Photosynthesis 1 ! Exam booklet 2 3 4567 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 !
-
Upload
anis-holmes -
Category
Documents
-
view
226 -
download
2
Transcript of Photosynthesis 1 ! Exam booklet 2 3 4567 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 !
![Page 1: Photosynthesis 1 ! Exam booklet 2 3 4567 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 !](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649d015503460f949d3c7c/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Photosynthesis
1 !
Exam booklet
2 3 4 5 6 78 9 1011121314!
![Page 2: Photosynthesis 1 ! Exam booklet 2 3 4567 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 !](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649d015503460f949d3c7c/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Water is split into oxygenAnd hydrogen/ hydrogen ionsLight energy raises electrons to higher energy levelElectrons received by photosystem II
![Page 3: Photosynthesis 1 ! Exam booklet 2 3 4567 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 !](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649d015503460f949d3c7c/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
ATPProvides energy
Reduced NADP/ NADPHReduces GP/ passes H to GP
![Page 4: Photosynthesis 1 ! Exam booklet 2 3 4567 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 !](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649d015503460f949d3c7c/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Electrons in chlorophyll/ photosystems are raised to higher energy level by lightElectrons pass along transfer chain
The energy is used to make ATP from ADP and PiElectrons (and H+) reduce NADPH+come from photolysis
![Page 5: Photosynthesis 1 ! Exam booklet 2 3 4567 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 !](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649d015503460f949d3c7c/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
They are used in the light independent stage/ Calvin cycleTo convert GP to TP
The reduced NADP supplies hydrogen atomsThe ATP supplies energy
![Page 6: Photosynthesis 1 ! Exam booklet 2 3 4567 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 !](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649d015503460f949d3c7c/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Reduced by electronsFrom photolysis / chlorophyll
![Page 7: Photosynthesis 1 ! Exam booklet 2 3 4567 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 !](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649d015503460f949d3c7c/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
![Page 8: Photosynthesis 1 ! Exam booklet 2 3 4567 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 !](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649d015503460f949d3c7c/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
RuBP reacts with carbon dioxide to form 2 molecules of GP
![Page 9: Photosynthesis 1 ! Exam booklet 2 3 4567 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 !](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649d015503460f949d3c7c/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Less is used to combine with carbon dioxide /Less used to form GP
![Page 10: Photosynthesis 1 ! Exam booklet 2 3 4567 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 !](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649d015503460f949d3c7c/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Carbon dioxide is used in photosynthesis /Will allow detection of products
![Page 11: Photosynthesis 1 ! Exam booklet 2 3 4567 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 !](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649d015503460f949d3c7c/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
ATP and reduced NADP are not producedGP is not being used to form RuBP
![Page 12: Photosynthesis 1 ! Exam booklet 2 3 4567 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 !](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649d015503460f949d3c7c/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Used in respiration/ formation of starch/ cellulose
![Page 13: Photosynthesis 1 ! Exam booklet 2 3 4567 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 !](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649d015503460f949d3c7c/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
![Page 14: Photosynthesis 1 ! Exam booklet 2 3 4567 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 !](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649d015503460f949d3c7c/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Original / 100% reading – light meter reading
![Page 15: Photosynthesis 1 ! Exam booklet 2 3 4567 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 !](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649d015503460f949d3c7c/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Oxygen produced / change in oxygen concentration in unit time
![Page 16: Photosynthesis 1 ! Exam booklet 2 3 4567 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 !](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649d015503460f949d3c7c/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Oxygen is produced in light dependent reactionLight energy absorbed by chlorophyll/ excites electronsElectrons leave the chlorophyllPhotolysis of water occursElectrons replaced in chlorophyll
![Page 17: Photosynthesis 1 ! Exam booklet 2 3 4567 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 !](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649d015503460f949d3c7c/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
![Page 18: Photosynthesis 1 ! Exam booklet 2 3 4567 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 !](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649d015503460f949d3c7c/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Red light leads to more photosynthesis / more oxygen produced with red light (compared to green light)
More red light absorbed (by chlorophyll)(Most) green light reflectedBacteria need oxygen to respire
![Page 19: Photosynthesis 1 ! Exam booklet 2 3 4567 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 !](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649d015503460f949d3c7c/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Water is split using light energyIt provides electrons/ hydrogen ionsReplaces the electrons lost by chlorophyllProvides hydrogen ions for ATP production
![Page 20: Photosynthesis 1 ! Exam booklet 2 3 4567 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 !](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649d015503460f949d3c7c/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
![Page 21: Photosynthesis 1 ! Exam booklet 2 3 4567 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 !](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649d015503460f949d3c7c/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
It binds to chlorophyll moleculesPrevents the release/ absorption of electronsStops the movement of electrons down the first transport chainSo the breakdown of water reduces
![Page 22: Photosynthesis 1 ! Exam booklet 2 3 4567 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 !](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649d015503460f949d3c7c/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Less ATP producedFor the Calvin cycle/ light independent reactionSo less sugar produced for respirationRate of reaction becomes greater than the rate of photosynthesis
![Page 23: Photosynthesis 1 ! Exam booklet 2 3 4567 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 !](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649d015503460f949d3c7c/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Reduced NADP/ NADPH
![Page 24: Photosynthesis 1 ! Exam booklet 2 3 4567 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 !](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649d015503460f949d3c7c/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
2
![Page 25: Photosynthesis 1 ! Exam booklet 2 3 4567 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 !](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649d015503460f949d3c7c/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Less GP formed
So less TP
Less RuBP regenerated/ made
Less CO2 taken up
![Page 26: Photosynthesis 1 ! Exam booklet 2 3 4567 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 !](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649d015503460f949d3c7c/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
![Page 27: Photosynthesis 1 ! Exam booklet 2 3 4567 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 !](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649d015503460f949d3c7c/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
High levels of oxygen reduce the rate of photosynthesis, effect greater at higher temperaturesHigher concentration means more effective competitor/ more RuBP reacts with oxygen
![Page 28: Photosynthesis 1 ! Exam booklet 2 3 4567 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 !](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649d015503460f949d3c7c/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
ATPReduced NADP / NADPH
O2 produced / CO2 taken up
To ensure a high rate of photosynthesis/ so that neither factor is limiting
![Page 29: Photosynthesis 1 ! Exam booklet 2 3 4567 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 !](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649d015503460f949d3c7c/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
More photosynthesis when the dark period increased from 3 to 17ms
Even though amount of light is the same
![Page 30: Photosynthesis 1 ! Exam booklet 2 3 4567 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 !](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649d015503460f949d3c7c/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Products made in the light dependent system have been used up (in 17ms)
![Page 31: Photosynthesis 1 ! Exam booklet 2 3 4567 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 !](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649d015503460f949d3c7c/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
![Page 32: Photosynthesis 1 ! Exam booklet 2 3 4567 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 !](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649d015503460f949d3c7c/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Few/no trees already presentSpecies X has high rate of photosynthesis at high light intensitiesSpecies X trees grow fastest at high light intensities X will outcompete Y/Z
![Page 33: Photosynthesis 1 ! Exam booklet 2 3 4567 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 !](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649d015503460f949d3c7c/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Species X trees will provide shade / reduce light intensity
Species Z grows best/ more photosynthesis in low light intensity
![Page 34: Photosynthesis 1 ! Exam booklet 2 3 4567 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 !](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649d015503460f949d3c7c/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
High concentration of CO2 at night/ darknessNo photosynthesis in dark/ light required for light dependent stage
Plants respire [all the time]
In the light there is a net uptake of CO2 by plants/ rate of photosynthesis is higher than rate of respiration
Decrease in CO2 concentration with height
At ground level less light/ less photosynthesis
![Page 35: Photosynthesis 1 ! Exam booklet 2 3 4567 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 !](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649d015503460f949d3c7c/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Carbon dioxide combines with ribulose bisphosphate/ RuBP
To produce two molecules of glycerate 3-phosphate/ GP
GP is reduced to TPWhich requires reduced NADP/NADPHAnd energy from ATP
![Page 36: Photosynthesis 1 ! Exam booklet 2 3 4567 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 !](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649d015503460f949d3c7c/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
![Page 37: Photosynthesis 1 ! Exam booklet 2 3 4567 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 !](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649d015503460f949d3c7c/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
![Page 38: Photosynthesis 1 ! Exam booklet 2 3 4567 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 !](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649d015503460f949d3c7c/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
242 = 5761 576 = 0.0017 0.001
7
![Page 39: Photosynthesis 1 ! Exam booklet 2 3 4567 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 !](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649d015503460f949d3c7c/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Radius/ diameter of the capillary tube
Bubble in CO2
Add(dissolved) hydrogen carbonate
![Page 40: Photosynthesis 1 ! Exam booklet 2 3 4567 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 !](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649d015503460f949d3c7c/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Oxygen used in respiration
Oxygen would dissolve in the water
Oxygen may leak from the apparatus
May remain as bubble in leaf air spaces
![Page 41: Photosynthesis 1 ! Exam booklet 2 3 4567 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 !](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649d015503460f949d3c7c/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Nitrogen present in the air in the leaf/Will leave leaf with the oxygen/May come out of solutionLevel higher than expected/
normal/ in atmospherePlant is respiring/ produces CO2
CO2 has been added to the water/ present in excessComes out of solution
![Page 42: Photosynthesis 1 ! Exam booklet 2 3 4567 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 !](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649d015503460f949d3c7c/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Intensity:less/lower light intensity in
deep waterpigments can absorb what
light there isWavelength:
not all wavelengths of light can penetrate/ mainly short wavelengths/ mostly blue light penetrates
pigments can absorb these wavelengths
![Page 43: Photosynthesis 1 ! Exam booklet 2 3 4567 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 !](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649d015503460f949d3c7c/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
Light intensity
![Page 44: Photosynthesis 1 ! Exam booklet 2 3 4567 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 !](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649d015503460f949d3c7c/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
Some other factor is now limiting the ratee.g. carbon dioxide concentration or temperature
![Page 45: Photosynthesis 1 ! Exam booklet 2 3 4567 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 !](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649d015503460f949d3c7c/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
1
![Page 46: Photosynthesis 1 ! Exam booklet 2 3 4567 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 !](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649d015503460f949d3c7c/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
Rate increases when temperature increases from 15OC to 25OCRate increases when carbon dioxide concentration increases from 0.04% to 0.4%
![Page 47: Photosynthesis 1 ! Exam booklet 2 3 4567 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 !](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649d015503460f949d3c7c/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
Enzymes will (start to) denatureE.g. rubiscoActive site will change shape Less photolysisLess ATP producedNamed step in Calvin cycle affected
Increased rate of transpirationStomata will closeLess carbon dioxide taken in
![Page 48: Photosynthesis 1 ! Exam booklet 2 3 4567 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 !](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649d015503460f949d3c7c/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
Less reflection of lightMore light absorbedMore wavelengths of light absorbedMore ATP / reduced NADP producedTemperature of leaf will increaseEnzymes work more eff ectivelyReduces limiting eff ect of light intensity / temperature
![Page 49: Photosynthesis 1 ! Exam booklet 2 3 4567 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 !](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649d015503460f949d3c7c/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
![Page 50: Photosynthesis 1 ! Exam booklet 2 3 4567 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 !](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649d015503460f949d3c7c/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
![Page 51: Photosynthesis 1 ! Exam booklet 2 3 4567 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 !](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649d015503460f949d3c7c/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
As a controlTo show that light is producing the effect
![Page 52: Photosynthesis 1 ! Exam booklet 2 3 4567 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 !](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649d015503460f949d3c7c/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
![Page 53: Photosynthesis 1 ! Exam booklet 2 3 4567 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 !](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649d015503460f949d3c7c/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
Cut discs the same sizeTo give same surface area
Cut discs from same/similar part of leafTo give same amount of chloroplasts
![Page 54: Photosynthesis 1 ! Exam booklet 2 3 4567 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 !](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649d015503460f949d3c7c/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
Carry out at same temperatureTemperature affects enzyme action/structure
Carry out repeatsTo calculate means/identify anomalous results
![Page 55: Photosynthesis 1 ! Exam booklet 2 3 4567 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 !](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649d015503460f949d3c7c/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
Place lamp same distance from tubesTo give same light intensity
Use filters of same thicknessTo give same light intensity
![Page 56: Photosynthesis 1 ! Exam booklet 2 3 4567 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 !](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649d015503460f949d3c7c/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
Carry out in darkened roomTo ensure only one wavelength of light
Give CO2 in excessSo that CO2 is not a limiting factor
![Page 57: Photosynthesis 1 ! Exam booklet 2 3 4567 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 !](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649d015503460f949d3c7c/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
Use same volume/concentration of indicatorSo that colour changes can be compared
Put heat sink between lamp and tubesTo minimise temperature changes
![Page 58: Photosynthesis 1 ! Exam booklet 2 3 4567 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 !](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649d015503460f949d3c7c/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
Chlorophyll a
Chlorophyll reflects/does not absorb green lightLittle/no photosynthesis/light dependent reaction
Little/no photolysis/ splitting of waterLittle/no CO2 taken up
Some CO2 produced in respirationCO2 increases acidity/ lowers pH
![Page 59: Photosynthesis 1 ! Exam booklet 2 3 4567 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 !](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649d015503460f949d3c7c/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
Photosynthesis is controlled by enzymes
Optimum temperature can be controlled withheaters/ ventilation/air conditioningCO2 can be increased by
burning gas/paraffin CO2 will not be a limiting factor/ Calvin cyclewill increase
![Page 60: Photosynthesis 1 ! Exam booklet 2 3 4567 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 !](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649d015503460f949d3c7c/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
Obtaining individual organelles
Chlorophyll aChlorophyll bCarotene
XanthophyllFucoxanthin
![Page 61: Photosynthesis 1 ! Exam booklet 2 3 4567 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 !](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649d015503460f949d3c7c/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
From waterWater is split in photolysisLinked to photosystem 2
Reduced NADP/ NADPH
![Page 62: Photosynthesis 1 ! Exam booklet 2 3 4567 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 !](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649d015503460f949d3c7c/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
Chloroplasts retain biochemical activityPrevent activity of (lysosome) enzymesPrevent membrane/protein damageBuffer keeps pH constantNo (net) water movement/ osmosisSo no change in volume/ turgidity of chloroplasts
![Page 63: Photosynthesis 1 ! Exam booklet 2 3 4567 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 !](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649d015503460f949d3c7c/html5/thumbnails/63.jpg)
![Page 64: Photosynthesis 1 ! Exam booklet 2 3 4567 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 !](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649d015503460f949d3c7c/html5/thumbnails/64.jpg)
bluegreen
![Page 65: Photosynthesis 1 ! Exam booklet 2 3 4567 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 !](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649d015503460f949d3c7c/html5/thumbnails/65.jpg)
Boiled suspension:enzymes denaturedchange in tertiary
structure/ active siteno photolysisno hydrogen releasedDCPIP remains blue/
oxidisedphotosystems damaged by
heat
![Page 66: Photosynthesis 1 ! Exam booklet 2 3 4567 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 !](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649d015503460f949d3c7c/html5/thumbnails/66.jpg)
The End!!!!!