ENGLISH PHONOLOGYENGLISH PHONOLOGY

English DepartmentFaculty of Teaching Training and

EducationDenpasar Mahasaraswati University

Semester: IV

By

I Ketut Wardana, S.pd., M.Hum

Course out lineCourse out lineIntroduction

The Production of Speech Sound1. Articulators (place of articulators)2. English vowels and consonants short and long

vowels3. English Diphthongs and Trip thongs.4. Manners of articulation5. The Phoneme (segment, allophones,

Phonological pattern)6. Symbols and transcription7. Middle test

 

1. Phonemic and phonetic transcription2. Phonological rules3. The structure of English syllable.4. Stress in simple words (the nature of

stress, Level of stress)5. Weak forms6. Intonation7. Final Test

Phonetics deals with description of the sound either by analyzing their acoustical property or by studying the precise way

LINGUISTICSLINGUISTICSMajor components of language: FORM FUNCTION MEANING

LINGUISTIC FIELD OF STUDY1.Phonetics is concerned with the

sounds of languages, 2.phonology with the way sounds are

used in individual languages, 3.morphology with the structure of

words, 4.syntax with the structure of phrases

and sentences,5.semantics with the study of meaning

PHONETICSPHONETICSPhonetics is the field of language study

concerned with the physical properties of sounds, Three subfields.

1.Articulatory phonetics explores how the human vocal apparatus produces sounds.

2Acoustic phonetics studies the sound waves produced by the human vocal apparatus.

3Auditory phonetics examines how speech sounds are perceived by the human ear.

Phonetics deals with the description of sound either by analyzing their acoustical properties or by studying the precise of production

Phonology, in contrast, is concerned not with the physical properties of sounds, but rather with how they function in a particular language.

ArticulatorArticulator

Human speech is the process of passing air through the mouth to produce specific sounds. Here is a half-face diagram of the basic speech organs.

The typical process of The typical process of producing speechproducing speech

1. Forcing out of the lungs through the glottis (the opening in the vocal cords)

2. Shaping the jaw bone, mouth and lips to conduct the air flow.

3. Positioning the tongue to alter the air flow.

4. The final step is a sound pressure wave leaving the lips.

2 Stationary Stationary parts include the teeth, the alveolar arch behind them, the hard palate, and the softer velum behind it.

Sounds made by touching two articulators—for example, the bilabial p, which requires both lips—

those made by an articulator and a stationary part of the vocal apparatus are named from the organs that make the juncture, which is called the point of articulation.

PLACE OF ARTICULATIONPLACE OF ARTICULATION

Broad categories a oh human Broad categories a oh human speechspeechVowels are the sounds in

production of which the airstream is allowed to go through the speech organ without meeting any obstacle

ConsonantThe sound produced by the

creation of an obstacle that impedes the progress of the air stream through the speech tract

PHONOLOGICAL RULESPHONOLOGICAL RULESFormal notation is required to note the

phonological rules. This notation must be adequate to express types of process that is occurred in any language and generalization.

Phonological process takes place if:1. There is one or more segment influenced2. The affected segments will undergo a formation

(alteration)3. The alteration generally occurs in certain

environment

NotationNotation

Formal notation for the phonological process of a segment

1. The affected segment appears on the left side of the arrow

2. The alteration appears on right side of the arrow3. The environment is presented by a slash

Example: [+ nasal] [+syllabic] / -# Listen /lI∫n/

Phonological ProcessPhonological Process

Phonological Process occurs when morphemes are gathered to form words, the segment s of the morphemes which are

nearby become in line and occurs alteration.

The alteration can be predicted based on some conditions

1. the position in a word 2. Phonological quality 3. prosodic features, stressed or

unstressed vowel

Categories of Phonological Categories of Phonological ProcessProcess1. Assimilation2. Syllable structure3. Weakening and strengthening 4. Neutralization

Assimilation Assimilation This process takes places if:1. Segments become identical 2. A segment obtains specific features from the

neighboring3. A segment adapts other segment baki   →          gapi       (Ind. loyang)

butↄ   →        dupↄ    (Ind. raksasa)guci    →         juki        (Ind. guci)buku  →         gupu      (Ind. buku)

b → p / # -          ………………………………………….(a)g → k / # -           ………………………………………….(b)k → g / – #          ………………………………………… (c)t → d / – #          ………………………………………… (d)c → j / – #           ………………………………………… (e)

Syllable structureSyllable structure

1. influence the distribution of consonants and vowel in a word relatively

2. A segment can be omitted [φ] pants /pans/ /t/ [φ] /c- c know /nәu/ /k/ [φ] / - [n]

3 A segment can be interfered [φ] impossible /impos ә bl/ [φ] [m] / -

[p]

4. Two segments can be united into a segment

5. Mutated t o p p o t[+ kons]1 [+ sil]1+ [+kons]2   → 3  2  1 

l i v e e v i l[+ kons]1 [+ sil]1+ [+kons]2 + [+ sil]2  → 3  2  1 

4

6. Changing from the tense to lax vowel

[aI] [I] [aI] [I] divine divinityderive derivativereside residualchild childrenrevise revisiondecide decision drive drivenProvide provisionDefine definition

[i] [[i] [ėė]]Serene serenitySupreme supremacyRedeem redemptionMeter metricDiscreet discretionIntervene interventionConvene conventionPenal penaltyObsceneobscenity

[e[eII]] [ [ae]ae] Sane sanity Insane insanity Explain explanatory Mania maniac Urbane urbanity Humane humanity Angel angelic Fable fabulous State static[au] [A]Profound profundityAbound abundanceSouth southern

Strong and weak formStrong and weak form

Citation formThe form in which a word is pronounced in

isolation

Different forms of pronunciationStrong formIt occurs when the word is stressedWeak formIt occurs when the word is in unstressed

position

Strong and weak Some common English Strong and weak Some common English wordswords

Word strong form weak form example of week form

a ei ә a cup [ә ‘kΛp] and ænd әnd, nd, әn you and me [ju әn mi] as aez әz as good as [zs gud әz] at aet әt at home [әt h әum] can kæn k әn I can go [ai k әn g әu] H

as hæz hәz, әz z he’s left [hiz left] must mΛst mәst, mәz ms I must sell [ai ms sel] she ∫I ∫Ι did she go [did ∫Ι gәu] to tu tә to be or not to be Would wud wәd, әd it would do [it әd du]

intonationintonationPitch is changing continuously

Intonation of sentence is the pattern of pitch changes that occurs

A tone group the part of sentence over which a particular pattern extends

The father gave money to her fatherTonic syllable A single syllable that stands out ; it carries the

major pitch changes

It may occur earlier if some words requires It may occur earlier if some words requires emphasisemphasis

2 He wanted to go to Germany on Monday

There are two or more tone groups within a sentence3.

She sat by the ‘ window reading a ‘letter

4 Split sentence into three separate tone group

The girl gave the money to her father

5. The topic sentence is less likely to receive the tonic accent than the comment

Water is a liquid

Water is liquid

6. Tonic syllable is rising in a question requiring the answer yes or no

. Do you want some ‘cofee?

7. [+ falling] and [+rising] can occur earlier

Do you take cream in your coffee?

8. [+falling] in final stressed syllable ..question that begins with wh……

Where did you put the paper?

9[+ rising] often occurs in the middle of a sentence

The man who took the coffee was my father

10. a list of items is often given a similar way

I want some apples, oranges, and peaches

11. Do you want some coffee or not

12.Conveying doubt

His name is peter?

13 Polite Question

His name is peter?

Expressing doubt

I ‘think ‘so

Yes Falling = the answer is yes

Yes high = did you say ‘yes?

Yes low= please go on I’m listening

Yes falling –rising = I’m doubtful Yes rising- falling = I’m certain

Function of IntonationFunction of IntonationTo express emotions and attitudes (attitudinal

function of intonation)

To produce the effect of prominence on syllables to be perceived as stressed (The accentual function of intonation)

To recognize the grammar and syntactic structure of what is being said by using the information (grammatical function of intonation)

To be taken as new information (discourse function of intonation

STRESSSTRESSA stressed syllable is produced by

pushing more air out of the lungs in one syllable relative to others.

A stressed syllable has greater respiratory energy then neighboring unstressed syllables

Stress can always be defined is terms of something a speaker does in one part of an utterance relative to another

Syntactic relationship between parts of words

noun - Verb relationan ‘insult to in’sult‘overflow to over ‘flowan ‘increase to in ‘crease

compound noun Phrasesa ‘walkout to ‘walk ’outa ‘puton to ‘put ‘ona ‘pushover to ‘push ‘over

a ‘hot dog a ‘hot ‘dog

Grammatical structure of words