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Grass for biorefinery-

Dairy cow responses to diets based on solid

fraction of grass silage

Outi Savonen, Marcia Franco, Tomasz Stefański, Päivi Mäntysaari,

Kaisa Kuoppala & Marketta Rinne

Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Jokioinen, Finland

www.luke.fi

Photo: ©Luke / Marketta Rinne

215/06/2018

Alternative, fibrous feed resources for ruminants

�Grazing ruminants have a great access to energy in the form of fibrous feeds because of their specialized digestion

�This system with pregastric retention and fermentation withsymbiotic microorganisms has allowed ruminants to utilize fibrous

feed resources

�Separation of fibrous silage solid fraction for ruminants feed could

enhance the utilization of silage in farms

315/06/2018

Separated solid fraction in ruminant diets

�There is limited information of the nutritive value of separated solidfraction of grass silage

� Increased fibre content, reduced crude protein (CP) content and decreased digestibility have been reported

�Similar changes have been detected due to delyed harvest of grasssilage

� in both cases fibre intake increases

415/06/2018

Changes in grass maturity vs. silage solid fraction in diet=> fibre intake increases

�With increasing maturity of grass also the fibre digestibilitydecreases …

�…but in the present study fibre digestibility stayed the same, onlythe amount of fibre increased when silage solid fraction wasincluded in the diet

515/06/2018

�To evaluate the effect of silage solid fraction fed to dairy cowson:

- feed intake

- ruminal fermentation

- digestibility

- milk yield and milk composition

HYPOTHESIS:

There is no reduction in milk production in the dietcontaining silage solid fraction compared to original

silage

The aim of this study

5

Photo: © Luke / Marketta Rinne

615/06/2018

� 24 multiparous Nordic Red cows, 4 rumen fistulated

�Experimental treatments: F0, F25 and F50:

� Imbalanced change over design, 3 diets, 2 periods of 21 days

Materials and Methods

100

75

50

0

25

50

0 % 25 % 50 % 75 % 100 %

F0

F25

F50

Proportion of forage (on DM basis)

Silage

Solid

715/06/2018

� 13 kg /d standard concentrate

Forage (ad libitum)

� 1st cut grass silage, mixed timothy (Phleumpratense) and meadow fescue (Festuca pratensis)

�Harvested 21st and 22nd June 2017, preserved with formic acid-besed additive (AIV 2 plus, 5 l/ton).

�Silage was fractionated into liquid and solid fractions

Feeds

7

Concentrate


815/06/2018

Fractionation of silage in Jokioinen January 2018

Silage solid

fraction frompress

SilagefromTMR

wagon

along a conveyorto press.

Constantinput into the

press assistedmanually

Haarslev twinscrew press

Photo © Luke / Marketta Rinne

915/06/2018

Constant input into the press was ensured bycompressing silage to the screws manually

Photo: © Luke / Marketta RinnePhoto: © Luke / Marketta Rinne


1015/06/2018

Haarslev twin screw press


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Separation of the liquid fraction

� Liquid was gatheredfrom the bottom of Haarslev twin screwpress and pumpedinto containers

�The liquid was used

in an a feeding trial

for fattening pigs

� Results not

presented here

Photos: © Luke / Marketta Rinne

1215/06/2018

Silage solid fraction from twin screw press


1315/06/2018

Silage (left) and silage solid fraction (right)

Photo: ©Luke / Marcia Franco

1415/06/2018

� Description of production of the silage solid fraction used in this experment:

In poster session:

� Stefański, T., Franco, M.,

Savonen, O., Jalava, T.,

Winquist, E., Rinne, M. 2018. Grass silage for biorefinery –

Separation efficiency and

aerobic stability of silage, solidand liquid fractions. Nordic

Feed Science Conference,

Uppsala, Sweden, 12-13 June2018.

1515/06/2018

�F0 (silage) was given from automaticfeeding wagon

�F25 and F50 => silage solid fraction and

silage were mixed in a TMR wagon and

delivered by hands at the same time as automatic wagon fed F0 (07:00, 13:00,

16:00 and 18:00)

�Concentrate was given from automatic

feeders and in milking parlour

Feeding of the cows

2 Photo: © Luke / Outi Savonen

1615/06/2018

Milk sampling

Milk samples

� were taken on last two days of both periods

� were analyzed for fat, protein, lactose and urea

� milk constituents were calculated as a weighted mean according to milk

yield.

Photo: © Luke / Outi Savonen

1715/06/2018

Rumen fluid sampling

�Rumen fluid samples were takenduring the third day in the last week of both periods

�For treatments F0 and F50 only

�Samples were taken 0, 3 and 6 hours

after feeding and analyzed for

pH, NH3 and volatile fatty acids

(VFA)


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Faecal sampling for diet digestibility determination

�Faecal samples were taken on fourdays during the last week of both

periods

�Crab samples were taken twice a day

�Samples were analyzed for

dry matter (DM), ash, crude protein(CP), neutral detergent fibre (NDF) and

acid insoluble ash (AIA).

OutiOuti

Photo: © Luke / Outi Savonen

1915/06/2018

�Data was analyzed using a MIXED prosedure of SAS as 5% propability

�Dietary treatment as the fixed effect and cow as the random effect

�Linear (Lin) and quadratic (Quad) effects of addition of silage solidfraction were evaluated using orthogonal

and polynomial contrasts

Data analysis

19

2015/06/2018

Fermentation quality of the original silage was goodbut it was rather wet

Variable Result

Dry matter (DM, g/kg) 210

pH 4.0

Ammonia N, g/kg N 30

Lactic acid, g/kg DM 50

Acetic acid, g/kg DM 18

Propionic acid, g/kg DM 0.6

Butyric acid, g/kg DM 0.9

.

2115/06/2018

Variable Result

Liquid yield, g liquid/kg originalsilage

0.576

DM in liquid, g/kg 71

In liquid, g/kg DM

Crude protein (CP) 270

Ash 189

Amount retained in liquid as proportion of original silage

DM 0.193

CP 0.361

Ash 0.535

Effect of pressing on liquid yield, composition and retainedcompounds in liquid

(Haarslev twin screw press)

Stefański, T, Franco, M, Savonen, O, Jalava, T, Winquist, E & Rinne, M. 2018. Grass silage for biorefinery – separation efficiency and aerobic stability of silage and solidfraction. Proc of the 9th Nordic Feed Science Conference, Uppsala, Sweden, June. 2018.

2215/06/2018

The composition of forage changed systematically when theamount of silage solid fraction was increased.

432

42

107

711

210

69

144

589

242

63

133

611

284

57

122

641

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

DM Ash Crude protein NDF

g/k

g D

M

Proportion of silage solid fraction in forage (0, 0.25 or 0.50)

Composition of forage

Solid fr. F0 F25 F50

2315/06/2018

23.9

12.711.2

26

14.8

11.2

25.7

14.6

11.1

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

Total Forage Concentrate

kg

DM

/d


Total, forage and concentrate intake

F0

F25

F50

Cows fed F25 managed to increase forage intake but cows fed F50 were unable to further compensate.There were no differences in concentrate intake.

Lin Quad

Total <0.001 <0.001

Forage <0.001 <0.001

Conc. 0.299 0.160

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Diet organic matter digestibility (OMD) decreased sightly withincreasing silage solid fraction proportion.

0.7240.717 0.719

0.65

0.67

0.69

0.71

F0 F25 F50

Org

an

icm

att

er

g/g

OM


Organic matter digestibility (OMD) Lin Quad

OMD <0.001 <0.001

2515/06/2018ECM production decreased linearly when silage solid fractionincreased in diet.

39.8 39.938.4

20

25

30

35

40

45

F0 F25 F50

Kg

/d


ECMLin Quad

ECM <0.043 <0.161

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Milk fat and milk protein production decreased linearly when theproportion of silage solid fraction increased in diet.

1.62 1.63 1.59

1.71 1.71 1.64

1.33 1.331.28

1

2

3

4

5

F0 F25 F50

Kg

/d


Milk protein, fat and lactose production

Lactose Fat Protein

Lin Quad

Prot 0.020 0.090

Fat 0.050 0.244

Lact 0.214 0.210

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There were no differences in milk composition between the diets.

43.5 43.5 43.8

46 45.5 45.6

35.7 35.5 35.4

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

F0 F25 F50

g/k

g


Milk protein, fat and lactose composition

Lactose Fat Protein

Lin Quad

Prot 0.124 0.997

Fat 0.461 0.956

Lact 0.102 0.341

2815/06/2018In terms of milk production efficiency using the original silage

resulted in higest values.

(Metabolizable energy (ME) excreted in milk) / (ME intake - ME for maintenance)

0.601

0.538 0.548

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

F0 F25 F50

Proportion of silage solid fraction in forage (0, 0.25 or 0.50).

ME efficiency Lin Quad

<0.001 <0.001

2915/06/2018Nitrogen use efficiency was the highest in original silage.

(N excreted in milk / N intake)

302

290

299

200

220

240

260

280

300

F0 F25 F50


Nitrogen use efficiencyLin Quad

0.410 0.002

3015/06/2018

Milk production efficiency resulted in highest values using theoriginal silage.

1.66

1.51 1.52

1.2

1.3

1.4

1.5

1.6

1.7

1.8

F0 F25 F50

kg

Proportion of silage solid fractionin forage (0, 0.25 or 0.50)

kg ECM/kg DM intakeLin Quad

<0.001 <0.001

3115/06/2018

7.67

6.026.09 6.12

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

F0 F50

pH

, N

H3 m

mol/l


NH3 and pH concentration

NH3 pH

Lin

NH3 0.155

pH 0.777

Ammonia N (NH3) concentration and pH in rumen fluid were notsignificanty different but changed numerically in a logical way.

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Effects of silage solid fraction to the proportions of volatile fattyacids (VFA) were minor.

0.659 0.667

0.178 0.180

0.125 0.119

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

F0 F50

mm

ol/l


Proportions of acetic, propionic and butyric acid in therumen fluid

Acetic acid Propionic acid Butyric acid

Lin

Acet. 0.020

Prop. 0.561

But. 0.056

3315/06/2018

Conclusions

�Dairy cows increased DM intake and reduced ECM production in responseto increased silage solid fraction proportion in the forage

=>Silage solid fraction was not as good as the original silage for highproducing dairy cows.

�Farm scale biorefinery could be used to improve the utilization of silage

=> Solid fraction to heifers and dry cows

=> Silage juice to fortify total mix rations

� If there are higher added-value uses for silage liquid

=> production potential of silage solid fraction for ruminant production is only marginally reduced

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