The Northern Greeks: The MacedoniansKingdom of

Macedonia was north of Greece

Macedonians were considered barbaric and not worthy of Greek attention

Macedonians had their own problems dealing with invasions from Europe and constant fighting amongst themselves

Phillip II 359 B.C. Phillip Of

Macedonia assumes powerSkilled politician and

master of Greek warfare who seeks to exploit weaknesses of many Greek poleis

He is skilled and daring enough to seize the entire Greek peleponese

Phillip IIArmy of Macedonia had

many strengthsArmy was based on heavy

and light cavalry supported by hoplite phalanxes

Phalanx consisted of Greek soldiers in a tight formation of shields and long lances

Macedonians breed for war

Phillip IIPhillip of Macedonia controls

Greece by 339 B.C. through conquest and by promising to remove Persian presence from Greece

He assassinated before daughters wedding in 338 B.C. (alleged that Alexander had role in his death)

Alexander assumes throne at 20 years of age

Alexander The GreatAlexander is an

experienced commander and determined to prove himself

Calls for Greek troops but is ignored by Greek poleis

Massacres the polis Thebes in 335 B.C.to send a message

His army swells with Greek troops who fear him

Alexander The GreatAlexander invades Persia

and at Battle of The Granicus 334B.C. defeats an army of 110,000

He moves into Egypt and is proclaimed pharaoh

Builds the famous lighthouse of Alexandria

Considered one of the Seven Wonders of the World

Alexander The Great: The Persian Conquest

Alexander seeks to conqueror Babylon in 334 B.C.

Persian Emperor Darius fails to stop the Greeks from moving into the heart of his kingdom

331 B.C. Battle of Issus Alexander crushes the Persian army led by Darius who flees the field of battle

Darius is eventually killed by own troops to appease Alexander

Alexander The Great: The Persian ConquestAlexander conquerors the

Persian empire and becomes infatuated with Persian life

Convinced he is destined to conqueror the world

He conquerors Afghanistan and Pakistan until he ventures into India past the Indus River Valley

India proves to be more than a challenge

Alexander the Greats Victory at Hydaspes River, 326 B.C.

Alexander The Great: The Persian ConquestAlexander’s army refuses

to go any furtherHe seeks to punish his men

by returning through the deserts of Pakistan and loses 50% of his men

Returns to Babylon by 324 B.C. and seeks to merge the Greek and Persian empires into one

Alexander The Great: The Persian Conquest

323 B.C. Alexander seeks to cross into Arabia and beyond

The Greek army is exhausted and on the brink of mutiny

Alexander mysteriously dies before his plans are complete

Death is a mystery

The Significance Of AlexanderA magnificent general and

leader whose accomplishments of war are still studied

He helped spread Greek culture throughout the Middle East

He built over 70 cities along trade routes using Greek style including bathes and gymnasiums which contribute to cultural exchange

The Significance Of AlexanderIntroduced the

Hellenistic Age it was the mixture of Greek and Persian culture that produced new ideas on civilization

This lead to the birth of cosmopolitan cities

Shortcoming was that he was not concerned with ruling an empire