Milica Putnik & Barry O’Brien

www.phdcareerlink.se

@PhDCareerLink

The Value of a PhD Degree in the

Swedish Job Market

The Project................................................................................................................3

Project Masterminds............................................................................................4

Project Outline.....................................................................................................5

Background: A PhD in Sweden ..................................................................................6

PhD numbers in Sweden......................................................................................8

PhD disciplines at Swedish universities................................................................9

Doctoral titles in Sweden....................................................................................10

The survey: ”You and Your PhD in Sweden”..............................................................11

University/college affiliations.............................................................................12

Current positions...............................................................................................13

Discipline affiliations..........................................................................................13

Demographics....................................................................................................14

Gender..................................................................................................14

Age........................................................................................................14

Ethnicity and language...........................................................................15

PhD career.........................................................................................................16

Career planning ....................................................................................17

Career support ......................................................................................18

University career support.......................................................................20

Career development courses & seminars................................................22

Careers and Social media.......................................................................23

Unemployment.......................................................................................24

Job prospects for PhDs...........................................................................26

Future prospects ...................................................................................27

PhD Future...............................................................................................................28

PhD skills...........................................................................................................29

PhD skills and industry.......................................................................................30

PhD skills and university.....................................................................................32

Future Trends.....................................................................................................33

PhD career solutions................................................................................................35

Sources and References............................................................................................36

Contact....................................................................................................................37

THE PROJECT

4

Project Masterminds

Barry O’Brien is a career coaching professional and owner ofNGSM Development. He has nearly 20 years’ experience incoaching, recruiting and managing for some of the world’s majorcorporations. Recently, his business led him to work with severalSwedish universities and students on PhD programs, as well aswith Swedish corporations as possible future graduate employers.

Milica Putnik is a PhD graduate from KarolinskaInstitutet (KI). She started working on the project aspart of an internship organized by KI Career Office.Networking, market research and creative output areher main driving forces, and they happened to beperfectly suited for this task.

The team starts a projectinvestigating the value of aPhD degree in the Swedishjob market.

2014

September

650 survey answers

More than 20 interviews

Career offices and career course

organizers

Recruiters, consultants

PhDs (students, postdocs, alumni)

The goal was to reach out to all 28, bycontacting PhD student and postdocassociations, career offices and alumni, using ashort career-oriented questionnaire.

In addition, we carriedout interviews and shortsurveys with companyrecruiters, career courseorganizers, consultants,union representativesand PhDs themselves.

28

out of 37 universities and

colleges in Sweden award a PhD title

5

Project Outline

BACKGROUND

A PhD in Sweden

In Sweden, most PhDstudents are employees– with taxable incomeand insurance benefits.This is not the case forthose on stipends,including many postdocs.

PhDphylosophiae doctor

“teacher of philosophy”docere (lat. v.) - to learn

phylosophia (lat. n.) - love of wisdom

Graduate/doctoral/PhD student

Sv. DoktorandStudent who performs complex and

thorough research intended to lead to a PhD degree.

Eligibility

According to Högskoleförordningen (Higher Education Office), as of July 1st 2007, acandidate eligible for PhD studies needs to hold a basic education degree of at least 240credits, including 60 credits at advanced level.

Courses

A PhD student is usually required to take a certain number of relevant study courses.Requirements for course credits can vary from one university to another.

Research studies

The most important part of PhD studies. The candidate is required toperform at least one original study and publish it in a journal renownedin the field.

Thesis defense

The candidate defends his thesis to an opponent, anexperienced researcher in the field with no previouscollaborations with the candidate, and a thesiscommittee, usually consisting of three well-qualifiedresearchers (professors or associate professors).

PhD

Only grades “passed" and “failed" are used.

Doctoral Degree Ceremony (sv.Promovering) is an academicceremony where the PhD insigniais awarded: diploma, doctoral hator laurel wreath. The ceremonyconfers the newly honoreddoctors (Doctores Juvenes), jubileedoctors and occasionally honorarydoctorates (honoris causadoctors).

7

Half-time, where a PhD studentpresents the development ofhis/her research. At certainuniversities, a PhD student maychoose to resume the studiesat this point, in which case thecandidate obtains the”licentiate” degree.

½ or licentiate

½

!

242

24

143

25

625

84

1639

275

1881

252

1590

212

87

11

264

49

23

29

1

17

499

73

1080

163

2155

294

134

13

1200

159

20

202

11

455

67

1162

163

19098

2632

8

50

58

158

39

29

2

2879

369

173

9

2306

337

Total number of registered

PhD students

Total number of PhD thesis defenses

8

Swedish population

1%has a PhD

degree

PhD numbers in Sweden*

*for 2013

Technology

Social studiesand humanities

Natural sciences

Medical science

Business and economy

Law studies

9

PhD disciplines at Swedish universities

Doctorates in Sweden are awarded in titles related to the facultyaffiliation, though the general term PhD is used equally frequently.

Agronomie doktor (agr.dr, AgrD) Doctor of agronomy

Ekonomie doktor (ekon.dr, ED) Doctor of Economic Sciences

Farmacie doktor (farm.dr, FarmD) Doctor of Pharmacy

Filosofie doktor (fil.dr, FD) Doctor of Philosophy

Juris doktor (jur.dr, JD) Doctor of Law

Medicine doktor (med.dr, MD) Doctor of Medicine

Doktor i medicinsk vetenskap (dr med.vet.) Doctor of Medical Science

Odontologie doktor (odont.dr, OD) Doctor of Dentistry

Skoglig doktor (skog.dr, SkogD) Doctor of Forestry

Teknologie doktor (tekn.dr, TeknD) Doctor of Technology

Teologie doktor (teol.dr, TD) Doctor of Theology

Veterinärmedicine doktor (vet.med.dr, VMD) Doctor of Veterinary Medicine

The faculty affiliation refers to the field of the undergraduate degree.For example, a doctorate in medicine can be awarded at a technicalcollege. In some cases, the student may also choose the name of thedegree he/she wants; for example, a grad student in economy maychoose between a doctorate in economics and a more general socialscience PhD.

10

Doctoral titles in Sweden

THE SURVEY

You and Your PhD in Sweden

12

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160

142

81

73

61

53

40

36

23

16

15

15

11

8

8

6

5

4

3

3

1

1

20

21

out of 28 universities and colleges wererepresented in our survey. ”Other” in mostcases signifies that those respondents wereaffiliated with two or more universities.

Other

University/college affiliations

!

13

PhD student

Employed PhD graduate -academia

23%

Employed PhD graduate -

outside academia

17%

Unemployed PhD graduate

3%Other

2%

34%

22%22%

11%

4%1%

6%Medical science

Technology

Natural sciences

Social studies and humanities

Business and economy

Law studies

Other

More than half ofrespondents are PhDstudents. ”Other” in mostcases signifies that thoserespondents hold multiplepositions, or that they areemployed part-time.

The majority of respondents are affiliated with medical, natural and technicalsciences, the disciplines in which most PhD degrees are awarded in general.”Other” in most cases signifies that those respondents do, or did, a PhD inmultidisciplinary studies – for example, material science falls both under’natural sciences’ and ’technology’.

55%

Current position

Discipline affiliations

14

53% 47%

22-2923%

30-3746%

38-4522%

46-547%

55+2%

Gender distribution ofour survey responseshas been balanced,corresponding to thegender balance amongactive PhD students,which in Sweden hasbeen more or less evensince 2003.

Demographics

The majority of respondents are in the 30-37 age group, which isin concordance with the recent statistics showing that around60% of entry-level PhD students are around 29 years of age.

Age

Gender

!

None17%

Basic32%

Elementary21%

Professional28%

Other2%

15

90.4% of respondents currently reside in Sweden.

Other locations include the USA, China, Pakistan, India,Iran, Norway, Bangladesh, Belgium, Great Britain, Brazil,Germany, Switzerland, Vietnam, Canada, Denmark, Egypt,France, Indonesia, Japan, Nigeria, Slovakia, Turkey, Ukraineand Zambia.

1

15

1

6

24

2

1

2

1

32

1

367

35

1

31

6

5

3 7 1

1

4

23

1

1

118

2 1

2

14 3

12

232 6

Iran (36), Germany and India (32), China (24), Pakistan (18), USA (15), Bangladesh (12), Egypt and Italy (7), UK, Poland and Russia (6),Norway and Vietnam (5), Colombia and Turkey (4), Ethiopia, Finland, France, Netherlands, Spain and Venezuela (3), Austria, Belarus,Brazil, Bulgaria, Canada, Czech republic, Denmark, Greece, Mexico, Nigeria, Romania, Rwanda and Ukraine (2), Argentina, Belgium,Bolivia, Iceland, Indonesia, Iraq, Kosovo, Lebanon, Mauritius, Moldova, Nepal, Panama, Portugal, Serbia, Slovakia, South Africa,Switzerland, Taiwan, Uganda, Uzbekistan and Zambia (1).

56 more nations are represented. Numbers of some of them are indicated on the map.

53,92%(337) respondents

are Swedish.

Among the non-Swedes,Swedish languageproficiency varies inalmost equal rates, fromnone to professional.”Other” in most casessignifies a certainintermediate level.

Ethnicity & Language

16

32%

37%

6%

2%

14%9%

Official job ad

Network recommendation

Via recruitment/employment agency

Via social media

Continuation of the previous position (MSc, PhD)

Other

The majority of respondents referto network recommendations(once again proving the proverb“people hire people”) and officialjob ads.

Only 2% refers to social media as ameans of finding a position – a lowscore considering the currentexpansion and impact, especiallyin the career domain.

However, under “other”, manydescribe “own initiative” – suchas mailing the employer ofinterest directly.Some employed in academiapinpoint that they have securedthe position themselves, byobtaining a research grant.

PhD Career

How did you find your current position?

17

only

30% 70%said that they had aclear career pathplanned at thebeginning of theirPhD studies .

of whichhave notchangedit.

•Described as ”too specific”, the respondents have shared the view that career development courses are needed duringPhD studies.

PhD studies

• Somewhat criticized by the respondents, due to lack of security, fierce competition, low pay and lack of expertise.

Academic research

•Those who decided to change their career path, refer to moving from academia to industry, emphasising that developing certain skills during PhD studies is of the essence.

Industry

Career planning

18

Yes20%

Somewhat17%

Other1%

15%

28%

17%

24%

16% At the beginning of PhD studies

Midway through PhD studies

At the end of PhD studies

After PhD studies

Other

If you have received any

professional career advice, would you

say it has been successful?

62%

Yes21%

No35%

Somewhat38%

Other6%

Those who had, receivedit at various stages oftheir careers.

And thesuccess of that career advice has

been variable.

Career support

According to Högskoleförordning

(Swedish government

ordinance for higher education), Chapter 6, § 3, all students have the right to study- and career support, i.e. even

graduate students. This feature exists for students at the undergraduate and master levels, but not centrally for

graduate students. It is important that PhD students get

the career guidance both inside and

outside academia. The supervisors

have a responsibility, but there is certainly

room for improvement!”

A very valuable comment from one of

the respondents.

”

19

Career support

Friends who have done internships in companies have advised me to do an internship. I'm currently exploring these options.”

Depending on where the advice comes from, the advice is very different. Iam working with industry, academia, teaching, medical and technologydisciplines, German, Swedish and international societies, and all havedifferent opinions. So I guess that things will change anyway, and that I dobest if I follow my own way and do what I can. The highest risk ever is to losemotivation, so I focus on keeping my motivation as high as possible,counterwork conflicts or strange systems, and focus on those things which Ilike most. “

Mostly it was abouthow to write aCV/cover letter, andto mine they replied'this is an excellentCV, why doesn't thisperson have a jobalready?‘ “

Even though a largenumber of respondentsdid not receive anyprofessional careeradvice or support, thosewho have, describedtheir experience. Hereare some comments.

”

”

”

Either it is common sense information,or it is unspecific advice.... ("Stand outfrom the rest", ....)””

Usually the career advice does nottake into account the differencebetween being: Swedish/being fluentin Swedish/other and there is verylittle competence for helping foreignpeople with a research backgroundthat want to take a turn in their careeron the Swedish market.”

”

!

20

Yes35%

No9%

Other2%

Yes40%

No11%

Other3%

do not know whether theiruniversity has any CareerSupport Office/Career Centre

54%

do not know whether their university has anyPhD student/postdoc associations thatorganize and support career events

46%

University career support

Out of 28 universities who offer PhD programs,one half has at least a Doctoral Student Board.Career events are organized by these junior bodiesfrom time to time, specifically at Stockholm, Lund,Gothenburg, Linköping and Umeå Universities, KI,SLU and LTU.

1/2out of 28 universities which offer PhDprograms have a Career office and/ora junior body that organizes careerevents.

At least

However, they are mostly focused on giving career support to bachelor andmaster students, not PhDs, except for Stockholm University, Lund University,Karolinska Institutet and to some degree Uppsala University, Luleå and UmeåUniversities.

!

21

Yes26%

Somewhat26%

Other3%

Yes15%

Somewhat24%

Other2%

of respondents did not havesupport from the universityin their career development

59%

of respondents did not havesupport from thesupervisor(s) in their careerdevelopment

45%

University career support

Even though a large number ofrespondents did not receive any careeradvice or support at their universities,those who have, described theirexperience. See some comments below.

The head of my group basically gave us atimeline of an academic career and brieflymentioned alternative choices other thanresearch.”

My boss gave me several pieces of advice during my PhD: how tocontinue with an academic career or how to become an editor. Heeven recommended me to start to study medicine. These were allcareers that I was not interested in. He was nice but since he knewonly the academic world, he could not help me with adviceregarding a non-academic job. “

Most career advice from moresenior coworkers are not valid. Thecompetition today is a lot worse. “

”

”

”

!

22

only

35% 24%

had taken career skillsdevelopment coursesor seminars

of whichwere a partof theofficial PhDtraining

Career development courses & seminars

Career seminars are organized by various groups at most universitieswe surveyed, but they are rarely a part of the official PhD training, andthey rarely include networking with organizations outside of academia.

Every course or seminar has a potential to be skill-developing.”

”... one of the responders commented. Though this is true, it dependslargely on the field of the studies. Furthermore, regular PhD coursesfoster networking and communication, but within the limits of theuniversity itself.

”Career Skills for Scientists”, Karolinska Institutet, 1.5 pt

”The Science of Your Future”, Karolinska Institutet, 1.5 pt

An official career course initiated by PhD students and postdocs in2011, originally had a purpose to foster networking within KI. Over theyears, it became a platform for personal branding and interactions withthe industry.

An official career course organized jointly by KI’s Career Service andthe Unit for Bioentrepreneurship.

!

23

No44%

Other3%

No35%

Somewhat29%

Other1%

are active socialmedia users (morethan 1h per day)

53%

uses social media incareer planning/jobsearch

35%

In general, only about

30% of Swedes look for

jobs via the internet -however, among the

unemployed, 94% used

the Internet at least once

in search of work, 86%do so at least once per

week and 49% do so

daily.

7 /10 Swedes

use social media

1/2of the

population does it daily

~2milSwedes

are using LinkedIn

Careers & Social media

!

24

3 months or less

20%

4-6 months19%7-12

months12%13-18

months3%

more than 18 months

23%

Other23%

Yes14%

Somewhat12%

Other17%

Unemployment

Arbetsförmedligen is the largest provider of job opportunities. Their maintask is to bring together employers and job seekers. Their services are free ofcharge.OBS/NB! Financial support during unemployment comes from A-kassa, notfrom Arbetsförmedlingen. One has to be a member for a least 1 year in arelevant A-kassa (Akademikernas A-kassa) in order to get the support.

Arbetsförmedlingen (Swedish Public Employment Service)

If you are/wereunemployed, howlong has it been?

of respondents did notreceive any support fromArbetsförmedlingen.

57%

15% in total describe their experiences with unemployment in Sweden

3% of respondents are currently unemployed

Most respondents who have had experiencewith Arbetsförmedlingen, describe it in anegative way. It is an overall opinion that thisinstitution lacks the understanding of PhDdegree skills and academic world, and focusesmore on the unemployed with lower levels ofeducation.

only30%

of jobs are officially

announced.

!

!

!

25

Yes29%

Somewhat1%

Other9%

Yes14%Other

6%

Trygghetsstiftelsen (Swedish Security Foundation)

Private career coaches

of respondents did notreceive any support fromTrygghetsstiftelsen.

61%

of respondents did notreceive any support fromprivate career coaches.

80%

A career coach/ adviser can be definitely helpful. In my case we’ve discussed

interviewing skills, identifying career goals,

and targeting companies. Also I have learned how to

prepare better for my interview and prepare

specific CV's. The hours with my career coaches

helped me isolate my strengths and understand

where I had areas for improvement.”

”

Even though most respondents havenever received any support fromprivate career coaches (or it camethrough Trygghetsstiftelsen), thosewho have, described it as a greatexperience.

When an employee of a governmental institution (as most universities andcolleges in Sweden are) is dismissed due to redundancy or fixed term contracts(as is the case with most researchers), Trygghetsstiftelsen (TSN) offers furthercareer help and support. The support is individualized and based on the line ofwork; it includes courses and career development sessions with a professionalcareer coach. The support also includes financial aid, reaching up to 80% of thesalary.

OBS/NB! Researchers on fixed term contracts canget the support from TSN only if s/he has beenemployed for the last three years.

Even though many respondentscould/did not receive support fromTSN, those who did, describe theexperience as very positive.

!

!

26

Poor12%

Limited34%

Average24%

Good18%

Excellent2%

I don't know5%

Other5%

In Sweden

Job prospects for PhDs

In country of origin

Regardless of the country,

most respondents describe job

prospects for PhDs on the scale from ‘poor’ to ‘average’.

Poor21%

Limited24%

Average22%

Good18%

Excellent7%

I don't know4%

Other4%

Interestingly, morerespondents claimthat the jobprospects in theircountry of originare ‘excellent’ (7%)in comparison toSweden (2%) –however, thesenumbers are stilllow.

27

No23%

Yes39% Somewhat

32%

Other6%

About 70% of respondents at least somewhatagree that PhDs lack education in certain areas,that could improve the chances of employment.

Do PhDs lack education in certain areas, that could improve their chances of employment?

These are the areas mostfrequently mentioned by therespondents as “lacking”:

Future prospects

PhD FUTURE

Researcher

PhDDeveloper

manager

editor

writer

liaison

advisorenterpreneur

consultant

strategist

coordinator

29

PhD skills

It was mainly about recognizing the broad skill set that I had obtainedduring my PhD and about the resulting possibilities on the job market that Ifound very empowering. I came to realize that a PhD gives you both theopportunity and the responsibility to lead your professional life in whicheverdirection you want.“

”

During the PhD studies, skills that are developed the most are those ofresearch and development. Beyond them, a PhD student does a lot ofdetailed and high-quality writing, management, coordination etc. But howare these skills recognized beyond the academic world?

30

Companies do not often recruit PhDs for managerial positions - they seekyounger candidates with the actual degree in management. The additionalproblem could be that we are too numerous yet too specialized.

Behbood Borghei, PhD student in technology -environmental innovation at Linköping University

I think businesses are unsure of the skills that those with PhDs possessand how to integrate them into their workflow. PhDs don't understandhow business works in terms of economics and workflow. I thinkeducating PhDs to gain some skills associated with business andbusinesses to understand the benefits of employing PhDs will helpbusinesses and academia to grow and thrive.”

”

I lived and worked in the UK for five years on a managerial position in abiotech company. Generally, in the UK a degree, regardless of level ismore appreciated than in Sweden and it is also seen more as a "drivinglicense" giving ability to gather and process information to solve a task.In Sweden, it is generally more common to believe that a personsabilities are limited by the subject of their degree. This is adisadvantage for Sweden.”

”

I think that employers ( at leastin private sector) also need to beeducated in what a PhD-degreecontains. Few understand that itinvolves project management ata high level.”

”

In Sweden the 5 years of PhD studiesare often not seen as workingexperience in the private industry.The problem is having a lot ofeducation, but limited experience,when you finish your studies. I wasnot aware of this during my studies,otherwise I would have tried to workpart time also outside academiaduring my studies.”

”

PhD Skills & Industry

!

31

PhD skills valued the most by industry recruiters

dedication and analytical skills.”

” Independence, drive, gettingthings done quickly andefficiently, ease to learn newthings.””Specialist knowledge, methodology.”

”Analytical skills, critical thinking, accuracy, personality.”

”Presentation skills, the ability to obtain information.”

”In addition to their knowledge, including personalcharacteristics, PhDs are professional, efficient andunderstand what is required of them to work in acommercial enterprise.””

I think there is a general belief that as agraduate student, you are automaticallyover-qualified, if it is not a job in scienceor similar where the right doctoraldegree is a requirement or qualification. Ithink that it is easy to confuse a person'squalifications / experience / knowledge(in level as a graduate student) with aperson's motivations and drive. Justbecause you are a PhD student does notnecessarily mean that you areoverqualified if you have the right driveand motivation for the job.”

”It is not the level of education that is crucial, but the training and personality behind knowledge!”

”

32

It is likely that the Swedish market is saturated with PhDs. To make mattersworse for the job prospects in industry, it seems that the idea of companiescoming, recruiting and interacting with the students, is not in the Swedishculture…

Michael Gralla, PhD student at KarolinskaInstitutet, one of the co-organizers of”The Science of Your Future” career course

The placement offices in the Universities are not precise and on the target.Students at the PhD/post graduate level do not require resume writing skillsor interview skills. Placement cells should create a full process modelrecruitment facility at the university, rather than just some vague job fairswhich will never be successful. If you have no prejudice, see the IndianInstitute of Technology, Madras placement cell http://placement.iitm.ac.in/.They are on target and facilitate the platform for quick recruitment process.Major companies like Google, Microsoft, Skype complete the recruitmentprocess on campus within a couple of days and hand in the offer. In Sweden,job fairs at Universities are off target and are just to publicize thecompanies. They do not come to fill a fixed number of vacancies out of theuniversities. Students end up waiting months to get an initial response. It isa burden on the students and on the unemployment benefits. I guess afaster process can be adopted from other places.”

”

The time as a PhD Student (I am speaking here for Humanities) needs tobe more intimately connected to the coming work opportunities. ThePhD Student needs tools and preparation for the working market.He/she needs advice from well informed people with an academiccareer. It is important to make this an obligatory part of the PhD.”

”

PhD Skills & University

!

33

What can PhDs do to improve their job prospects?

There is a huge gap between industry and academia, mostly in terms ofthinking, but producing as well. The Swedish market is too small for thenumber of PhDs awarded. Unfortunately, PhDs lack training for real worldsituations, which is only partially the universities’ fault.Therefore, PhDs should focus more on:1. Time keeping: mark goals and milestones2. Building work-real life attitude3. Building managerial skills: e.g. take responsibility for budget planning

of PhD projects4. Social media (especially LinkedIn and Twitter), because the industry is

also moving in that direction.

Mary-Rose Hoja, PhD, marketing and business communicationconsultant.

It is extremely difficult to motivate and guide PhD students and postdocstowards their future careers, because the (post)doctoral studies aredemanding and most of them simply don’t have time to even think aboutthe future.However, if they do not wish to continue with the academic researchthey can start by identifying and communicating with companies theysee themselves working for one day.Additionally, being used to working on their own projects, PhDs makeexcellent entrepreneurs and start-up managers, and that is something toalways keep in mind!

Jennifer Polk, PhD, career coach, http://fromphdtolife.com/

!

!

34

Future Trends

Flexibility

PhD

Broad skills

communications

regulations

business and entrepreneurship

leadership

project management

data analysis (IT, mathematics,

statistics)

The report on the trends for the job market for scientists, presented byNaturvetarna (The Association of Professional Scientists), summarizes somefuture trends that are in fact applicable to PhDs in general too.

Overall, multiple skills are highly valued, apart from the expertise obtainedduring PhD studies, such as communication skills, leadership andmanagement. These skills are required in most sectors but PhDs have toemphasize, and convince future employers, that they have them, as they arenot part of the basic education in most cases.

PhD career solutions

success

Internships

Internships for PhD students and postdocs

in companies and agencies are

occasionally organized by Career Centers at some universities, as

well as by Trygghetsstiftelsen.

This activity should be more encouraged and

supported at the universities, as well as

in the industry. It provides excellent ground for gaining

and developing broader skills, while making the CV more

interesting and appealing and

creating more job opportunities.

Social Media &

networking

WorkshopsAttend them! Many

universities often organize them – How to write a CV, How to write a cover letter,

How to use LinkedIn... If you are interested in something more

specific, such as business and

management, check e.g. Stockholm School of Entrepreneurship.

Also, use social media to reach your goals –

for example Meetup.com, where you can find many

interesting groups of knowledgeable

people with different skills.

35

Higher education in Sweden, 2013 status report, Universitetskanslersämbetet (Swedish Higher Education Authority) http://www.uk-ambetet.se/download/18.1c251de913ecebc40e780003405/1403093616367/annual-report-2013-ny.pdf

Statistiska Centralbyråns register Befolkningens utbildning 2013 http://www.scb.se/statistik/_publikationer/UF0524_2012A01_BR_00_UF01BR1201.pdf

Svenskarna och internet 2014, Olle Findahl, .SE Stiftelsen förinternetinfrastruktur (The Internet Infrastructure Foundation) https://www.iis.se/docs/SOI2014.pdf

Rekrytering via sociala medier - bra eller bara hype?, Stepstonehttp://www.stepstone.se/rekrytera-online/rekryteringsexpertis/undersokningar/images/infografik-SE.png

Marknadsundersökning av karriärverksamhet för studenternationellt och internationellt, Charlotte Bäckström, KarolinskaInstitute Career Service

Trygghetsstiftelsen www.tsn.seVisa dig från din bästa sida: tips om hur du skriver en jobbansökan,

Arbetsförmedligen,http://www.arbetsformedlingen.se/download/18.306228a513d6386d3d85c4c/1401114499726/Visa+dig+fr%C3%A5n+din+b%C3%A4sta+sida_Broschyr.pdf

Naturvetares arbetsmarknad & trender 2014, Nya möjligheter i en föränderlig omvärld, Naturvetarnahttp://www.naturvetarna.se/Global/Naturvetarna_tycker/Rapporter/AM-rapporten_20141020_slutversion_low.pdf

Icons made by FreePik www.flaticon.comSocial media Logos created by Tony Thomas

http://medialoot.com/item/round-social-media-icons/Photography by Milica Putnik

36

References and Sources

37

Contact

For further information about inviting PhD

Career Link to speak at your institution, please contact Barry O'Brien -

barry@phdcareerlink.se

For more information about the contents of

this report please email

Milica Putnik –

milica@phdcareerlink.se

Also please visit www.phdcareerlink.se