Linda Hancock & Lucinda Horrocks Linda Hancock & Lucinda Horrocks Corporate Citizenship Research Unit, Deakin University,Corporate Citizenship Research Unit, Deakin University,A VCOSS Deakin University collaborationA VCOSS Deakin University collaboration

VCOSS Congress: August 1 2007VCOSS Congress: August 1 2007

Elaborating the MacroMelbourne Project Elaborating the MacroMelbourne Project Framework: Giving Structure to Strategic Framework: Giving Structure to Strategic Research on DisadvantageResearch on Disadvantage

photo: Jary Nemo

about the projectabout the project MacroMelbourne Initiative: MacroMelbourne Initiative:

not-for-profit collaboration: Melbourne Community Foundation, not-for-profit collaboration: Melbourne Community Foundation, Committee for Melbourne, Melbourne Cares, Pro Bono Australia, Committee for Melbourne, Melbourne Cares, Pro Bono Australia, RMIT Centre for Applied Social Research, Department of Victorian RMIT Centre for Applied Social Research, Department of Victorian Communities and the Victorian Local Governance AssociationCommunities and the Victorian Local Governance Association

goalsgoals stimulate debate around issues of disadvantagestimulate debate around issues of disadvantage encourage long-term innovative, strategic thinkingencourage long-term innovative, strategic thinking focus on Melbourne: now and in the futurefocus on Melbourne: now and in the future build a knowledge base for donors, corporate social responsibility build a knowledge base for donors, corporate social responsibility

(CSR), philanthropy and corporate sectors (CSR), philanthropy and corporate sectors

This presentationThis presentation

Elaborates on the MM approach:Elaborates on the MM approach: Strategic analysis of poverty and disadvantage and Strategic analysis of poverty and disadvantage and

how it is measured how it is measured The relationships between disadvantage and people The relationships between disadvantage and people

and place and place The role of an integrated and structural approach The role of an integrated and structural approach

within a frameworkwithin a framework Elaborates on application of the framework to Elaborates on application of the framework to

policy issuespolicy issues Links between climate change and disadvantage Links between climate change and disadvantage

outer fringe mobility issuesouter fringe mobility issues Gambling in growth corridor and disadvantaged LGAsGambling in growth corridor and disadvantaged LGAs

the MacroMelbourne Initiativethe MacroMelbourne Initiative focus focus

Melbourne (Greater Melbourne - 73% of Victorians)Melbourne (Greater Melbourne - 73% of Victorians) Disadvantage, people and placeDisadvantage, people and place today and in 2030today and in 2030

aimsaims better understand the relationship between better understand the relationship between

disadvantage, people and place in Melbournedisadvantage, people and place in Melbourne explain context: summarise the key debates on explain context: summarise the key debates on

definition and measurement of disadvantage and definition and measurement of disadvantage and povertypoverty

map current research: demography & distributionmap current research: demography & distribution make suggestions for strategic investment: ideas make suggestions for strategic investment: ideas

filesfiles

underlying themesunderlying themes the core issues of poverty, social exclusion, equity and distribution the core issues of poverty, social exclusion, equity and distribution

and an understanding of what it means to be disadvantagedand an understanding of what it means to be disadvantaged strategystrategy

taking a long term view of social problemstaking a long term view of social problems looking to the futurelooking to the future wanting practical outcomes and projects which can really make a wanting practical outcomes and projects which can really make a

differencedifference identify good researchidentify good research people and place over timepeople and place over time

accessibilityaccessibility connectednessconnectedness resilienceresilience transitions, flows and mobilitytransitions, flows and mobility

the policy contextthe policy context Victorian government initiativesVictorian government initiatives

Fairer VictoriaFairer Victoria Melbourne 2030Melbourne 2030 Neighbourhood renewalNeighbourhood renewal DVC, Building stronger communities initiativesDVC, Building stronger communities initiatives

local governmentlocal government knowledge & innovationknowledge & innovation uneven capacityuneven capacity

Community sector as innovatorCommunity sector as innovator changing policy landscapechanging policy landscape Government is slow to move Government is slow to move The individualisation of riskThe individualisation of risk

Whose role is it to invest in our future?Whose role is it to invest in our future? There is a clear role for community-led & CSR-led actionThere is a clear role for community-led & CSR-led action

understanding disadvantageunderstanding disadvantage controversy over measurement and definitioncontroversy over measurement and definition different approachesdifferent approaches

Henderson poverty lineHenderson poverty line social exclusionsocial exclusion community wellbeingcommunity wellbeing

innovations in researchinnovations in research deprivation frameworksdeprivation frameworks Community IndicatorsCommunity Indicators Mapping Australia’s ProgressMapping Australia’s Progress

conflict over conflict over valuesvalues

‘‘there is a there is a need to look need to look beyond the beyond the income income statistics to statistics to examine the examine the processes processes and events and events that expose that expose people to people to poverty and poverty and the conditions the conditions that prevent that prevent their escapetheir escape’’

(Saunders (Saunders 2004)2004)

dimensions of disadvantagedimensions of disadvantage structural/ distributional factorsstructural/ distributional factors

wealth and incomewealth and income expenditureexpenditure employment and the labour marketemployment and the labour market educationeducation family needsfamily needs

community, social inclusion and placecommunity, social inclusion and place social connectednesssocial connectedness health and wellbeinghealth and wellbeing family supportsfamily supports accessibilityaccessibility environmentenvironment quality of lifequality of life

cohorts, groups and individualscohorts, groups and individuals

disagreements and debatedisagreements and debateResearch or Policy Organisation

Year Estimated Numbers in Poverty

Henderson poverty lineHenderson poverty line

St Vincent de Paul SocietySt Vincent de Paul SocietyAustralian Council of Social Australian Council of Social ServicesServicesThe Smith FamilyThe Smith FamilyBrotherhood of St LaurenceBrotherhood of St LaurenceThe Australia InstituteThe Australia InstituteCentre for Independent Centre for Independent StudiesStudies

19991999

--200020002000200020002000

------

3.7 – 4.1 million (20.5 – 22.6% of 3.7 – 4.1 million (20.5 – 22.6% of population)population)3 million3 million2.5 – 3.5 million (13.5 – 19% of 2.5 – 3.5 million (13.5 – 19% of population)population)2.4 million (13% of population)2.4 million (13% of population)1.5 million1.5 million5 – 10% of population5 – 10% of population5% of population in ‘chronic poverty’5% of population in ‘chronic poverty’

Source: Senate Community Affairs Reference Committee (2004:35)

Melbourne now: some themesMelbourne now: some themes employment and the labour marketemployment and the labour market

unequal distribution in Melbourneunequal distribution in Melbourne link to skills and ‘new economy’link to skills and ‘new economy’ what of those who cannot work?what of those who cannot work?

housing and housing affordabilityhousing and housing affordability low income groups increasingly pushedlow income groups increasingly pushed locational factors: low cost housing => lack of services?locational factors: low cost housing => lack of services?

placeplace are there links between disadvantage and place?are there links between disadvantage and place? look to service provision on the urban fringelook to service provision on the urban fringe Increasing household debt concentrated in some areasIncreasing household debt concentrated in some areas

accessibilityaccessibility both concrete spatial and social dimensionsboth concrete spatial and social dimensions lack of knowledge about access & accessibilitylack of knowledge about access & accessibility

Capacity to withstand rapid changeFinancial shock absorbersIncome securityRe-skilling abilityEmployability

Access to networks Access to support Access to transport Access to services

Poverty and deprivation

Values

Human rights

Tolerance and diversity

Equality of opportunity

Universality

A fair go

Access to a decent quality of life

Opportunity to participate fully in the community

A city which is liveable for all citizens

A city which provides equitable access to services and networks

Sustainability

Drivers of change:

Demographic change

Population growth

Location of affordable housing

Changing economic context

Policy change

Transitions, flows and mobility

Resilience

Health & Wellbeing, Quality of Life

Education

Barriers to connectedness

Employment and the labour market

Built environment

Family Supports

LongevityBaby boomersEthnic diversityFertility patternsFamily makeup

Recession Employment LocationTechnologyKnowledge economy

RE marketDesirabilityAccessibilityTenure

Housing densityHousing typeGrowth suburbs

Homelessness

HousingTransport InfrastructureUrban formGeographic spreadOpen spaceStreetscapes and suburbsActivity centresAccessibility

Language barriersCultural barriersDiscriminationInequalityAccess to servicesLocational disadvantage

Community healthSocial inclusionWellbeing indicatorsCommunity indicators

Social mobilityCycles of povertyMigrationIntergenerational transfersLife stagesRapid changeTime spent on activities

AssetsSavingsCapacity for tax avoidanceLoansNon-cash transfersFinancial shock absorbersEquivalent disposable incomeNon-cash transfersFinancial exclusion

HousingFoodGoodsUtilitiesTransportEducationLeisureTime

Wealth & Income

Expenditure

Social exclusion

Social and Cultural Change

DISADVANTAGE and its measurement

Accessibility

Family makeupPeople living aloneWomen and workChanging valuesEthnic diversity

Climate changeEfficiencySustainabilityPollutionOpen space

Environmental change

Melbourne 2030Welfare to WorkIndustrial RelationsFairer Victoria

Families and childrenSocial valuesChild povertySchoolingChildcareChild healthChild wellbeing

The Framework: Melbourne: the drivers of changeThe Framework: Melbourne: the drivers of change

Melbourne is growing and changing: how is this Melbourne is growing and changing: how is this going to impact disadvantage?going to impact disadvantage? effects on those disadvantaged noweffects on those disadvantaged now new groups of disadvantage in the future?new groups of disadvantage in the future?

drivers of changedrivers of change demographic change: population and household growthdemographic change: population and household growth changing economic contextchanging economic context location of/access to affordable housing, transport, location of/access to affordable housing, transport,

employmentemployment social and cultural changesocial and cultural change environmental change and ecological sustainabilityenvironmental change and ecological sustainability policy changepolicy change

The framework recognises….The framework recognises…. there are there are multiple dimensionsmultiple dimensions and and multiple multiple

pathways pathways to disadvantageto disadvantage there is no simple measurement of poverty or there is no simple measurement of poverty or

disadvantagedisadvantage there is no single policy solutionthere is no single policy solution

strategic community investment in action strategic community investment in action requiresrequires recognition of the complexity and willingness to pursue recognition of the complexity and willingness to pursue

longer term solutionslonger term solutions ongoing effort: & action but also tracking, research and ongoing effort: & action but also tracking, research and

monitoring of progress against goalsmonitoring of progress against goals engaging in the debate around values: defining values engaging in the debate around values: defining values

and goals within policy debatesand goals within policy debates

Values underpinning Values underpinning community research and community research and

actionaction Human rightsHuman rights Tolerance and diversityTolerance and diversity Equality of opportunityEquality of opportunity UniversalityUniversality A fair goA fair go Access to a decent quality of lifeAccess to a decent quality of life Opportunity to participate fully in the communityOpportunity to participate fully in the community Liveability of the cityLiveability of the city Equity of access to services and networksEquity of access to services and networks SustainabilitySustainability

Themes to direct strategic Themes to direct strategic research/action:research/action:

resilienceresilience transitionstransitions connectednessconnectedness accessibilityaccessibility built environmentbuilt environment the lived experience of disadvantagethe lived experience of disadvantage locational disadvantage: interface municipalitieslocational disadvantage: interface municipalities Health and well being Quality of LifeHealth and well being Quality of Life

The MM challengesThe MM challenges

to develop a co-ordinated, strategic approach to to develop a co-ordinated, strategic approach to community investmentcommunity investment

to address issues of disadvantage and inequalityto address issues of disadvantage and inequality to build a community-generated initiativeto build a community-generated initiative to use the community sector advantages to use the community sector advantages

(expertise, partnerships that matter, being able to (expertise, partnerships that matter, being able to act now)act now)

to undertake strategic good works that make a to undertake strategic good works that make a difference - now and in the futuredifference - now and in the future

how do we make this happen?how do we make this happen?

2006 Forum Identified 5 areas2006 Forum Identified 5 areas• HousingHousing• The digital divideThe digital divide• EducationEducation• Place-based approachesPlace-based approaches• Continuing research on Continuing research on

disadvantagedisadvantage

2007 MCF:13 new projects2007 MCF:13 new projects

Place based strategies to address disadvantagePlace based strategies to address disadvantage Braybrook-Maidstone Youth PartnershipBraybrook-Maidstone Youth Partnership Young people and employment on the fringeYoung people and employment on the fringe

CSR (corporate social responsibility)CSR (corporate social responsibility) The City CentreThe City Centre Ardoch education supportArdoch education support Youth voiceYouth voice Indigenous educationIndigenous education

Housing affordability, liveability and efficiencyHousing affordability, liveability and efficiency Australians for affordable housingAustralians for affordable housing Creating affordable housing for disadvantaged womenCreating affordable housing for disadvantaged women Making the most of your energyMaking the most of your energy

Projects….Projects….

Digital Divide-increasing connectivity, Digital Divide-increasing connectivity, access and opportunityaccess and opportunity A wired communityA wired community Melbourne Universal AccessMelbourne Universal Access Parent ConnectParent Connect

Understanding Disadvantage: monitoring Understanding Disadvantage: monitoring trends and changetrends and change Disadvantage in VictoriaDisadvantage in Victoria

With a range of community social partnersWith a range of community social partners

Application:People, Place and Application:People, Place and the Urban Fringethe Urban Fringe

The Interface Councils* and Climate Change: Peak The Interface Councils* and Climate Change: Peak Oil: ANALYSISOil: ANALYSIS Drivers of changeDrivers of change: affordable housing: affordable housing The dynamics of disadvantageThe dynamics of disadvantage : the lived experience : the lived experience

AccessibilityAccessibility ConnectednessConnectedness MobiityMobiity Wealth and income: economic participationWealth and income: economic participation Built environmentBuilt environment Family supportsFamily supports

People and PlacePeople and Place Measuring inequalityMeasuring inequality*Urban fringe growth corridors: Melton and Wyndham in the west and Cardinia and Casey in *Urban fringe growth corridors: Melton and Wyndham in the west and Cardinia and Casey in

the southeastthe southeast

Mediating Influences: Mediating Influences: Insulators/ProtectorsInsulators/Protectors

Mobility eg journey to workMobility eg journey to work employment (income security) employment (income security) Utility pricing Utility pricing housing: rent/loan interest settings (home ownership/affordable housing)housing: rent/loan interest settings (home ownership/affordable housing) Community amenity Community amenity

nearly half (48.7%) of households with an income in the lowest 40% nearly half (48.7%) of households with an income in the lowest 40% overall, experience housing stress overall, experience housing stress : (Wood and Stoakes 2005) : (Wood and Stoakes 2005)

Geographic distribution of SES/disadvantageGeographic distribution of SES/disadvantage

Checking urban growth?Checking urban growth?

Source: DOI (2002)

Melbourne’s expanding boundariesMelbourne’s expanding boundaries

Source: DSE (2004b)

• there is some evidence that service provision is lagging in the ‘interface municipalities’

Which LGA’s will grow?Which LGA’s will grow?

Source: DSE (2004b)

Multi Unit Dwellings in Melbourne

Randolph (2006)

Pale areas less than 20% multi-unit

The peak oil scenario: the The peak oil scenario: the fringe suburbsfringe suburbs

Outer suburbs lack public transport infrastructureOuter suburbs lack public transport infrastructure Lower density of multi unit dwellingsLower density of multi unit dwellings Higher N of cars per householdHigher N of cars per household Higher ave N of private vehicle trips per personHigher ave N of private vehicle trips per person Longer ave trips Longer ave trips Intensifying dependence on private vehicles Intensifying dependence on private vehicles

alongside declining energy securityalongside declining energy security 66growth in oil consumption 2003/4-2029/30 66growth in oil consumption 2003/4-2029/30

(ABARE 2005)(ABARE 2005) Fringe suburbs vulnerable to ‘viper’ and high on Fringe suburbs vulnerable to ‘viper’ and high on

‘vampire index’ (Dodson 2007)‘vampire index’ (Dodson 2007)

High vulnerability in:

•Low socio-economic status areas

•Outer areas

•Areas with poor PT

Low vulnerability in:

•Inner areas

•Higher SE status areas

•Better PT services

‘VIPER’ - Melbourne

Melbourne VAMPIREMelbourne VAMPIRE

WA Oil: Living with LessWA Oil: Living with Less “Failure to take urgent substantial action to reduce

our oil dependence will leave us exposed to very serious economic and social risks in the next few years. We owe it to future generations to heed the warning signs now showing clearly on the radar screens. A proactive, precautionary approach is critical.”

“Many of the policy options to reduce fuel usage will also lead to healthier, happier and more equitable communities and improve local and global pollution levels.” (Sustainable Transport Coalition, 2004)

SEIFA vs. EGM density, metro Melbourne SEIFA vs. EGM density, metro Melbourne 2002-032002-03

There is a role for those outside government to seed There is a role for those outside government to seed innovations that innovations that side-step political and bureaucratic side-step political and bureaucratic barriers to changebarriers to change, to lead by example, to resource , to lead by example, to resource advocacy and show how projects, programs, new advocacy and show how projects, programs, new institutional ideas or innovations institutional ideas or innovations cancan work. work.

These can bring on a range of social partners and These can bring on a range of social partners and funding modelsfunding models

Building a Strategic Building a Strategic Approach….Approach….

What are the patterns of disadvantage in Melbourne now and in What are the patterns of disadvantage in Melbourne now and in 2030?2030?

How is Melbourne likely to change over the next 25 years, and How is Melbourne likely to change over the next 25 years, and who might be vulnerable to or be disadvantaged by those who might be vulnerable to or be disadvantaged by those changes?changes?

What might be mitigating interventions?What might be mitigating interventions?

Planning for social, economic, environmental and cultural Planning for social, economic, environmental and cultural sustainability?sustainability?

Whose responsibility is it? Whose responsibility is it?

future focusfuture focus what buffers the risks of poverty & disadvantage?what buffers the risks of poverty & disadvantage?

employment (income security) in decent workemployment (income security) in decent work Equity in utility pricing Equity in utility pricing housing: rent/loan interest settings housing: rent/loan interest settings good health? Wellbeinggood health? Wellbeing community strength?community strength?

focus on focus on sustainabilitysustainability researchresearch

longitudinal monitoringlongitudinal monitoring qualitative dataqualitative data scenario planningscenario planning

The MacroMelbourne report The MacroMelbourne report and updatesand updates

http://www.communityfoundation.org.auhttp://www.communityfoundation.org.au/index.php?option=com_content&task=/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=31&Itemid=45view&id=31&Itemid=45

Or Or

www.communityfoundation.org.auwww.communityfoundation.org.au

ReferencesReferences

ABC Radio National (2007)’Fears of “tramp poverty” , 27 June.ABC Radio National (2007)’Fears of “tramp poverty” , 27 June. Colbatch, T. (2007) ‘Melbourne people boom just keeps on growing, Colbatch, T. (2007) ‘Melbourne people boom just keeps on growing, The AgeThe Age, July 25., July 25. DHS (2004) DHS (2004) Victorian Population Health Survey 2004: Selected Findings, Rural and

Regional Health and Aged Services, DHS, Melbourne, viewed 16 November 2005, <http://www.health.vic.gov.au/healthstatus/vphs.htm>.

Dodson, J. (2007) ‘energy security, oil vulnerability and Australian cities’, VCOSS Peak Dodson, J. (2007) ‘energy security, oil vulnerability and Australian cities’, VCOSS Peak Oil, Petrol Prices and Climate Change, June 27. Melbourne. Oil, Petrol Prices and Climate Change, June 27. Melbourne.

Khadem, N. (2007) ‘1.2 million Australians in “Housing Stress” , Khadem, N. (2007) ‘1.2 million Australians in “Housing Stress” , The AgeThe Age, March 9., March 9. Livingston, C. and Wooley, R., (2007) Gaming machine technology, regulation and Livingston, C. and Wooley, R., (2007) Gaming machine technology, regulation and

consumer behaviour, PILCH/CCRU Deakin University Forum, July.consumer behaviour, PILCH/CCRU Deakin University Forum, July. NATSEM (2007) ‘Housing Stress’, NATSEM (2007) ‘Housing Stress’, NATSEM NewsNATSEM News, Issue 28, May., Issue 28, May. Saunders, P. (2004) Saunders, P. (2004) , 'Towards a credible poverty framework: from income poverty to

deprivation', Discussion Paper No. 131, Social Policy Research Centre (SPRC), University of New South Wales

Schneiders, B. (2007) ‘Housing stress spreads for renters’, Schneiders, B. (2007) ‘Housing stress spreads for renters’, The AgeThe Age, July 21., July 21. Senate Community Affairs Reference Committee 2004, A hand up not a hand out:

Renewing the fight against poverty, Senate Community Affairs Reference Committee Secretariat, Canberra.

Sustainable Transport Coalition (2004) Sustainable Transport Coalition (2004) Peak OilPeak Oil, WA Sustainable Transport Coalition., WA Sustainable Transport Coalition. The Melbourne Institute (2007) ING Direct Melbourne Institute Household Savings and The Melbourne Institute (2007) ING Direct Melbourne Institute Household Savings and

Investment Report, WWW.melbourneinstitute.com/research.Investment Report, WWW.melbourneinstitute.com/research. Uren, D. (2007) ‘Housing stress sparks inquiry’, Uren, D. (2007) ‘Housing stress sparks inquiry’, The Australian,The Australian, July 18. July 18.