CONTENTS•Abstract•Introduction•Literature survey•Problem formulation•Requirement specification•Functional block diagram•Advantages and disadvantages•Applications•Conclusion•Reference

ABSTARCT

•This project presents a “ START-STOP SYSTEM DESIGN FOR A PLUG IN HYBRID ELECTRIC VEHICLE ”.

•The project aims at receiving different inputs from the vehicle and processed in the microcontroller. Depending upon the control logic, battery conditions and vehicle conditions, stopping and starting of the vehicle is done by driving the starter motor relay and fuel injector power supply cutoff.

INTRODUCTION

•HEV’s reduce idle emissions by shutting down the ICE at idle and restarting it when needed thus is known as a “START STOP SYSTEM”.

•Here is an attempt made to design a start stop system to suit multiple vehicles so that the immediate need for a controller is achieved.

•Using start stop system fuel economy and low emission can be achieved.

PLUG-IN HYBRID ELECTRIC VEHICLE (PHEV)

• PHEV combines the concept of conventional internal combustion engine with the electric propulsion system for better economy of fuel.

•Their main advantage is that they can be gasoline independent for daily usage. It also has the extended range of electric hybrid for long trips.

•HEV can offer better fuel economy and lower exhaust emission by using two sources of energy namely the fuel and the stored electrical energy.

LITERATURE SURVEY

INTRODUCTION TO IC ENGINE VEHICLE

•Conventional vehicles operate on the principle of IC engine that runs on fossil fuels.

•Vehicle manufacturer have come up with fuel efficient vehicles known as hybrid vehicles.

•Electric vehicles give rise to very low acoustic noise and zero emissions. Even though they competed with ICE vehicles these vehicles gained upper hand because of the poor battery capacity.

•Because of peak decrease in oil price in 1973 Middle East crisis lead to mass production of ICE vehicles.

Contemporary Hybrids

Toyota PriusToyota Camry Toyota Highlander Honda Insight

Lexus RX400h Lexus GS450hHonda Civic Honda Accord

Saturn VueChevy Silverado

Ford Escape

PROBLEM FORMULATION

•As cities are growing rapidly the usage of vehicles are also increasing thereby the pollution and fuel consumption are increasing at higher rate.

•There is no proper awareness with the people about the fuel conservation as a result the demand for petroleum products is increasing and supply is very less.

•This system implements an intelligent hybrid vehicle without the interaction of humans and it can also save the environment and ecology by minimizing the pollution.

REQUIREMENT SPECIFICATIONS

Hardware Requirements • Microcontroller AT89c52• 16*2 LCD display• Door open/close sensor, clutch sensor, Main Relay,• ADC0809• HMI( Human Machine Interface ) , Indicators and other semiconductors Software Requirements • Keil “C ” compiler for 8051 microcontroller• Universal programmer• Debugger

MC

89c52

PHEV en/disStart key

Power supply

+12v, +5v Engine

speed I/P

Vehicle speed I/P

ADC

0809

Accelerator I/P

Clk Doors, bonnet, dicky detectors

16*2 LCD

Relay drivers

and Relays

Engine motor

Crank motor

Vehicle idol state

indicators

START-STOP SYSTEM IN PHEV

Why choose 89c52 microcontroller?

• It is a cmos implemented technology.

• Provides more flash memory.

• Includes an extra timer.

• Ability to rewrite the program .

Features of 89c52 microcontroller

• 8K Bytes of In-System Reprogrammable Flash Memory

• Endurance: 1,000 Write/Erase Cycles

• Fully Static Operation: 0 Hz to 24 MHz

• 256 x 8-bit Internal RAM

• 32 Programmable I/O Lines

• Three 16-bit Timer/Counters

• Eight Interrupt Sources

• Programmable Serial Channel

• Low-power Idle and Power-down Modes

Key factors for opting 0809 ADC

• Easy interface to all microprocessors.

• 8 channel multiplexer.

• Low conversion time of 100u seconds.

• High speed and accuracy

• Minimal temperature dependency and repeatability.

• Consumes low power of 15mwatt.

FUNCTIONAL BLOCK DIAGRAM Neutral gear LED Vehicle speed Crank motor Engine RPM Clutch Engine Accelerator pedal

Front door Rear door Hood Trunk Hybrid enable/disable

Control Unit

SIMPLIFIED UNIT

WORKING OF PHEV

• Initially engine is turned on using crank motor for few seconds

• Microcontroller process and displays engine rpm and vehicle speed on 16x2 lcd display.

• Hybrid enable switch is sensed and led is turned on if it is enabled and the same will be displayed on lcd.

• If the vehicle is in the idle mode, the speed will be zero and engine rpm will be minimum. At this condition the controller will wait for 5 sec and the engine will be turned off

• . If the user increases the accelerator or if the clutch is operated the engine will be turned ON.

Flowchart:

Test Results

1. Ignition Key

Ignition Key Output condition

ONController turns ON crank motor for 5 secs, then turns ON engine motor and turns OFF crank.

Hybrid enable switch

Hybrid EN/DS display

Output

Disabled OFF

System controllers will not check any parameters, and the vehicle operates as a normal vehicle.

2. Hybrid Disabled:

3. Hybrid Enabled:

Vehicle speed

Engine speed

Clutch Break Indication

Output

Non-zero

>min ON OFF ON Engine motor running

Zero Minimum OFF ON ON Indicate vehicle idle condition, by blinking red LED for 7sec.

3. Hybrid Enabled (cont.):

Vehicle speed

Engine speed

Clutch Break Indication

Output

Zero Minimum OFF ON ON If 7secs over, turn OFF engine motor.

Zero Minimum ON OFF ON ON crank motor for 5secs, then turns ON engine motor and turns OFF crank.

0

5

10

15

20

25

1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010

Pet

role

um

(m

mb

/day

)

Domestic ProductionDomestic Consumption

Source: U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Information AdministrationSource: Hubbert Center Newsletter #99/1 R. Udall and S. Andrews

• Petroleum consumption has steadily increased while domestic production has continued to decline

• World oil production predicted to peak within the next 5-15 years

• Recent increase in gasoline price is indicator of growing tension between supply and demand

The Perfect Storm

Light Duty Fleet Oil Use - Impact of HEVs on Consumption

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030

Year

Oil

Co

ns

um

pti

on

(M

PB

D)

2005 AEO Base Case

HEV Scenario

Oil Use Reduction with PHEVs

3 MBPDOil use same as today!

Produced using VISION model, MBPD = million barrels per day

HEVs unable to reduce consumption below today’s consumption level

ADVANTAGES:

•Optimize the fuel economy.

Optimize the operating point of HEV.Stop the ICE if not needed.Reduce the size of ICE.

•Reduce emissions.

Minimize the emission when ICE is optimized in operation.Stop ICE when it is not needed.Reduced size means minimizes emission.Solve the emission problem of cold start of engine.

DISADVANTAGES

•High initial cost.

Increased components such as battery, electric machines, controller etc

•Reliability concern.

Increased components especially power system, electronic sensors.

•Safety.

High voltage system is employed in HEV.

APPLICATIONS

•The design and development of the controller is focused on having the PHEV for micro hybrid technology for the passenger car.

•The same implementation can be adopted for the heavy duty vehicles in automotives.

CONCLUSION

The microhybrid controller is designed to implement start-stop system in which the vehicle can be made to turn off the engine automatically without

human intervention. This will improve the fuel economy and reduce the Cox and Nox emissions to the environment. It is observed that with this

system around 6% fuel economy was obtained under standard testing conditions.

FUTURE SCOPE

•Presently the system is used for 4 seater passenger car. It can also be designed for large commercial vehicles, diesel engines and 2 wheelers with minimal changes.•Fuel economy can be increased up to 15% depending upon the city driving condition.

REFERENCES

1.Somayajula,D.;Meintz,A.;Ferdowsi,M.;Study on the effects of battery capacity on the performance of hybrid electric vehicles. Vehicle Power and Proplusion Conference,2008.VPPC’08.IEEE 3-5 Sept.2008,Page(s):12-18

2. Masrur,M.A.;Penalty for fuel economy-System Level Perspectives on the reliability of hybrid electric vehicles during normal and graceful degradation operation.Systems Journal,IEEE volume 2,issue 4,Dec.2008,Page(s):476-483

3. Jenkins,S.;Ferdowsi,M.;HEV to PHEV conversion compability vehicle power and propulsion conference,2008.VPPC’08.IEEE,3-5 Sept.2008,page(s):1-4