Philosophes
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Transcript of Philosophes
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Ideas of the Enlightenment
The Philosophes
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Ideas Before the Turmoil• The later part of the 18th century, new ideas were generating
throughout Europe.• People were desperate for change-many calling for reforms• Radicals called for limits on the king’s powers.• Ideas were not new• English Revolution• American Revolution
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Thinkers of the Enlightenment• Philosophes- were the intellectuals of the
18th century Enlightenment. • They were men who applied reason to the
studies of politics, economics, science, and social issues.
• They looked for weakness and failures that needed improvement.
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Thomas Locke• An English philosopher and physician• He believed that everyone had the
natural right to to defend his life, health, liberty and possessions.
• Known for his anti-authoritarian theory of state and advocacy of religious tolerance and theory of personal identity.
• He was famous for arguing that the divine right of kings is supported neither by scripture nor by the use of reason
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Voltaire• Name: Francois-Marie Arouet
(French)• Had issues with the Catholic
Church and spoke out for religious freedom.
• He argued that the Catholic Church kept its members in the “dark” and robbed them of what money they possessed.
• He especially felt this way about the peasants (Third Estate)
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Jean-Jacques Rousseau• Voiced that the king (King
Louis XVI) was not doing his job.
• Rousseau advocated that a ruler should rule according to the wishes of the citizens.
• His political philosophy influenced the French Revolution as well as the overall development of modern political, sociological, and educational thought.
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Baron de La Brède et de Montesquieu
• Felt that there should be a balance of power.
• The government should be divided into three separate, but equal parts.
• He believed the governmental powers should be separate yet dependent upon each other so that the influence of any one power would not exceed that of the other two.
• The ruler should rule along side the citizens • They should share power, not one
group calling all the shots.
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Thomas Hobbes• English philosopher best
known for his work on political thought.
• He advocated for the absolutism of the sovereign.
• Hobbes portrays the commonwealth as a gigantic human form built out of the bodies of its citizens, the sovereign as its head.
• Hobbes calls this figure the "Leviathan”.
• The image constitutes the definitive metaphor for Hobbes's perfect government.