2 The PHP if ... else Statements ................................................................................. 50

10.2 PHP Looping Statements ................................................................................................ 51

10.2.1 PHP for loops ........................................................................................................... 51

10.3 PHP while loops .............................................................................................................. 53

10.3.1 PHP do ... while loops .............................................................................................. 54

10.4 PHP switch Statements .................................................................................................. 55

10.5 Breaking a Loop .............................................................................................................. 58

10.5.1 Breaking Out of Nested Loops ................................................................................ 58

10.6 Skipping Statements in Current Loop Iteration ............................................................. 59

Chapter 11. PHP Functions ......................................................................................................... 60

11.1 What is a PHP Function? ................................................................................................ 60

11.2 How to Write a PHP Function ........................................................................................ 60

11.3 Returning a Value from a PHP Function ......................................................................... 61

11.4 Passing Parameters to a PHP Function .......................................................................... 61

11.5 Calling PHP Functions ..................................................................................................... 62

11.6 Passing Parameters by Reference .................................................................................. 62

11.7 Returning Values by Reference ...................................................................................... 64

11.8 Functions and Variable Scope ........................................................................................ 64

Chapter 12. PHP Arrays ............................................................................................................... 67

12.1 Create a PHP Array ......................................................................................................... 67

12.2 Accessing Elements in a PHP Array ................................................................................ 68

12.3 Creating an Associative Array ........................................................................................ 68

12.4 Accessing Elements of an Associative Array .................................................................. 68

12.5 Creating Multidimensional PHP Arrays .......................................................................... 69

12.6 Accessing Elements in a Multidimensional PHP Array ................................................... 69

12.7 Using PHP Array Pointers ............................................................................................... 70

12.8 Changing, Adding and Removing PHP Array Elements .................................................. 71

12.9 Looping through PHP Array Elements ............................................................................ 72

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12.10 Replacing Sections of an Array ................................................................................... 73

12.11 Sorting a PHP Array..................................................................................................... 74

12.12 Sorting Associative Arrays .......................................................................................... 74

12.13 Getting Information About PHP Arrays & other Array Functions .............................. 74

12.14 Summary ..................................................................................................................... 75

Chapter 13. Working with Strings and Text in PHP .................................................................... 76

13.1 Converting to and from ASCII Values ............................................................................. 77

13.2 Printing Formatted Strings in PHP .................................................................................. 78

13.2.1 PHP printf Formatting Specifiers ............................................................................ 78

13.3 Finding the Length of a PHP String ................................................................................. 80

13.4 Converting a String into a PHP Array ............................................................................. 81

13.5 Removing Leading and Trailing Whitespace from a PHP String ..................................... 82

13.6 Comparing Strings in PHP ............................................................................................... 82

13.6.1 String Comparison Functions Return Value ............................................................ 83

13.7 Accessing and Modifying Characters in String ............................................................... 83

13.8 Searching for Characters and Substrings in a PHP String ............................................... 84

13.9 Extracting and Replacing Substrings in PHP ................................................................... 84

13.10 Replacing All Instances of a Word in a PHP String ..................................................... 85

Chapter 14. PHP, Filesystems and File I/O .................................................................................. 87

14.1 Opening and Creating Files in PHP ................................................................................. 87

14.2 Closing Files in PHP ......................................................................................................... 87

14.3 Writing to a File using PHP ............................................................................................. 88

14.4 Reading From a File using PHP ....................................................................................... 89

14.5 Checking Whether a File Exists ...................................................................................... 90

14.6 Moving, Copying and Deleting Files with PHP ............................................................... 90

14.7 Accessing File Attributes ................................................................................................ 90

14.8 PHP Output Buffering ..................................................................................................... 92

Chapter 15. Working with Directories in PHP ............................................................................ 93

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15.1 Creating Directories in PHP ............................................................................................ 93

15.2 Deleting a Directory ....................................................................................................... 93

15.3 Finding and Changing the Current Working Directory ................................................... 93

15.4 Listing Files in a Directory ............................................................................................... 94

Chapter 16. An Overview of HTML Forms .................................................................................. 95

16.1 Creating HTML Forms ..................................................................................................... 95

16.2 HTML Text Object ........................................................................................................... 96

16.3 HTML TextArea Object ................................................................................................... 97

16.4 The HTML Button Object ................................................................................................ 97

16.5 HTML Check Boxes ......................................................................................................... 99

16.6 HTML Radio Buttons....................................................................................................... 99

16.7 HTML Drop-down / Select Object ................................................................................ 101

16.8 HTML Password Object ................................................................................................ 102

16.9 Summary ...................................................................................................................... 103

Chapter 17. PHP and HTML Forms ........................................................................................... 104

17.1 Creating the Form ........................................................................................................ 104

17.2 Processing Form Data Using PHP ................................................................................. 105

17.3 Processing Multiple Selections with PHP ..................................................................... 107

17.4 Summary ...................................................................................................................... 108

Chapter 18. PHP and Cookies - Creating, Reading and Writing ................................................ 109

18.1 The Difference Between Cookies and PHP Sessions .................................................... 109

18.2 The Structure of a Cookie ............................................................................................. 110

18.2.1 Cookie Name / Value Pair ..................................................................................... 110

18.2.2 Cookie Expiration Setting ...................................................................................... 110

18.2.3 Cookie path Setting ............................................................................................... 110

18.2.4 Cookie domain Setting .......................................................................................... 110

18.2.5 Cookie Security Setting ......................................................................................... 111

18.3 Creating a Cookie in PHP .............................................................................................. 111

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18.4 Reading a Cookie in PHP .............................................................................................. 111

18.5 Deleting a Cookie ......................................................................................................... 112

Chapter 19. Understanding PHP Sessions ................................................................................ 113

19.1 What is a PHP Session? ................................................................................................ 113

19.2 Creating a PHP Session ................................................................................................. 113

19.3 Creating and Reading PHP Session Variables ............................................................... 114

19.4 Writing PHP Session Data to a File ............................................................................... 115

19.5 Reading a Saved PHP Session ....................................................................................... 116

Chapter 20. PHP Object Oriented Programming ...................................................................... 117

20.1 What is an Object? ....................................................................................................... 117

20.2 What is a Class? ............................................................................................................ 117

20.3 How is an Object Created from a Class? ...................................................................... 117

20.4 What is sub-classing? ................................................................................................... 117

20.5 Defining a PHP Class ..................................................................................................... 118

20.6 PHP Class Constructors and Destructors ...................................................................... 118

20.7 Creating Members in a PHP Class ................................................................................ 119

20.8 Defining and Calling Methods ...................................................................................... 120

20.9 Subclassing in PHP ........................................................................................................ 123

20.10 PHP Object Serialization ........................................................................................... 125

20.11 Getting Information about a PHP Object ................................................................. 127

Chapter 21. Using PHP with MySQL ......................................................................................... 128

21.1 Creating a MySQL User Account .................................................................................. 128

21.2 Creating and Select MySQL Database .......................................................................... 129

21.3 Creating a MySQL Database Table ............................................................................... 130

21.4 Inserting Data into a MySQL Database Table ............................................................... 130

21.5 Connecting with PHP to a MySQL Server ..................................................................... 131

21.6 Selecting Records from a MySQL Database Using PHP ................................................ 132

21.7 Adding Records to MySQL Database using PHP ........................................................... 133

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21.8 Modifying and Deleting MySQL Records using PHP..................................................... 135

21.9 Using PHP to get Information about a MySQL Database ............................................. 135

21.10 Summary ................................................................................................................... 136

Chapter 22. PHP and SQLite...................................................................................................... 138

22.1 Creating an SQLite Database with PHP ........................................................................ 138

22.2 Using PHP to Add Records to an SQLite Database ....................................................... 139

22.3 Using PHP to Select Records from an SQLite Database ............................................... 139

22.4 Summary ...................................................................................................................... 141

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Chapter 1. About PHP Essentials

Any attempt to gauge the popularity of PHP on the internet results in statistics which prove

difficult for the human mind to comprehend. As of April 2007 there were an estimated 20

million unique web domains actively using PHP to generate and deliver content. While it is hard

to conceptualize 20 million web servers using PHP, it is not hard to infer from this number that

PHP has taken the web design and development community by storm since humble beginnings

in 1995.

The purpose of this book is bring the power and ease of use of PHP to anyone with a desire to

learn PHP, and in doing so, join the tens of thousands of web developers who have already

discovered the flexibility and productivity that comes with using PHP.

The book is intended to cover all aspects of PHP. It begins by covering the history of PHP before

providing a high level overview of how PHP works and why it is so useful to web developers. It

then moves on to cover each area of PHP in detail, from the basics of the scripting language

through to object oriented programming, file and file system handling and MySQL and SQLite

database access. In addition, chapters are also provided covering the creation and handling of

HTML based forms and maintaining state using cookies and PHP sessions. All topics are

accompanied by extensive real world examples intended to bring theory to life.

1.1 Intended Audience

It is anticipated that the typical reader already has some web based experience at least in terms

of understanding the concepts of a web server and creating HTML based content. While prior

programming and scripting experience will be beneficial to the reader, this book is designed

such that even the non-programmer can quickly get up to speed with PHP.

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Chapter 2. The History of PHP

Every once in a while a person faces a particular problem or requirement to which there

appears to be no existing solution. Faced with this problem the person decides to create a

solution to provide the needed functionality.

Having developed the solution to their problem it then occurs to them that others may need to

solve the same problem, and they decide to make their solution freely available to others who,

in turn, can use and improve on it. Within a short period of time many people adopt the

technology and work on it, adding new features they feel will be useful. The solution soon

grows beyond expectations in terms of features and is adopted by more people than the

original creator could ever have imagined.

The history of PHP is just such a story.

2.1 The Creation of PHP

The first version of what came to be known as PHP was created in 1995 by a man named

Rasmus Lerdof. Rasmus, now an engineer at Yahoo!, needed something to make it easier to

create content on his web site, something that would work well with HTML, yet give him power

and flexibility beyond what HTML could offer him. Essentially, what he needed was an easy way

to write scripts that would run on his web server both to create content, and handle data being

passed back to the server from the web browser. Using the Perl language, he created some

technology that gave him what he needed and decided to call this technology "Personal Home

Page/Forms Interpreter". The technology provided a convenient way to process web forms and

create content.

The name "Personal Home Page/Forms Interpreter" was later shortened to PHP/FI and

eventually renamed to represent "PHP: Hypertext Preprocessor". The name is said to be

recursive because the full name also includes the acronym "PHP" - an odd geeky joke that is

common in technology circles when people have trouble naming things. GNU is another

recursive name that represents "GNU's Not Unix".

PHP/FI version 1.0 was never really used outside of Rasmus' own web site. With the

introduction of PHP/FI 2.0 this began to change. When PHP 3 was released in 1997, adoption of

PHP exploded beyond all belief.

2.2 PHP 3 Hits the Big Time

By the time 1997 arrived the number of web sites on the internet was growing exponentially

and most of these web sites were being implemented using the Apache web server. It was

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around this time that Andy Gutmans and Zeev Suraski launched the PHP 3 project, a project

designed to take PHP to the next level. One of the key achievements of the PHP 3 project was

to implement PHP as a robust Apache Module.

PHP 3 was implemented using a modular approach that made it easy for others to extend

functionality, and also introduced the first elements of object-orientation that would continue

to evolve through subsequent releases.

The combination of PHP 3 and Apache quickly lead to the widespread adoption of PHP, and it is

commonly estimated that, at its peak adoption level, PHP3 was used to power over 10% of all

web sites on the internet.

2.3 PHP 4 - Optimization, Scalability and More

With PHP 4 Andi Gutmans and Zeev Suraski once again re-architected PHP from the ground up.

PHP 4 was built upon a piece of technology called the Zend Engine. The move to the Zend

Engine brought about a number of key improvements in PHP:

Support for other web servers (Microsoft's Internet Information Server (IIS) being of particular significance).

Improved memory handling to avoid memory leaks (one of the most difficult types of problems to isolate in a program).

Improved efficiency and performance to support large scale, complex, mission critical enterprise application development using PHP.

In addition PHP 4 also built on the earlier Object Oriented Programming features of PHP 3 with

the introduction of classes.

2.4 PHP 5 - Object Orientation, Error Handling and XML

The main, though far from only, feature of PHP 5 is the improved support for Object Oriented

Programming (OOP). In addition, PHP 5 introduced some features common in other languages

such as Java like try/catch error and exception handling.

PHP 5 also introduced new extensions aimed at easing the storage and manipulation of data.

Significant new features include SimpleXML for handling XML documents, and SQLite, an

embedded basic and easy to use database interface.

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2.5 How Popular is PHP?

A quick review of some statistics gives a very clear indication of the phenomenally widespread

use of PHP. A company called Netcraft specializes in recording data about the types of web

servers and web server modules that are used on the internet. As of April 2007 Netcraft

reported that PHP was used on over 20,000,000 distinct web domains.

A web survey by SecuritySpace also lists PHP as the most widely deployed Apache module. It is

safe to say that PHP has taken the internet by storm.

As if that wasn't enough one of the world’s most popular web sites, Wikipedia, is build primarily

using PHP.

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Chapter 3. An Overview of PHP

Having covered the history of PHP in the previous chapter it is now time to provide some detail

as to what PHP actually is. In this chapter we will take a high level look at PHP and provide a

basic understanding of what it is, what is does and how it does it.

3.1 What Exactly is PHP?

PHP is an intuitive, server side scripting language. Like any other scripting language it allows

developers to build logic into the creation of web page content and handle data returned from

a web browser. PHP also contains a number of extensions that make it easy to interact with

databases, extracting data to be displayed on a web page and storing information entered by a

web site visitor back into the database.

PHP consists of a scripting language and an interpreter. Like other scripting languages, PHP

enables web developers to define the behavior and logic they need in a web page. These scripts

are embedded into the HTML documents that are served by the web server. The interpreter

takes the form of a module that integrates into the web server, converting the scripts into

commands the computer then executes to achieve the results defined in the script by the web

developer.

3.2 How Does PHP Work?

To develop an understanding of how PHP works it is helpful to first explore what happens when

a web page is served to a user's browser.

When a user visits a web site or clicks on a link on a page the browser sends a request to the

web server hosting the site asking for a copy of the web page. The web server receives the

request, finds the corresponding web page file on the file system and sends it back, over the

internet, to the user's browser.

Typically the web server doesn't pay any attention to the content of the file it has just

transmitted to the web browser. As far as the web server is concerned the web browser

understands the content of the web page file and knows how to interpret and render it so that

it appears as the web designer intended.

Now let's consider what kind of web page content a web browser understands. These days a

web page is likely to consist of HTML, XHTML and JavaScript. The web browser contains code

that tells it what to do with these types of content. For example, it understands the structure

HTML in terms of rendering the page and it has a JavaScript interpreter built in that knows how

to execute the instructions in a JavaScript script. A web browser, however, knows absolutely

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nothing about any PHP script that may be embedded in an HTML document. If a browser was

served a web page containing PHP it would not know how to interpret that code.

Given that a web browser knows nothing about PHP in a web page, then clearly something has

to be done with any PHP script in the page before it reaches the browser. This is where the PHP

pre-processing module comes in. The PHP module is, as mentioned previously, integrated into

the web server. The module tells the web server that when a page is to be served which

contains PHP script (identified by special markers) that it is to pass that script to the PHP pre-

processing module and wait for the PHP module to send it some content to replace that script

fragment. The PHP processing module understands PHP, executes the PHP script written by the

web developer and, based on the script instructions, creates output that the browser will

understand. The web server substitutes the content provided by the PHP pre-processor module

in place of the PHP script in the web page and sends it to the browser where it is rendered for

the user to view.

To help understand this concept let's take a quick look at a before and after scenario. The

following HTML contains some PHP script that is designed to output an HTML paragraph tag:

<html>

<head>

<title>A PHP Example</title>

</head>

<body>

<?php

echo '<p>This line of HTML was generated by a PHP script embedded into

an HTML document</p>';

?>

</body>

</html>

The above example looks very much like standard HTML until you reach the part surrounded by

<?php and ?>. These are markers that designate where the embedded PHP script begins and

ends. When the web server finds this it sends it to the PHP module. The PHP module interprets

it, converts it to HTML and sends it back to the web server. The web server, in turn, sends the

following to the browser:

<html>

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<head>

<title>A PHP Example</title>

</head>

<body>

<p>This line of HTML was generated by a PHP script embedded into an HTML

document</p>

</body>

</html>

Once loaded into the browser, it is rendered just like any other web page. The fact that the web

page originally contained PHP is completely transparent to the web browser.

The above example is certainly an oversimplification of the power of PHP. Some may question

why one would use PHP to output some static text that could have been achieved more easily

using an HTML tag. The fact is, however, HTML only makes sense if you know beforehand

exactly what needs to be displayed in the web page. Imagine instead, that you are developing

an online banking application. One of the pages you need to display must contain the

customer's bank account number combined with the current balance. Obviously this

information is going to be different for each customer. In this scenario you would develop an

HTML page that essentially serves as a template for the page, and then embed PHP into the

page to extract the account and balance information from a database. Once processed by the

PHP module integrated into the web server, this customer specific content will then appear in

the HTML page in place of the PHP script when the page is loaded into the browser.

3.3 Why is PHP so Useful?

In terms of web page content we have two extremes. At one extreme we have HTML which is

completely static. There is very little that can be done with HTML to create dynamic content in

a web page. At the other extreme we have scripting languages like JavaScript. JavaScript

provides a powerful mechanism for creating interactive and dynamic web pages.

When talking about JavaScript it is important to understand that it is, by design, a client side

scripting language. By this we mean that the script gets executed inside the user's browser and

not on the web server on which the web page originated. Whilst this is fine for many situations

it is often the case that by the time a script reaches the browser it is then either too late, or

inefficient, to do what is needed. A prime example of this involves displaying a web page which

contains some data from a database table. Since the database resides on a server (either the

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same physical server which runs the web server or on the same network as the web server

connected by a high speed fiber network connection) it makes sense for any script that needs

to extract data from the database to be executed on the server, rather than waiting until it

reaches the browser. It is for this kind of task that PHP is perfectly suited. It is also fast and

efficient (because the script is executed on the server it gets to take advantage of multi-

processing, large scale memory and other such enterprise level hardware features.

In addition to the advantages of being a server side scripting language PHP is easy to learn and

use. The fact that PHP works seamlessly with HTML makes it accessible to a broad community

of web designers.

Perhaps one of the most significant advantages of PHP to some is the ease with which it

interacts with the MySQL database to retrieve and store data.

3.4 Summary

In summary, PHP has many advantages, and those listed here are just some of the reasons for

the success of PHP. Many people will offer their own reasons for using PHP - and this fact alone

is testament to the power and flexibility of PHP.

Now that we know a little about the history of PHP and have an overview of how it works we

can start looking at how to develop PHP based web sites, beginning with creating a simple PHP

script.

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