Phonology Presentation

8/3/2019 Phonology Presentation

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The study of the system of speech sounds in a language

or the system of soundsitself.-Longman Dictionary



The study of the structure and

systematic patterns of sounds in

human language.- Merriam/Webster Dictionary

The branch of linguistics that deals

with systems of sounds (including orexcluding phonetics), esp. in a

particular language.-Dictionary.com



Why is

Phonologyimportantin EnglishLanguage?

Make up newwords thatsound right.

Addappropriate

sounds to make

plurals, pasttense, etc.

Allows toidentify what it

a sound andwhat is not.



Phonology

PhonologicalFeatures

PhonologicalRules



Describe how phonemes interact in the given

environment.

Formal way of expressing a phonological

organization.

Allow speakers to "translate" phonemes in

sounds.



Assimilation Rule A sounds become similar to it's neighboring

sounds.

Anticipatory: Sounds become similar to

following sound.

Perseveratory: Sounds become similar to

precedent sound.



Dissimilation Rule

Sound becomes less

similar to it's

neighboring sounds.



Segment Addition Rules

Segment Deletion Rules

Movement Rule



Phonologicalfeatures

Phonemes

Allophones

Minimal

Pairs

Distinctive

Features

Syllable

structure

Phonotactics



One set of speech sounds that serve to

differentiate one word from another.

A phoneme may consist of several phonetically

distinct expression.

An articulation may be substituted for another

without any change of meaning.

/p/ and /b/ are separate phonemes in English because

they distinguish such words as pet and bet

light and dark /l/ sounds in little are not separatephonemes since they may be swapped without

changing meaning

Represented between slashes by convention.



The phonemic

chart contains all

44 sounds that

make up words in

spoken English.

Phonemic

Chart



an audibly distinct alternative of a phoneme

the different pronunciations of the t sound in tar

and star .

In English the t sounds in the words “bit,” “flip,”

and “little” are allophones

Switching one allophone for another

allophone of the same phoneme doesn't lead

to a different word, just a differentpronunciation of the same word.



Is a branch of phonology that

deals with restrictions in alanguage on the permissible

combinations of phonemes.

Phonotactic constraints arelanguage specific.



Phonotactics also affects the structure and

emphasis of syllables in a language. Nearly

every French word, for instance, has an

emphasis on the final syllable. In Greek, the

emphasis depends on the length of the final

vowel in the word, among other factors.

When speaking his or her native language, a

person is often able to put the emphasis on

the correct syllable intuitively, even if

reading an unfamiliar word.



Another use of

phonotactics is in

language

identification.



Words can be cut up into units called

syllables. Humans seem to need

syllables as a way of segmenting the

stream of speech and giving it a rhythmof strong and weak beat.

Syllables don't serve any meaning-

signalling function in language; they

exist only to make speech easier for thebrain to process. A word contains at

least one syllable.



Here are some words divided into their

component syllables (a period is used to

mark the end of a syllable):

tomato = to.ma.to

window = win.dow

supercalifragilisticexpialidocious: su.per.c

a.li.fra.gi.lis.ti.cex.pi.a.li.do.cious



Onset: the beginning sounds of the

syllable; the ones preceding the nucleus.

read

flop

strap



Rhyme (or rime): the rest of the syllable,after the onset.

The rhyme can also be divided up:

Rhyme = nucleus + coda The nucleus, as the term suggests, is the coreor essential part of a syllable.

codathe coda in English are often (but not always)a mirror-image of those in the onset .



The syllable structure analysis of the words 'read','flop', 'strap' and 'window' are as follows (IPA symbols areused to show the sounds in the word/syllable):

read = one syllableOnset = [ r ]

Rhyme = [ id ] (within the rhyme:)

Nucleus = [ i ]

Coda = [ d ]

flop = one syllable

Onset = [ f l ]

Rhyme = [ a p ]

Nucleus = [ a ]

Coda = [ p ]



window = 2 syllables

First syllable: [wIn]

Onset = [ w ]

Rhyme = [ I n ]

Nucleus = [ I ]

Coda = [ n ]

Second syllable: [ d o ]

Onset = [ d ]

Rhyme = [ o ]

Nucleus = [ o ]

(This syllable has no coda)



A pair of words that differ by

just one phoneme in the same

position and have differentmeanings

Examples

Sip vrs Tip vrs Zip vrs DipDie vrs Lie vrs Pie vrs Tie



Phonetic featuresthat distiguish one

phoneme from

another



Syllabic

Consonantal

Sonorant

Obstruent

Voiced

Continuant

Nasal

Lateral

Distributed

Affricate

Labial

Round

Coronal



High

BackLow

Round

Tense

Lax

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