PHILOSOPHY, RELIGION, AND THE COMING WORLD CIVILIZATION

PHILOSOPHY, RELIGION,

AND THE COMING WORLD

CIVILIZATION

ESSAYS IN HONOR OF WILLIAM ERNEST HOCKING

Edited by

LEROY S. ROUNER

THE HAGUE MARTINUS NljHOFF

1966

ISBN-J3: 978-94-010-3534-7 e-ISBN-J3: 978-94-010-3532-3 DOl: 10.1007/978-94-010-3532-3

Cop",ight I966 by Marlinus NijAolf. The Hagus. Netherlands Soflcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1966

All rights reserved, including the right to translate or to reproduce this book or parts thereof in any form

TO

WILLIAM ERNEST HOCKING

Whose profound and logical love of life has attained the highest reaches

of curiosity, sympathy and wisdom

Preface

Gabriel Marcel reminds me that I asked him to write for this book. This is quite true, but not the whole story. During the visit with Ernest Hocking which he describes so eloquently in his essay, "Solips­ism Surmounted," he learned from Hocking's hostess, Elizabeth Hazard, that I was planning hopefully for a Hocking F estschri/t. On his return to Harvard, where he was preparing his James Lectures, he wrote me offering an essay should these plans develop. Encouraged, I kept his letter while I moved my family to India and settled into a new job. When it was possible to begin work on the book in earnest I then made my request, reminding him of his original offer. I mention this because I discovered that his enthusiasm was to be typical of those who came to know about the project. Charles Moore commented that such a book was "long overdue," and Walter Stace spoke for us all when he said: "I am sure that there is no one in our profession who would not wish to be associated with any project in his honor."

Given the wide range of Hocking's interests and influence, it was difficult to know just how the volume should be organized. Should it be confined to essays dealing directly with his thought, or should the contributors be given free rein to offer whatever seemed most appropri­ate to them? There are virtues in both approaches, and the final decision was to organize the essays around three general themes which represented areas of Hocking's particular interest, including in each part some essays which deal directly with his work, and others which treat the theme independently. As it turns out, these three themes: metaphysics, religion and civilization, are not far from the specified concerns of the famous Alford Chair which he held at Harvard in "Natural Religion, Moral Philosophy, and Civil Polity."

Although he was at first reluctant to allow this encroachment on the time and energy of so many, when it became apparent that the book was inevitable he gave generously of his own time and energy in checking the bibliography and summarizing, at the editor's request, the

VIII PREFACE

Second Series of his Gifford Lectures which had appeared previously only in abbreviated newspaper articles on the occasion.

A good many others have helped in ways large and small, none more so than my good friend and faithful secretary Mr. M. S. Balasu­bramaniam who has done thankless essential tasks with unfailing good cheer. All of the contributors worked under pressure of time in the midst of. numerous other professional commitments, and I am more than grateful to each of them. Mr. G. Priem and the editorial board of Martinus Nijhoff were immediately enthusiastic about the project, and have been generous with their help and encouragement and patient with the inevitable delays involved. Fr. H. Volken, S. J. checked my translation of Marcel's essay and saved me from sever­al egregious errors.

Ernest Hocking is not only an elder statesman of Western philosophy and a major influence on the thought of many philosophers of the East; he is a pioneer in one of the most important ventures of our time, the development of a world perspective in philosophy. The book is offered to him by the contributors in the name of all those who are grateful for who he is and what he has taught us.

The United Theological College

Bangalore. South India

LEROY S. ROUNER

Preface Curriculum Vitae The Contributors

Contents

VII

XIII

XV

PART I / METAPHYSICS AND EXPERIENCE

1. HOCKING'S METAPHYSICS: ANALYSES AND

EVALUATIONS

LEROY S. ROUNER,

GABRIEL MARCEL,

ANDREW J. RECK,

Y. H. KRIKORIAN,

D. S. ROBINSON,

CHARLES HARTSHORNE,

DONALD WILLIAMS,

FREDERICK WERNER,

The Making of a Philosopher: Ernest Hocking's Early Years 5

Solipsism Surmounted 23

Hocking's Place in American Metaphysics 32

Hocking and the Dilemmas of Mo-dernity 48

Hocking's Contribution to M eta-physical Idealism 59

Idealism and Our Experience of Nature

Preface to Privacy

Integrity

70

81

95

2. RELATED PROBLEMS: EVIL, SELFHOOD, EXISTENCE

AND ARTISTIC RESPONSIBILITY

WALTER STACE,

JOHN SMITH,

The Problem of Evil

Is the Self an Ultimate Category?

123

135

x

MARVIN FARBER,

RAPHAEL DEMOS,

CONTENTS

Existence and the Life World

Word Versus Deed in Plato

PART II / RELIGIOUS PHILOSOPHY AND THE WORLD'S

LIVING RELIGIONS

I. THE PROBLEM OF RELIGIOUS KNOWLEDGE

H. P. VAN DUSEN, A Half-Century of Hocking's Re-

lSI

168

flection 179

HENRY NELSON WIEMAN, Empiricism in Religious Philoso-phy 183

NELS FERRE, BiblicalFaithandPhilosophicTruth 198

P. NAGARAJ A RAo, The Spirit of Indian Philosophy 213

2. THE ECUMENICAL SPIRIT IN THE WORLD'S LIVING

RELIGIONS

WALTER HORTON, Tambaram:Twenty-Five Years After

HENDRIK KRAEMER, The Role and Responsibility 01 the Christian Mission

R. H. L. SLATER, Religious Diversity and Religious Reconception

SEARLE BATES, Problems 01 Religious Freedom

S. RADHAKRISHNAN, FellowshiP 0/ the Spirit

22S

235

2S0

263

277

CONTENTS XI

PART III I PHILOSOPHY, SOCIETY AND A WORLD

CIVILIZATION

1. THE MEANING OF CONTEMPORARY HISTORY

GERALD HEARD,

CRANE BRINTON,

F. S. C. NORTHROP,

CARL FRIEDRICH,

PhilosoPhy, Society and Civilization 301

Reflections on the Literature of Whither Mankind 310

The Interplay of Physics, Politics and Religion in Today' s World 320

Pan-Humanism, Culturism and the Federal Union of Europe 330

2. THE MEETING OF EAST AND WEST

CHARLES MOORE,

HUSTON SMITH,

T. M. P. MAHADEVAN,

C. T. K. CHARI,

CHARLES MALIK,

CONCLUSION

Professor Hocking and East-West Philosophy 342

V alid Materialism: A Western Offe-ring to Hocking's Civilization in the Singular 354

Indian Philosophy and the West 369

Human Personality in East-West Perspectives 381

It is Time to Remind the West 398

WILLIAM ERNEST HOCKING, History and the Absolute 423

BIBLIOGRAPHY

RICHARD GILMAN, The Bibliography of William Ernest Hocking 465

Acknowledgments

Grateful acknowledgment is made to the Center for the Study of World Religions, Harvard University, for permission to reprint portions of Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan's "Fellowship of the Spirit," which was an address at the inauguration of the Center, published by the Center in 1961; to The Journal of Philosophy for permission to reprint, with minor revision, Y. H. Krikorian's "Hocking and the Dilemmas of Modernity," which originally appeared in Vol. LV: 7, 27 March 1958; to the Internation Institute of Differing Civilizations for permission to reprint Hendrik Kraemer's "The Role and Responsi­bility of the Christian Mission," which originally appeared in Civili­sations, Vol. VII, (1957) NO.4; to The Saturday Review for permission to reprint, with minor revision, an article by Henry P. Van Dusen which originally appeared in their issue of August 16, 1958 under the title, "Man, His World and His God"; and to The Philosophical Quarterly for permission to reprint T. M. P. Mahadevan's "Indian Philosophy and the West," Vol. XXII, NO.3.

The editor also acknowledges with gratitude permission granted by the following publishers to quote from their publications. Detailed references for each quotation are given in footnotes in the text.

George Allen and Unwin Ltd, London; Appleton-Century-Crofts, New York; Cambridge University Press, London; The Clarendon Press, Oxford; Harcourt, Brace and World, Inc., New York; Harper and Row, New York; Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachussetts; University of Hawaii Press, Honolulu; Longmans, Green and Co. Limited, Harlow, Essex; The Macmillan Company, New York; Marti­nus Nijhoff, The Hague; University of North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill; The Philosophical Library, New York; Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey; Princeton University Press, Princeton; Henry Regnery Co., Chicago; Rider and Co., London; SCM Press Ltd, Lon­don; Charles Scribner's Sons, New York; The Viking Press, New York; Yale University Press, New Haven; and the Estates of Katharine Royce and Hope Mackintosh for publication rights belonging to them.

Frontispiece photograph by Pach Bros

Curriculum Vitae

William Ernest Hocking was born on August 10, 1873 in Cleveland Ohio, the son of William Francis Hocking, a homeopathic physician, and Julia Carpenter Pratt, who was a native of Southbridge, Massa­chusetts, and a descendent of Degorie Priest of the Mayflower. His early schooling was chiefly in Joliet, Illinois, where he graduated from High School in 1889. For the next four years he worked at a series of jobs - surveyor, "printer's devil," map maker, illustrator - in order to earn money for college. He entered Iowa State College of Agriculture and the Mechanic Arts in 1894. Later he determined to go to Harvard to study with William James. He spent another four years saving for his Harvard studies by teaching in Davenport: first in Duncan's Business College, then as Principal of School No. 1. He entered Harvard in the fall of 1899 and managed to cross to the Paris Exposition of 1900 as a cattleman before graduating from Harvard College in 1901. He received his A. M. from Harvard the following year and during the academic year 1902-1903 he studied in Germany at Gottingen, Berlin and Heidelberg. He returned to Harvard to take his Ph.D. degree in 1904. In the Fall of 1904 he became Instructor in Comparative Religion at Andover Theological Seminary, following George Foot Moore. On June 28, 1905, he married Agnes O'Reilly, third daughter of John Boyle O'Reilly, a poet and leading Catholic layman in Boston.

In 1906 he joined the philosophy department of the University of California under George Howison. During this time he took part in the rebuilding of San Francisco after the great earthquake and fire. After two years in Berkeley he was called to Yale where he served for the next six years as Assistant Professor. The Meaning of God in Human Experience was published in 1912, and in 1914 he was called to Harvard where he later filled the Alford Chair of Natural Religion, Moral Philosophy and Civil Polity. In the summer of 1916 he enlisted with the Civilian Training Camp at Plattsburgh, New York, and in 1917 went to England and France as a member of the first detachment of

XIV CURRICULUM VITAE

American military engineers to reach the front. In 1918 his appointment as inspector of "war issues" courses in the army training camps in the north-eastern United States was responsible for his study of Morale and Its Enemies.

From 1930-1932 Professor Hockirig was largely occupied with the Chairmanship of a Commission of Appraisal- a study of the foreign mission work of six Protestant denominations in India, Burma, China and Japan. The Commission report, Re-Thinking Missions, produced a lively debate in the Christian West. He went abroad again in 1936 to give the Hibbert Lectures at Oxford and Cambridge, later published as Living Religions and a W ol'ld Faith. During this same year and the year following he was Gifford Lecturer at Glasgow, Scotland. On his return to Harvard in 1938 he was 65 and due for retirement, but President Conant invited him to continue for an additional five years, during which he offered a course in logic for Freshmen, and a course in religion and civilization. It was during this period that he developed the idea of the Self as a "Field of Fields," which has been central to his later metaphysics. After retirement Professor Hocking served several guest professorships, notably at Dartmouth and at the University of Leiden in Holland, and in the summer of 1949 he lectured at the Goethe Bicentennial in Aspen, Colorado.

During his marriage of fifty years to Agnes Hocking (who died in May of 1955) three children were born. Richard Hocking is now Chair­man of the Department of Philosophy at Emory University; Hester Campbell is the wife of Bishop Donald Campbell of Cambridge, Massachusetts; Joan Kracke is the wife of Professor Edward Kracke, head of the Chinese Department, University of Chicago Graduate School. Professor Hocking's home is in Madison, New Hampshire.

The Contributors

M. SEARLE BATES was Professor of History in the University of Nanking, China, 1920-50; Professor of Missions at Union Theological Seminary, New York, 1950-65. He wrote Religious Liberty: An Inquiry (1945), a major treatise translated into several languages. On behalf of religious liberty he has served in various units of the National Council of Churches of Christ in the U.S.A., the International Missionary Council, and the World Council of Churches.

CRANE BRINTON, McLean Professor of Ancient and Modem History at Harvard, is an authority on Western intellectual history and patterns of revolution. With the exception of the years from 1942-1945 when he was a Special Assistant to the Office of Strategic Services, he has taught at Harvard continuously since 1923. He is Editor of the Foreign Policy Library of the Harvard University Press. Among his most recent books are, Ideas and Men: The Story of Western Thought, The Temper of Western Europe, A History of Western Morals and The Fate of Man.

C. T. K. CHARI has taught at the American College in Madurai, South India, and is now Professor and permanent Head of the Depart­ment of Philosophy and Psychology at Madras Christian College, Tambaram. He was Principal Miller Lecturer at Madras University 195&-1959 and President of the Logic and Metaphysics Section of the Indian Philosophical Congress in 1956. He has published numerous articles in India, Europe and the United States in the fields of the philosophy of science, mysticism, religion and parapsychology. He is editor and co-author of Essays in Philosophy.

RAPHAEL DEMOS received his undergraduate training at Anatolia College in Turkey, and his Ph. D. from Harvard in 1913. When he became Professor Emeritus in 1962 he had taught at Harvard over a

XVI THE CONTRIBUTORS

span of forty-three years. He succeeded William Ernest Hocking as Alford Professor of Natural Religion, Moral Philosophy and Civil Polity. Since retirement from Harvard he has been Visiting Professor at McGill and Vanderbilt Universities. His major philosophical interest has been in Greek philosophy, especially Plato. He is the author of The Philosophy 01 Plato and co-author of the 1942 Harvard report, General Education in a Free Society.

MARVIN FARBER is now Distinguished Service Professor at the State University of New York at Buffalo, having taught previously at Ohio State University, the University of Buffalo and the University of Pennsylvania. He is Founder and Editor of the international quarterly, Philosophy and Phenomenological Research and editor of the series, American Lectures in Philosophy. He was also editor and co-author of Philosophical Essays in Memory 01 Edmund Husserl. His most recent book is Naturalism and Subjectivism.

NELS F. S. FERRE has recently been appointed Scholar in Residence at Parsons College. He has taught at Vanderbilt Divinity School and Andover Newton Theological School, and has lectured extensively in Europe and Asia. His interest in the relationship between philosophy and theology is evident in such books as Faith and Reason, Christian Faith and Higher Education, Searchlights on Contemporary Theology and Finality 01 Faith. His most recent book is Reason in Religion.

CARL J. FRIEDRICH is Eaton Professor of the Science of Government at Harvard, where he has taught since 1926. He has written many books and articles on Philosophy, Government and foreign policy. An advisor to the government of Puerto Rico on constitutional matters, he has also served as consultant on constitutional problems to the Study Committee for the European Constitution. His books include Constitutional Government and Democracy, The Philosophy 01 Kant, The Philosophy 01 Law in Historical Perspective and Man and His Government.

RICHARD C. GILMAN became President of Occidental College on July I, 1965. For the preceding five years he had been Dean of the College and Professor of Philosophy at Carleton College, Northfield Minnesota. From 1950-1956 ·he taught at Colby College, Waterville Maine, leaving Colby to become Director of the National Council on

THE CONTRIBUTORS XVII

Religion in Higher Education. He is the author of several articles on philosophy and religion and is an Associate Fellow of the Council of Humanities of Princeton University.

CHARLES HARTSHORNE has been Ashbel Smith Professor of philosophy at the University of Texas since 1962. He began his teaching career in the philosophy department at Harvard where he assisted A. N. Whitehead. He taught at the University of Chicago from 1928-1955. Before going to Texas he taught at Emory University. He has been Dudleian Lecturer at Harvard, Terry Lecturer at Yale, and Morse Lecturer at Union Theological Seminary. He has published eight books and more than 170 articles. Among his recent books is The Logic 0/ PeY/ection. He is currently at work on a two-volume statement of his metaphysics.

GERALD HEARD, author, historian, lecturer, was born in London and did undergraduate and graduate work in history and the philosophy of religion at Cambridge University. He was science commentator for the RRC. from 1932-1935. The range of his interest is evident in his 48 published books, from detective stories to a philosophy of history, The Ascent 0/ Humanity, which won the Henrietta Hertz prize of the BritishAcademy. At present Mr. Heard lives in Santa Monica, California, where he continues to write and do occasional lecturing.

WALTER HORTON became Fairchild Professor of Theology EmeYitus, of the Oberlin Graduate School of Theology in 1962. He went to Oberlin in 1925 after two years as an Instructor at Union Theological Seminary. He has held Visiting Professorships in France, Japan, India and at the University of Chicago. Among his better known books are A Psychological Approach to Theology, Christian Theology: An Ecumeni­cal Approach, Our Eternal Contemporary and Can Christianity Save Civilization?

HENDRIK KRAEMER, who died in November, 1965, had served the Dutch Bible Society in Indonesia before returning to the University of Leiden where he became Professor of the History and Phenomenology of Reli­gions in the Theological Faculty in 1937. In 1948 he became the first director of the Ecumenical Institute of Bossey. He had been Visiting Professor at Union Theological Seminary and Princeton University. He is best known for The Christian Message in aN on-Christian Warld, Reli­gion and the C hristian Faith, and World Cultures and Warld Religions.

XVIII THE CONTRIBUTORS

YERVANT H. KRIKORIAN is Professor of Philosophy Emeritus of City University, New York. Born in Turkey, he did undergraduate work at Robert College, Istanbul, and received his M.A. and Ph.D. from Harvard. He was an instructor at Robert College from 1912-1914 and went to City University New York in 1924. He is co-author of Basic Problems of Philosophy and Contemporary Philosophic Problems, and editor of Naturalism and the Human Spirit. He has been Visiting Professor at George Washington University, Howard University, and American University.

T. M. P. MAHADEVAN is Professor of Philosophy and Head of the Department of Philosophy, University of Madras. He was Visiting Professor at Cornell University in 1948, and lectured on East-West philosophy at the Goethe Bicentennial in Aspen Colorado in July of 1949. He was a delegate to the East-West Philosophers Conference at the University of Hawaii in 1949 and again in 1959. He has been Principal Miller Lecturer at the University of Madras, and was President of the Indian Philosophical Congress in 1955. A specialist in the Advaita Vedanta philosophy of SaIikara, the two volumes of his Readings from Sankara are among his most recent books.

CHARLES MALIK is Distinguished Professor of Philosophy at the American University of Beirut, Lebanon. He is a former President of the General Assembly, the Security Council and the Economic and Social Council, and former Chairman of the Commission on Human Rights, of the United Nations. He is former Minister for Foreign Affairs and for National Education and Fine Arts of the Republic of Lebanon, and a former Ambassador of Lebanon to the United States. He was also, at one time, University Professor at the School of Inter­national Service of the American University in Washington. Among his numerous pUblications are Christ and Crisis and Man in the Struggle for Peace.

GABRIEL MARCEL was born and educated in Paris where he received the Agregation de Philosophie in 1910. He has taught philosophy at the Lycee de Vendome, the Lycee Condorcet it Paris, and at the Lycee de Sens. He is a playwright and drama critic as well as a philosopher. His philosophical works include Journal Metaphysique, Homo Viator,The Mystery of Being, and The Existential Background of Human Dignity. He has been awarded the Grand Prize

THE CONTRIBUTORS XIX

for Literature of the French Academy, the Osiris Prize, and the Grand Prix National des Lettres. He is an Officer in the Order of the Legion of Honor, and a Commander in the Order of Arts and Letters.

CHARLES A. MOORE received his A.B. in 1926 and his Ph.D. in 1932 from Yale University. He served as an instructor in the philosophy department at Yale for three years after completing his studies. He went to the University of Hawaii in1936 and became Senior Professor in 1955. He has been Director of the East-West Philosophers' Confer­ences in 1939, 1949, 1959 and 1964. He is editor of Philosophy East and West, co-author and editor of the publication of each of the East­West Philosophers' Conferences, and co-editor (with Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan) of A Source Book in Indian Philosophy.

F. S. C. NORTHROP is Sterling Professor of Philosophy and Law Emeritus in the Yale Law School and Yale University. He did graduate work in economics and philosophy at Yale and Harvard, and further study in England and Germany. Prior to joining the Yale Faculty he worked for the YMCA in Brooklyn, New York and in Hong Kong. Among his numerous publications are Science and First Principles, The Meeting of East and West, The Logic of the Sciences and Humanities, The Complexity of Legal and Ethical Experience, Man, Nature and God, and Cross-Cultural Understanding: Epistemology in Anthropology (with Helen H. Livingston).

P. NAGARAJA RAo is currently Professor of Philosophy at Sri Venka­teswara University in Tirupathi, Andhra Pradesh. He took his doctor's degree at the Benares Hindu University under Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan in 1945, after completing the M.A. degree with distinction at Madras University. He taught philosophy in Madras, Benares, Ahmedabad, Dharwar and Bangalore before assuming his present position. He has published numerous articles on Indian philosophy. Among his books are Bhagavad Gila and the Changing World, The Epistemology of M adhava, and Introduction to Vedanta.

SARVEPALLI RADHAKRISHNAN is the President of India. A graduate of Madras Christian College, Tambaram, he has been Professor of Philosophy at the Benares Hindu University, and at several other universities in India. He was Spalding Professor of Eastern Religions and Ethics at Oxford University for a number of years, and has

xx THE CONTRIBUTORS

served the Republic of India in numerous diplomatic and adminis­trative capacities. Among his many publications are Indian PhilosoPhy, East and West, Eastern Religions and Western Thought, An Idealist View of Life and Contemporary Indian Philosophy.

ANDREW RECK is Professor of Philosophy at Tulane University. He took his doctor's degree in philosophy at Yale University, and taught at the University of Connecticut and Yale before returning to Tulane in 1958. He contributed to Experience, Existence and the Good: Essays in Honor of Paul Weiss, Philosophical Interrogations, and Spirit as Inquiry: Studies in Honor of Bernard Lonergan. He is the author of Recent American Philosophy, and editor of George Herbert Mead's Selected Writings. He has also written numerous articles and reviews for philosophical journals in America and abroad.

DANIEL SOMER ROBINSON took his M.A. and B.D. degrees from Yale University and his Ph. D. from Harvard. He has been President of Butler University, and taught philosophy at The University of Wisconsin, Indiana University, and Miami University in Oxford Ohio. He is Director Emeritus of the School of Philosophy at the University of Southern California. He has edited several anthologies of con­temporary philosophy and is the author of Crucial Issues in Philosophy, Principles of Reasoning, Principles of Conduct, The God of the Liberal Christian, and Introduction to Living Philosophy ..

LEROY S. ROUNER is Assistant Professor of Philosophy at the United Theological College, Bangalore, South India. He did his undergraduate work at Harvard before taking his B.D. (summa cum laude) at Union Theological Seminary, and Ph. D. at Columbia University. He has written on the philosophy of religion for journals in India and the United States. He contributed to Madras Christian College's Re­Thinking Our Role, and is currently at work on a book on Hocking's philosophy.

ROBERT LAWSON SLATER is Professor Emeritus of World Religions and former Director of the Center for the Study of World Religions at Harvard University. He spent seventeen years in Asia after gradu­ating from Cambridge University, and was, for a time, lecturer in logic at Rangoon University, Burma. He was lecturer in Comparative Religion at Union Theological Seminary and, before going to Harvard, was Professor of Systematic Theology at McGill University. His

THE CONTRIBUTORS XXI

books include World Religions and World Community and Can Christi­ans Learn from Other Religions? He is an honorary Canon of Christ Church Cathedral, Montreal.

HUSTON SMITH was born in China, where his parents were missionaries, and spent his boyhood there. He is now Professor of Philosophy at the Massachussetts Institute of Technology with special interests in comparative philosophies and religions. He is the author of The Purposes of Higher Education, The Religions 0/ Man, and Condemned to Meaning; and editor and co-author of The Search for America. After receiving his Ph.D. from the University of Chicago he taught at the University of Denver, the University of Colorado and Washington University before assuming his present position.

JOHN EDWIN SMITH is Professor of Philosophy and has served as Chair­man of the Department of Philosophy at Yale University. He is a special­ist in American philosophy and the philosophy of religion. He took his undergraduate work at Columbia University, his B.D. degree at Union Theological Seminary, and his Ph.D. from Columbia. He taught at Vassar College and at Barnard College before going to Yale in I952. He is the author of The Spirit of American Philosophy, Reason and God, and Royce's Social Infinite. He edited Jonathan Edwards' Treatise Concerning Religious AI/ections, and translated R. Kroner's Kant's Weltanschauung.

WALTER STACE is Professor of Philosophy Emeritus at Princeton Uni­versity. Born in London he was educated in Scotland and took his B.A. from Trinity College, Dublin. From I9IO to I932 he served in the Ceylon Civil Service. He then went to Princeton University, after re­ceiving his Litt. D. from Trinity College Dublin, and assumed his professorship in I935. He is the author of Time and Eternity, The Destiny 01 Western Man, and Religion and the Modern Mind, as well as his early Critical History of Greek Philosophy and The Philosophy of Hegel.

HENRY PITNEY VAN DUSEN, Lamont Professor of Christian Theology Emeritus and President Emeritus of Union Theological Seminary, is at present Union Theological Seminary Travelling Professor. He is an editor of The Library of Christian Classics, and numerous other volumes. He has participated in almost every major ecumenical conference since the Oxford Conference of I937. Among his own better

XXII THE CONTRIBUTORS

known books are World Christianity: Yesterday, Today, and Tomorrow, Spirit, Son and Father, and The Vindication of Liberal Theology.

FREDERICK GUSTAV WERNER is Alfred Sloan Research Fellow and Director of Graduate Study and Research in Physics at Xavier University. He took his M.A. in Physics at Princeton, and Ph.D. at the University of Cincinnati with Boris Podolsky, who collaborated with Albert Einstein. Later, Niels Bohr brought Werner to his Institute for Theoretical Physics in Copenhagen. Werner's pUblications include those on Superheavy Nuclei with John Wheeler; on Speed of Electro­magnetic Waves, and on Significance of Electromagnetic Potentials in Quantum Theory with Dieter Brill.

HENRY NELSON WIEMAN is a graduate of Park College and the San Francisco Seminary. He studied in Germany with Rudolph Eucken, Windelband and Troeltsch before four years in the parish ministry in California. He left for Harvard in I9I5 and took his Ph.D. in phi­losophy there with Ralph Barton Perry and Hocking. For many years he was Professor at The University of Chicago. At present he is Professor at Southern Illinois University. Among his many books are Religious Experience and Scientific Method, The Wrestle of Religion with Truth, Man's Ultimate Commitment, Intellectual Foundations of Faith, and The Source of Human Good.

DONALD CARY WILLIAMS is Professor of Philosophy at Harvard. He took his A.B. at Occidental College in English and Philosophy before completing the Ph.D. in philosophy at Harvard. He taught at the University of California at Los Angeles, returning to Harvard in I939 where he has served as Department Chairman. He was President of the Metaphysical Society of America in I962-I963. His published writings include numerous articles in the theory of knowledge, probability, and the metaphysics of substance and time. He is the author of Ground of Induction; his Principles of Empirical Realism (with Harry Ruja) is announced for this year.