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| 6 3

M O D U L E m n

2 3

n g d n g P H N G P H P

D Y H C T C H C C

t r o n g l n h v c

p h t t r i n n g n n g

N G U Y N T H M I N H T H O


2/44

6 4 | M O D U L E M N 2 3

A . G I I T H I U T N G Q U A N

P h n g p h p l c o n n g c h n g t a t c m c c h . n g d n g

p h n g p h p d y h c t c h c c s t i u h a n h n g m c t i u r a , l

c o n n g n g n n h t c h n g t a t c m c c h . V i c n g d n g

p h n g p h p d y h c t c h c c t r o n g g i o d c h i n n a y l p h h p v i

x u t h t t y u c a d y h c h i n i , c n h n m n h t r o n g c h n g

t r n h g i o d c m m n o n h i n h n h . P h n g p h p d y h c t c h c c t o

r a n h n g h n g t h c h o c c v t r . D i n m o c a m t n n g i o d c

m i c n g n h n h n g n h u c u c a x h i k h i n n g i g i o v i n k h n g

t h d n g d n g t r o n g v i c n g d n g p h n g p h p d y h c t c h c c v o

c c h o t n g g i o d c t r .

P h n n y c u n g c p c h o g i o v i n h a i n i d u n g l n : n h n g n i d u n g c a

g i o d c n g n n g c h o t r v v i c n g d n g c c p h n g p h p t c h c c

t r p h t t r i n n g n n g m t c c h h i u q u n h t .

B . M C T I U

V n h n t h c

+ H i u v p h n t c h n h n g n i d u n g p h t t r i n n g n n g c a t r m m n o n .

+ P h n t c h n h n g k i n t h c , k n n g c b n v p h n g p h p d y h c t c h

c c t r o n g l n h v c p h t t r i n n g n n g .

V k n n g

n g d n g c n h n g p h n g p h p d y h c t c h c c v o t c h c c c

h o t n g g i o d c p h t t r i n n g n n g c h o t r t r o n g t r n g m m n o n .

V t h i

T c h c c , c h n g n g d n g c c p h n g p h p d y h c t c h c c v o t

c h c h o t n g p h t t r i n n g n n g c h o t r m m n o n .

C . T I L I U V I U K I N H T R

B n g h n h m u v t c h c h o t n g g i o d c t r t r o n g t r n g m m n o n

t h e o p h n g p h p d y h c t c h c c .

C h n g t r n h G i o d c m m n o n , V G i o d c M m n o n , B G i o d c v

o t o , N X B G i o d c , 2 0 0 9 .

C c t i l i u k h c c l i t k t r o n g c c n i d u n g c t h .


3/44

N G D N G P H N G P H P D Y H C T C H C C T R O N G L N H V C P H T T R I N N G N N G

| 6 5

D . N I D U N G

C c n i d u n g c a m o d u l e

T h i g i a n ( s t i t )

T T N i d u n g

T h c T p t r u n g

1

c i m p h t t r i n n g n n g c a t r m m

n o n v n h n g n i d u n g p h t t r i n n g n n g

c a t r m m n o n

3 2

2

L a c h n c c p h n g p h p d y h c t c h c c

t h c h h p v i n i d u n g p h t t r i n n g n n g

3 2

3

T h c h n h v n d n g p h n g p h p d y h c

t c h c c t r o n g l n h v c p h t t r i n n g n n g

3 2

N i d u n g 1

N H N G N I D U N G P H T T R I N N G N N G C A T R M M N O N

M c t i u :

+ V k i n t h c :

G i o v i n h i u s u v n m v n g n h n g n i d u n g p h t t r i n n g n n g c a

t r m m n o n t n g t u i .

+ V k n n g :

P h n l o i c n i d u n g p h t t r i n n g n n g t r m m n o n t h e o t u i .

+ V t h i :

T c h c c , c h n g , c t h c n g h i m t c t h c h i n n h i m v c h i u q u .

T h i g i a n : 3 t i t t h c ; 2 t i t t p t r u n g .

T i l i u h t r :

+ C h n g t r n h g i o d c m m n o n , B G i o d c v o t o , N X B G i o d c ,

1 0 / 2 0 0 9 .

+ H n g d n t c h c t h c h i n c h n g t r n h g i o d c m m n o n , 4 c u n

c h o 4 t u i , T S . T r n T h N g c T r m ( C h b i n ) , N X B G i o d c , 2 0 0 9 .


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6 6 | M O D U L E M N 2 3

H o t n g . T m h i u n i d u n g p h t t r i n n g n n g c a t r m m n o n .

1 . N H I M V

B n n g h i n c u , t r i n k h a i n i d u n g c h n g t r n h p h t t r i n n g n n g

c h o t r m m n o n . B n h y v i t r a n h n g v n c b n v n i d u n g p h t

t r i n n g n n g c h o t r m m n o n .

N i d u n g p h t t r i n n g n n g c h o t r n h t r :

+ N g h e :

+ N i :

+ L m q u e n v i s c h :

N i d u n g p h t t r i n n g n n g c h o t r m u g i o :

+ N g h e :

+ N i :

+ L m q u e n v i c , v i t :

B n h y c n h n g t h n g t i n d i y h o n c h n h n i d u n g v a v i t

v p h n t c h n i d u n g p h t t r i n n g n n g c h o t r m m n o n .


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| 6 7

2 . T H N G T I N P H N H I

a . Q u y n h c a B G i o d c v o t o v n i d u n g p h t t r i n n g n n g

* N i d u n g p h t t r i n n g n n g c h o t r n h t r :

C h n g t r n h g i o d c m m n o n q u y n h n i d u n g p h t t r i n n g n n g

t r n h t r n h s a u :

N g h e :

+ N g h e c c g i n g n i k h c n h a u .

+ N g h e , h i u c c t v c u c h v t , s v t , h n h n g q u e n t h u c v m t

s l o i c u h i n g i n .

+ N g h e k c h u y n , c t h , c a d a o , n g d a o c n i d u n g p h h p v i t u i .

N i :

+ P h t m c c m k h c n h a u .

+ T r l i v t m t s c u h i n g i n .

+ T h h i n n h u c u , c m x c , h i u b i t c a b n t h n b n g l i n i .

L m q u e n v i s c h :

M s c h , x e m v g i t n s v t , h n h n g c a c c n h n v t t r o n g t r a n h .

N i d u n g g i o d c t h e o t u i n h t r c c t h b n g s a u :

N i d u n g 3 1 2 t h n g t u i 1 2 2 4 t h n g t u i 2 4 3 6 t h n g t u i

N g h e l i n i v i s c t h i t n h c m k h c n h a u .

N g h e c c t c h t n g i v t , s v t , h n h n g q u e n t h u c .

N g h e c c c u n i

n g i n t r o n g g i a o

t i p h n g n g y .

N g h e c c c u h i : . . .

u ? ( v d : T a y u ?

C h n u ? M i

u ? . . . ) .

N g h e v t h c h i n

m t s y u c u b n g

l i n i .

N g h e c c c u h i :

u ? C o n g ? T h

n o ? ( g g y t h

n o ? ) C i g ? L m g ?

N g h e v t h c h i n

c c y u c u b n g l i

n i .

N g h e c c c u h i :

C i g ? L m g ?

l m g ? u ? N h

t h n o ?

1 . N g h e

N g h e c c b i h t ,

n g d a o , c a d a o .

N g h e c c b i h t , b i

t h , n g d a o , c a

d a o , c h u y n k n

g i n t h e o t r a n h .

N g h e c c b i t h ,

n g d a o , c a d a o , h

v , c u , b i h t v

t r u y n n g n .


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6 8 | M O D U L E M N 2 3

N i d u n g 3 1 2 t h n g t u i 1 2 2 4 t h n g t u i 2 4 3 6 t h n g t u i

P h t m c c m b p

b k h c n h a u .

P h t m c c m k h c n h a u .

B t c h c c c m

k h c n h a u c a n g i

l n .

G i t n c c v t ,

c o n v t , h n h n g

g n g i .

S d n g c c t c h

v t , c o n v t , c i m ,

h n h n g q u e n

t h u c t r o n g g i a o t i p .

N i m t v i t

n g i n .

T r l i v t c u

h i : c o n g ? , c i g ? ,

l m g ?

T r l i v t c u h i :

C i g ? , L m g ? ,

u ? T h n o ? l m

g ? T i s a o ? . . .

T h h i n n h u c u

b n g c c m b p b

h o c t n g i n k t

h p v i n g t c , c

c h , i u b .

T h h i n n h u c u ,

m o n g m u n c a m n h

b n g c u n g i n .

T h h i n n h u c u ,

m o n g m u n v h i u

b i t b n g 1 2 c u

n g i n v c u d i .

c t h e o , c t i p

c n g c t i n g c u i

c a c u t h .

c c c o n t h ,

b i t h n g n c c u

3 4 t i n g .

K l i o n t r u y n

c n g h e n h i u

l n , c g i .

2 . N i

S d n g c c t t h

h i n s l p h p k h i

n i c h u y n v i n g i

l n .

3 . L m

q u e n v i

s c h

M s c h , x e m t r a n h

v c h v o c c n h n

v t , s v t t r o n g t r a n h .

L n g n g h e k h i n g i

l n c s c h .

X e m t r a n h v g i t n

c c n h n v t , s v t ,

h n h n g g n g i

t r o n g t r a n h .


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| 6 9

* N i d u n g p h t t r i n n g n n g t r m u g i o :

N g h e :

+ N g h e c c t c h n g i , s v t , h i n t n g , c i m , t n h c h t , h o t n g v

c c t b i u c m , t k h i q u t .

+ N g h e l i n i t r o n g g i a o t i p h n g n g y .

+ N g h e k c h u y n , c t h , c a d a o , n g d a o p h h p v i t u i .

N i :

+ P h t m r c c t i n g t r o n g t i n g V i t .

+ B y t n h u c u , t n h c m v h i u b i t c a b n t h n b n g c c l o i c u

k h c n h a u .

+ S d n g n g t n g v c u t r o n g g i a o t i p h n g n g y . T r l i v t c u h i .

+ c t h , c a d a o , n g d a o v k c h u y n .

+ L p h p , c h n g v t t i n t r o n g g i a o t i p .

L m q u e n v i v i c c , v i t :

+ L m q u e n v i c c h s d n g s c h , b t .

+ L m q u e n v i m t s k h i u t h n g t h n g t r o n g c u c s n g .

+ L m q u e n v i c h v i t , v i v i c c s c h .

N i d u n g g i o d c t h e o t u i m u g i o c c t h b n g s a u :

N i d u n g 3 4 t u i 4 5 t u i 5 6 t u i

H i u c c t c h n g i ,

t n g i v t , s v t ,

h n h n g , h i n t n g

g n g i , q u e n t h u c .

H i u c c t c h

c i m , t n h

c h t , c n g d n g v

c c t b i u c m .

H i u c c t k h i

q u t , t t r i n g h a .

H i u v l m t h e o y u

c u n g i n .

H i u v l m t h e o

c 2 , 3 y u c u .

H i u v l m t h e o c

2 , 3 y u c u l i n t i p .

N g h e h i u n i d u n g c c

c u n , c u m r n g .

N g h e h i u n i d u n g c c c u n , c u m

r n g , c u p h c .

N g h e h i u n i d u n g t r u y n k , t r u y n c p h h p v i t u i .

1 . N g h e

N g h e c c b i h t , b i t h , c a d a o , n g d a o , t c n g , c u , h , v

p h h p v i t u i .


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7 0 | M O D U L E M N 2 3


P h t m c c t i n g c a

t i n g V i t .

P h t m c c

t i n g c c h a c c

m k h .

P h t m c c t i n g c

p h m u , p h m

c u i g n g i n g n h a u

v c c t h a n h i u .

B y t t n h c m , n h u

c u v h i u b i t c a b n

t h n b n g c c c u n ,

c u n m r n g .

B y t t n h c m ,

n h u c u v h i u

b i t c a b n t h n

b n g c c c u n ,

c u g h p .

B y t t n h c m , n h u

c u v h i u b i t c a

b n t h n r r n g , d

h i u b n g c c c u n ,

c u g h p k h c n h a u .

T r l i v t c c c u

h i : A i ? C i g ? u ?

K h i n o ?

T r l i v t

c c c u h i : A i ?

C i g ? u ? K h i

n o ? l m g ? .

T r l i c c c u h i v

n g u y n n h n , s o s n h :

T i s a o ? C g g i n g

n h a u ? C g k h c

n h a u ? D o u m c ?

t c c c u h i : T i

s a o ? N h t h n o ?

L m b n g g ?

S d n g c c t b i u

t h s l p h p .

S d n g c c t

b i u t h s l p h p .

S d n g c c t b i u

c m , h n h t n g .

N i v t h h i n c c h , i u b , n t m t p h h p v i y u c u , h o n

c n h g i a o t i p .

c t h , c a d a o , n g d a o , t c n g , h v .

K l i t r u y n c

n g h e c s g i p .

K l i t r u y n

c n g h e .

K l i t r u y n

c n g h e t h e o

t r n h t .

M t s v t , t r a n h

n h c s g i p .

M t s v t , h i n

t n g , t r a n h n h .

K c h u y n t h e o

v t , t h e o t r a n h .

K l i s v i c .

K l i s v i c c

n h i u t n h t i t .

K l i s v i c t h e o

t r n h t .

2 . N i

n g v a i t h e o l i d n

c h u y n c a g i o v i n .

n g k c h .


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| 7 1


L m q u e n v i m t s k h i u t h n g t h n g t r o n g c u c s n g ( n h

v s i n h , l i r a , n i n g u y h i m , b i

n b

o g i a o t h n g : n g c h o n g i

i b . . . ) .

N h n d n g m t

s c h c i .

N h n d n g c c c h

c i .

T i p x c v i c h , s c h

t r u y n .

T p t , t p c c n t c h .

S a o c h p m t s k

h i u , c h c i , t n c a

m n h .

X e m v n g h e c c c l o i s c h k h c n h a u .

L m q u e n v i c c h c v v i t t i n g V i t :

H n g c , v i t : t t r i s a n g p h i , t d n g t r n x u n g d n g d i .

H n g v i t c a c c n t c h ; c n g t n g h s a u c c d u .

C m s c h n g c h i u ,

m s c h , x e m t r a n h v

c t r u y n .

P h n b i t p h n m u , k t t h c c a

s c h .

c t r u y n q u a c c t r a n h v .

3 . L m

q u e n v i

c , v i t

G i g n s c h . G i g n , b o v s c h .

b . P h n t c h n h n g n i d u n g p h t t r i n n g n n g c a t r m m n o n

* P h t t r i n v n t v n g v l i n i :

V n t v n g l c s u t i n t r o n g l i n i c a t r . N g n n g c a c c e m

c p h o n g p h , c h n h x c , m c h l c h a y k h n g p h n l n l d o v n t

q u y t n h . V v y , p h t t r i n v n t v n g l c n g v i c u t i n v v

c n g q u a n t r n g .

G i a i o n t 0 n 5 t h n g t u i c n g i l g i a i o n t i n n g n n g c a t r .

K h o n g 3 t h n g t u i t r h n g , n i c h u y n ; p h t m n h n g c h u i m

t h a n h l i n t c , k h n g r r n g . G i a i o n t 6 n 1 0 t h n g t r p h t m b p

b , b i b . T h e o K a k H a i n D i c k , t h i k n y , t r p h t r t n h i u m t i t , c

n h n g m x a l k h n g c t r o n g t i n g m c a t r . C c m t h n g x u y n

c l p l i , t r n g m l u n m t i t c u i , c c k t h p m n y g n g i n g

n h a u t r o n g t t c c c t , n g o i c c m n g r , a n g r a v a m m a . i a s


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7 2 | M O D U L E M N 2 3

n g i l n k h n g h i u c c c t c a t r , c h m t s t c c t c u i g i a i

o n 1 t u i c t h h i u n g h a n h m m m m , m a m a , b b .

T r t 1 0 t h n g n 1 n m c t h b t c h c v p h t m c c c t

n q u e n t h u c n h b , b , m , i , n g . . . V n t t c h c c c a t r c t h

l n n 2 0 t . N m t h n g t i p t h e o , v n t c a t r t n g d n l n n

k h o n g 5 0 t . T 1 2 t h n g n 1 8 t h n g t u i , v n t t n g l n r t n h a n h .

K h i t r c 1 , 5 t u i , t h m i t c a t r u b i u t h m t s m o n g m u n ,

m t y u c u , m t s m o n g m u n h a y h n d i , h o c t r m u n k h i p h c

m t t n h h u n g t h v n o . T h e o K . D i c k , v c h a n i c c c u t r n

v n n n t r d n g m t t c t n g n v t h a y i n g i u b i u t h c h o

n h n g m o n g m u n k h c n h a u . V d , t m , p h t m t h e o n h i u c c h

k h c n h a u , c t h c m t l o t n g h a , c n g c t h c n h n g n g h a n h

M i , m l i y ! , M u r i ? , M i , d t t a y c o n , M i , c o n v u i

q u ! . n k h o n g 2 t u i , v n t c a t r c t h c c 5 0 0 6 0 0 t .

T 2 n 3 t u i , t r b t u h i u t n h c h t k h i q u t c a t k h i p h t h i n

r a r n g m t t n g i c t h c h n g h a c a n h i u v t v g i a c h n g c t n h

t n g n g . T r c n g h i u c k h i n i m s n h i u , m c d c h a s

d n g n g d a n h t s n h i u .

g i a i o n b n l , n m t r 3 t u i , t r c t h s d n g c 1 . 2 0 0

1 . 3 0 0 t , n h n g c h y u l d a n h t ( n h , b p b , b n , c h , m o . . . ) v

n g t ( n , n g , i , c h i , c h y . . . ) ; c c t l o i k h c n h t n h t , s

l n g t , t r n g t c n g c s d n g , n h n g v i t l t ( p , x u , v u i ,

b u n , m t , n h i u , k i a , y . . . ) . V i t r 4 t u i , v n t p h t t r i n t n g

i d i d o , c t h l n n t r n d i 2 . 0 0 0 t . B c s a n g t u i t h n m ,

l m t g i a i o n c a o h n c a p h t t r i n t v n g , t r c t h s d n g

c 2 . 5 0 0 3 . 0 0 0 t . T r 6 t u i c k h n n g s d n g c t r n d i

4 . 0 0 0 t v i c c l o i c u p h c t p .

L c n y , c c t l o i u c t r d n g t n g i l i n h h o t , p h o n g p h .

V i c t c n g g i p t r s d n g c l n g t v n g p h h p l n h i m

v q u a n t r n g c a n h t r n g , n h t r .

D a v o c i m p h t t r i n v n t v n g t r o n g t n g g i a i o n , c h n g t a

p h t t r i n v n t p h h p v i v n g p h t t r i n g n c a t r , t h e o n g u y n

t c t d n k h , t c t h n k h i q u t .

G i a i o n t 1 2 t u i : p h t t r i n v n t c h y u l c c d a n h t , n g t ,

m t s t c c t n h t . S t v t r n g t t h t h t h n c h .


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| 7 3

C h n h n g t b a n u p h i l n h n g t n g g n g i v i t r , c t h n h n

t h y , s t h y , c m n h n c h n g n g y .

G i a i o n 3 4 t u i : C u n g c p c c t m a n g n g h a c h n h m , m a n g t n h

k h i q u t ; c c t c n g t r n g ( m c n g i n ) . C h p h t t r i n c c t

t n g t h a n h , t n g h n h , t l y , t g h p .

+ V d : T n g t h u c t r n g n g h a n h t r n g : C g i o , b n , g h , b n g ,

s n t r n g , c n g t r n g , c c b n . . .

+ T n g t h u c t r n g n g h a t h c p h m : c m , c h o , t h t , r a u , c . . .

+ T g h p :

G h p n g l p : t n c , n i s n g , a n h e m .

G h p c h n h p h : c c h p , t m h m , c y n a , g m i .

+ T l y :

L y h o n t o n : x a n h x a n h , x a x a , t i m t m . . .

L y v n : u m t m , b n c h n , u n g d u n g .

L y p h m u : g h p g h n h , k h c k h u u , m n h m n g .

L y h o n t o n b i n m : l n g l n g , u , o

+ T t n g t h a n h :

L e n g k e n g , v i v u , r c r c h

+ T t n g h n h :

T h m t h m , g p g n h , l o m k h o m

G i a i o n 5 6 t u i : c u n g c p c c n g h a k h c n h a u c a t , t n g

n g h a , t r i n g h a , t c n g t r n g , n g h a t u t , b i u c m c a t ( t

H n V i t ) .

i u q u a n t r n g k h i m r n g v n t c h o t r c n p h i l u y n t p c h o t r

p h t m m c h l c , r r n g , n g m , n h t l n h n g t k h , n h n g t t r

h a y v p , n g n g , b n c n h , c n g i p t r h i u t t r o n g n g c n h , v n

c n h c t h .

* P h t t r i n k n n g n g h e :

N g a y t k h i m i s i n h , t r c p h n n g m t h a n h . T r c t h p h n b i t

c m t h a n h q u e n t h u c t r o n g l i n i c a n g i m v i n h n g t i n g

n i c a n g i k h c . T r c p h n n g r r t v i c c h i n t n g m t h a n h .

K h i n g h e n h n g m i u d u d n g c a c c b i h t r u , t i n g c h i m h t

h o c n h n g b n n h c t r t h n g c b i u h i n t h c h t h v l n g n g h e .


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7 4 | M O D U L E M N 2 3

C n k h i t h y n h n g m t h a n h m n h , g t g a o t r g i t m n h , s h i , n h i u

t r n g h p c c e m k h c t h t l n . K h o n g t 3 n 6 t h n g t r b t

c h c v c g n g p h t m b i b , t 9 n 1 2 t h n g t r n i t h e o c

c c t n h : b , b , m . . .

R n l u y n k h n n g n g h e c h o t r l r n l u y n k h n n g p h n b i t c c m

v t r o n g q u t r n h p h t m , c a o , t r n g , t n h b i u c m c a n g n

n g , c b i t l t n h v n i u .

T 1 n m 6 t h n g n 3 t u i k h n n g n g n n g c a t r p h t t r i n

n h a n h , l c n y t r c t h n i c n h n g c u n g n , k h n n g k t h p c c

m t h a n h v t n g p h o n g p h .

G i a i o n n y c h o t r n g h e n h n g m t h a n h c a c c t t r o n g b n g c h c i

t i n g V i t . T r c h t l n h n g n g u y n m n : a , o , , , s r i n c c p h

m : b , m , p , v . S a u , c h o t r l m q u e n v i c c m x t : t r , s , r . . . K t h p v i

c h o t r n g h e c c b i h t , b i t h , b n n h c r n l u y n t h n h g i c .

T 3 n 5 t u i v n t c a t r t n g n h a n h , t r c t h t h u c l n g c c

b i h t , c c b i t h , k c n h n g c u c h u y n t h e o t r n h t , c l g i c v

d i n c m . y l g i a i o n c n l u y n c h o t r n g h e c c t d n h m l n

n h : n , l ; d , r , g i ; s , x ; c h , t r .

* P h t t r i n l i n i m c h l c :

P h t t r i n n g n n g m c h l c l n h i m v q u a n t r n g t r o n g p h t t r i n

n g n n g c a t r m m n o n . N g n n g m c h l c t h h i n s t d u y l g i c ,

b n h t h n g c a t r . N g n n g m c h l c l l i n i c a t r c t r t t ,

t h n g n h t , b c l c m t n i d u n g t n g i t r n v n v n g i k h c

c t h h i u c t r a n g n i g , m u n g , t h h i n t m t , t r n g t h i ,

n h u c u , m o n g m u n , h i u b i t v s u y n g h c a t r .

N g n n g m c h l c t h h i n r n h t t r o n g t n g c u n i c a t r . B n

c n h l s t h n g n h t c a c o n , c c h u i l i n i .

S m c h l c t r o n g t n g c u n i t r c h t t h h i n t r t t t ; s l a c h n v

s d n g t n g ; v i c t r n i c n g v y c c t h n h p h n n g p h p h a y

k h n g ? . . . N h v y , i u q u a n t r n g l c h n g t a p h i d y c h o t r n i n g

n g p h p , l i u k i n t i n q u y t t r c t h n i n n g m c h l c .

* D y t r n i n g n g p h p :

T 1 , 5 n h a i t u i , t r t h n g c h n i c n h n g c u n g n , n h i u k h i

c h l 1 2 t , h o c d n g m t t v t h a y i n g i u d i n t n h n g

m o n g m u n k h c n h a u c a m n h . V d : B c h i , B i M .


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| 7 5

C c c u c a t r c n c n g i n i m r n g t h n h c c c u n g i n ,

n g n g n n h n g y c u t r c n g p h p . C c c u t r n c a t r c t h

m r n g n h s a u :

M i b c o n i c h i .

M b c o n s a n g n h b n H o a c h i .

B i b c o n i c h i .

C o n m u n b b c o n i c h i .

M i n y v i c o n . . .

B a t u i t r i , t r c t h n i c u h a i t h n h p h n , n h i u k h i c m r n g

c c t h n h p h n k h c n h t r n g n g , b n g . . .

V d :

C o n / / i h c / t r n g m m n o n .

C N V N B N

C g i o c o n / / t c d i , r t x i n h .

C o n i c h i n h b n g o i .

M / m u a / / c h o c o n / q u b n g b a y .

C N V N B N 1 B N 2

T h e o N g u y n X u n K h o a , t r 3 4 t u i n i c c c k i u c u n

k h c n h a u :

L o i c u V d

C u c c h n g l d a n h t . X e m y c h y n h a n h h n x e p .

C u c c h n g l n g t . n h n h a u l k h n g n g o a n .

C u c c h n g l t n h t . N g o a n n h t l p m n h l b n O a n h .

C u c v n g l d a n h t . T i l n g i m u a h n g , b n l n g i b n h n g .

C u c v n g l t n h t . T c c H d i n h .

C u c n h m d a n h t . C c b n t r a i l p c h u s l m c c c h c n g a n .

C u c t r n g n g c h t h i

g i a n , a i m .

C h i u n a y m n c o n v s m n h !

L p m n h t p t h d c t r o n g s n t r n g n h !

C u c t r n g n g c h

n g u y n n h n , m c c h .

V c u , t m i b n g y !

c k h e n , l p m n h p h i n g o a n c !


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7 6 | M O D U L E M N 2 3

C n g t h e o N g u y n X u n K h o a , t r 4 5 t u i s d n g k h o n g 1 0 % c u g h p ,

t r 5 n 6 t u i s d n g k h o n g 2 5 , 2 % c u g h p c c l o i k h i t k c h u y n .

K h n n g s d n g c u c a t r c t c g i L u T h L a n n g h i n c u t r o n g

l u n v n ( 1 9 9 2 1 9 9 4 ) n h s a u :

T h n g

t u i

T n g

s

c u

C u

n g

T l

C u

c h a

n g

T l

C u

n

T l

C u

g h p

T l

4 8 t h n g 8 4 7 4 5 5 7 1 , 4 % 1 8 2 2 8 , 6 % 2 9 1 6 3 , 8 % 1 6 4 3 6 %

6 0 t h n g 1 0 3 5 7 5 1 7 2 , 6 % 2 8 4 2 7 , 4 % 4 7 2 6 2 , 8 % 2 7 9 3 7 , 2 %

7 2 t h n g 8 1 8 6 1 8 7 5 , 6 % 2 0 0 2 4 , 4 % 3 7 3 6 0 , 4 % 2 4 5 3 9 , 7 %

K h n n g k c h u y n m c h l c c t n h t i t , c l g i c , c m u v c k t

t h c t r c n h n g t i n b v t b c . T r c k h n n g d n g l i n i

t n g t n g r a n h n g k h o c h , s k i n t r o n g t n g l a i .

N h i m v c a c c n h s p h m l c n y l p h i c h n h s a c h o t r n h n g

t r n g h p t r n i k h n g y c h n g , v n g ; n h n g t r n g h p t r s

d n g s a i t r t t t , l a c h n t c h a p h h p . C c h n i n n g , s d n g t

n g v c u c c a n g i l n c m t s n h h n g l n t i n g n n g c a t r .

V v y , k h i n i v i t r , t a l u n c h s d n g n h n g c u r r n g , m c h l c ,

y c c t h n h p h n t h e o n g c u t r c n g p h p t r h c t p .

* P h t t r i n c c k h n n g t i n c v i t :

c h u n b s n s n g c h o v i c b c v o l p m t c a t r , v i c p h t t r i n

c c k h n n g t i n c v i t c a t r l v c n g q u a n t r n g . H i n n a y , m t

s t r e m n h i u t h n h p h l n c d y c h o b i t c , b i t v i t t r c

k h i v o l p m t . T u y n h i n v n n y k h n g t r a c h o h t h n g g i o

d c m m n o n v c n g a n g l v n g y t r a n h c i , n h n g v i c c h o t r

l m q u e n v i s c h , b i t c , h n g t h v i s c h c n g n h c n h n g c s

u t i n c a v i c v i t l v c n g q u a n t r n g . C c e m s c t h c v n g n

t , c h v i t v h i u r n g v i c h c t p c v i t c m t v a i t r v c n g

q u a n t r n g t r o n g c u c s n g .

V i c c h o t r l m q u e n v i v i c c v i t c n g c t i n h n h t d n

k h , t n g i n n p h c t p .

P h t t r i n c c k n n g t i n c :

B c s a n g t u i t h h a i , c c b c t h l m q u e n v i s c h . C h n g t a

h n g d n c h o t r c m s c h n g c h i u , c t h c b o v , t r n t r n g , y u


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| 7 7

q u s c h . C d y t r c c h g i s c h , x e m t r a n h . T r r t h o h n g k h i h i u

r n g t r o n g s c h c n h n g c u c h u y n , b i t h k h i c c l n s

t h n h n h n g c h u i m t h a n h c n g h a , c v n i u , c t n h c m G i o

v i n c n n h n m n h c h o t r h i u c m i q u a n h g i a t i n g n i v c h

v i t . T 3 t u i t r l n t r c m t s k h i u t h n g t h n g t r o n g c u c

s n g n h b i n b o n g u y h i m , n h v s i n h , l i r a , m t s b i n b o g i a o

t h n g . V i c c c n h n g k h i u n y r t q u a n t r n g v i c u c s n g

c a t r , v v y , c c n c h h n g d n t r c k h i c c h i ( k h i c d n

l p i t h m q u a n , i c h i b n n g o i l p h c ) . G i a i o n n y v i c c

s c h c a t r c n g c n h i u t i n b , i v i n h n g c u c h u y n c

n g h e k n h i u l n , t r c t h c v t m t c c h d d n g . C h d y c h o

t r h i u t r t t t v c u c a t i n g V i t c n g n h c u t r c c a m t t r a n g

s c h , m t c u n s c h .

T r 5 6 t u i h o n t o n c t h c m t c u t r u y n d a v o n h n g b c

t r a n h c s n . T r c n g c r t d i n c m m t b i t h , c a d a o , n g d a o h o c

k l i c u t r u y n c y t n h t i t , s m v a i , t h a y i g i n g i u l i n h h o t . . .

T t n h i n , v i c c m u , k m u c a c g i o c m t v a i t r q u a n t r n g i

v i h n g t h v n i m s a y m c s c h c a t r . T h n g x u y n t c h c h o t

n g l m q u e n v i s c h g c t h v i n c n g s t o r a t h i q u e n t t c h o t r .

P h t t r i n c c k n n g t i n v i t :

C h o t r l m q u e n v i v i c v i t : v i t n g u c h n g o c , v , t p t . . .

T r t 4 5 t u i c t h n h n d n g m t s c h c i . C c n g h n g d n t r

c c h c m b t n g v c h o t r t p t , t p c c n t c h :

+ N t x i n ( ) : t t t r n x u n g d i .

+ N t t h n g n g ( | ) : t t t r n x u n g d i .

+ N t t h n g n g a n g ( ) : t t t r i s a n g p h i .

+ N t m c ( ) : t t t r n x u n g d i r i h t l n .

+ N t c o n g ( C ) : t u n t h e o n t c o n g n g c c h i u k i m n g h .

T r 5 6 t u i c l m q u e n v i b n g c h c i . T r c t h s a o c h p m t s

k h i u , c h c i , t n c a m n h . T h i k n y c c h o t r t p t c h c i t h e o

m u . C h c h o t r n g i n g t t h , c l m m u h n g d n t r c m b t

t c h n g c h i u t t r n x u n g d i , t t r i q u a p h i t h e o c c n t t

b n g b t c h e n . V i c n g i n g t t h , c m b t n g c c h , t n t c h

n g c h i u , k h t v i n t c h m u c m t n g h a v c n g q u a n t r n g i

v i v i c h c v i t c a t r t r o n g t r n g m m n o n s a u n y . T h n g q u a h o t


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7 8 | M O D U L E M N 2 3

n g n y , n g t h i c n g r n c t h i q u e n c n t h n , t m , t h c t r c h

n h i m v i c n g v i c c h o t r .

* P h t t r i n n g n n g n g h t h u t v h n h t h n h n h n c c h c h o t r :

N g n n g n g h t h u t t r o n g t r n g m m n o n c h n h l n g n n g c c

t c p h m v n c h n g . l n h n g t c p h m c h a n g n h i u y u t

c m x c , t r t n h , t c p h m v n c h n g t c n g m n h n i s n g

t n h c m , t m l c a t r . M t k h c , n g n n g c a t c p h m v n c h n g

m t m , g i u g i t r t o h n h , b i u c m , c v n i u , n h p i u d n h ,

d t h u c k h i n t r r t t h c h t h . T c p h m v n c h n g m r a t r c m t

t r c m t t h g i i b a o l a , k t h , m u n m u m u n s c , k c h t h c h t r

t n g t n g v t h a m n l n g h a m h i u b i t c a t r v t h i n n h i n s i n h

n g , h p d n . C c n h n v t v t h g i i t n h c m , c m x c c a h k h i n

t r b i t x c n g , x u t h i n n h n g c m x c n h n h u , y u c i p v

g h t n h n g i u x u x a , b t c n g , t n c . l n h n g n n t n g u t i n

h n h t h n h n h n c c h c h o t r . V v y , v i c c h o t r l m q u e n v i t c

p h m v n c h n g p h t t r i n n g n n g n g h t h u t v h n h t h n h

n h n c c h c h o t r t r o n g t r n g m m n o n l m t c n g v i c r t q u a n

t r n g , c n c c c c g i o l u t m . C c c c n c k h o c h c h o t r

t h n g x u y n c n g h e , c c , c h o t n g v i t c p h m v n

c h n g v n g n n g n g h t h u t . C c c c n s d n g c c c u h i k h i m

t h o i v i t r k h c h a t h m n g h a , s c h n c h n h , n h n g t n h c m

c a o p c h o t r n h . N g n n g , g i n g i u t r u y n c m , d n g i u , n t

m t , c c h c a c c m t t m q u a n t r n g t r o n g c h u y n t i n i d u n g v

t r u y n c m x c n t r . V i c k h u y n k h c h t r k l i , c l i t h e o t r n h

h o c k l i c s s n g t o c a t r c n g l m t b i n p h p t t p h t t r i n

n g n n g n g h t h u t c n g n h c s n g t o t r .

T h n g q u a n h n g g i h c l m q u e n v i t c p h m v n h c , c g i o c n

k h c h a c h o t r t h y s g i u c v p c a n g n n g t i n g V i t , v

k h n n g b i u c m v g i t r t u t c a n g n n g n g h t h u t ( n h c h n

c i d p , t h y m m l h o c H o a c t i m t m , h o a m p v n g

v n g , h o a l u c h i c h a n g ) . Q u a b i d n g t n h y u v l n g t h o

v n g n n g d n t c c h o t r ; r n l u y n v h n h t h n h c h o c c e m v n h a

t r o n g k h i g i a o t i p , t r o n g c c h n i n n g v s d n g n g n n g , b i t c m

n , b i t x i n l i , b i t c h o h i l p h p . N g o i r a , t r c n h c c c c h

n g x t t p v i n h n g n g i x u n g q u a n h , g i g n v n g y c n g

p h t h u y s g i u p t r o n g n g n n g t i n g V i t .


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| 7 9

V i c l a c h n v v n d n g c n h n g p h n g p h p d y h c t c h c c s

p h t h u y t i a h i u q u d y h c . Q u t r n h d y h c b a o g m 2 h o t

n g c h n h l h o t n g d y c a c v h o t n g h c c a t r . C t c h c

h o t n g d y t h e o h n g t c h c c s k h i n c h o t r h c t p t c h c c , c h

n g , t g i c , t h c h t h . H i u q u n y c n g s t c n g t c h c c t i h o t

n g d y c a c . H o t n g p h t t r i n n g n n g l h o t n g h n g t i

s p h t t r i n b n t r o n g c a t n g t r . V v y , v i c c g i o c h l a c h n v

v n d n g p h n g p h p d y h c t c h c c v o q u t r n h t c h c h o t n g

d y h c l v c n g q u a n t r n g . N i d u n g t i p t h e o c h n g t a s t m h i u

v m t s p h n g p h p d y h c t c h c c t r o n g l n h v c p h t t r i n n g n

n g c h o t r m m n o n .

N i d u n g 2

L A C H N C C P H N G P H P D Y H C T C H C C

T H C H H P V I N I D U N G P H T T R I N N G N N G

M c t i u :

+ V k i n t h c : h i u v p h n t c h c n h n g p h n g p h p d y h c t c h

c c p h h p v i n i d u n g p h t t r i n n g n n g c a t r m m n o n .

+ V k n n g : c h n l a c n h n g p h n g p h p d y h c p h h p n h t

v i n i d u n g p h t t r i n n g n n g v n d n g t r o n g t h c t d y h c

c a m n h .

+ V t h i : t c h c c , c h n g , s n g t o t r o n g k h i t h c h i n n h i m v ,

q u a n t m n v i c l a c h n p h n g p h p d y h c t h c h i n t r o n g

q u t r n h d y h c c a b n t h n .

T h i g i a n : 3 t i t t h c , 2 t i t l n l p .

T i l i u h t r :

+ T i l i u b i d n g t h n g x u y n c h o g i o v i n m m n o n c h u k 2 , g i a i

o n 2 0 0 4 2 0 0 7 ( 0 2 c u n ) , B G i o d c v o t o , N X B G i o d c .

+ G i o t r n h p h n g p h p p h t t r i n n g n n g c h o t r m m n o n , N g u y n T h

P h n g N g a , 2 0 0 6 .

+ C h n g t r n h G i o d c m m n o n , V G i o d c m m n o n B G i o d c

v o t o , N X B G i o d c , 2 0 0 9 .


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8 0 | M O D U L E M N 2 3

H o t n g 1 . T m h i u v p h n g p h p d y h c t c h c c t r o n g

q u t r n h p h t t r i n n g n n g c h o t r m m n o n .

1 . N H I M V

B n c , n g h i n c u p h n g p h p d y h c t c h c c v t n h i u s

d n g n t r o n g q u t r n h p h t t r i n n g n n g c h o t r m m n o n . H y n h

l i t r l i c c c u h i d i y :

1 . B n h i u t h n o l p h n g p h p d y h c t c h c c ?

2 . B n c h t c a d y h c t c h c c l g ?

3 . c i m c a p h n g p h p d y h c t c h c c ?


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| 8 1

4 . n g h a c a p h n g p h p d y h c t c h c c ?

5 . T i s a o n g i g i o v i n c n c h v n d n g p h n g p h p d y h c t c h

c c v o l n h v c p h t t r i n n g n n g c h o t r m m n o n ?

B n c t h t r a o i k i n c a m n h v i n g n g h i p , h o c l m v i c t h e o

n h m . S a u i c h i u v i n h n g t h n g t i n d i y h o n t h i n n i

d u n g c c c u t r l i c a m n h .


P h n p h n g p h p d y h c t c h c c , b n c h t c a p h n g p h p d y

h c t c h c c g i o v i n x e m k l i t r o n g T i l i u b i d n g t h n g x u y n

c h u k 2 , t h e o c c t c g i p h n g p h p d y h c t c h c c c n i d u n g ,

c i m v b n c h t n h s a u :


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8 2 | M O D U L E M N 2 3

* K h i n i m p h n g p h p d y h c t c h c c :

M i p h n g p h p d y h c n h t r c q u a n , l m m u , h i p , t r c h i ,

g i i t h c h u c n h n g u i m r i n g v c n h n g k h n n g :

P h t h u y c t n h t c h c c c h n g , s n g t o c a t r .

T o c h i c h o t r t m t i , k h m p h , t r i n g h i m , p h t t r i n t d u y .

T o m i q u a n h g i a o t i p g i a t r v i t r , g i a t r v i c g i o .

K h u y n k h c h t r h o t n g c n h n v h o t n g t r o n g n h m b n b .

R n l u y n p h n g p h p t h c , t n h g i , t i u c h n h b n t h n c h o t r .

N h v y , p h n g p h p d y h c t c h c c k h n g p h i l s p h n h n c c

p h n g p h p d y h c t r u y n t h n g . P h n g p h p d y h c t c h c c

c h n h l v i c s d n g v p h i h p m t c c h k h o l o v h p l c c

p h n g p h p d y h c k h c n h a u n h m p h t h u y t i a h o t n g t c h

c c n h n t h c v s h p t c c a t r .

N i t m l i , p h n g p h p d y h c t c h c c l n h n g p h n g p h p g i o d c

v d y h c t h e o h n g p h t h u y t n h t c h c c , c h n g , s n g t o c a t r .

* B n c h t c a p h n g p h p d y h c t c h c c :

B n c h t c a p h n g p h p d y h c t c h c c l : p h t h u y t n h t c h c c ,

c h n g , s n g t o c a t r b n g c c h :

D a v o v n k i n h n g h i m c a t r , n g i g i o v i n t c h c c c h o t n g

t o s h n g t h , k h a i t h c h n g t h h o t n g c a t r , t o m i c h i

c h o t r p h t t r i n k h n n g t k h m p h , t m t i , t r i n g h i m .

T n t r n g , c h i a s , n g v i n , k h c h l t r t h a m g i a v b c l n h u c u ,

h a m m u n c a t r , g i p , h t r t r c i u k i n p h t t r i n , t o c

h i c h o t r t h c h n g , h a n h p v i m i t r n g x u n g q u a n h .

K c h t h c h c c n g c b n t r o n g c a t r , g y h n g t h , l i c u n t r v o

c c h o t n g , t o t n h h u n g c v n c h o t r h o t n g , c b i t l

h o t n g n h n t h c .

* c i m c a p h n g p h p d y h c t c h c c :

D y h c t h n g q u a t c h c c c h o t n g h c t p c a t r .

T r o n g q u t r n h d y h c , n g i g i o v i n t c h c n h i u h o t n g h c t p .

T r t k h m p h n h n g i u m n h c n h c q u a c c h o t n g h c t p t c h

c c , x u t p h t t n h n g t n h h u n g t h c t c a c u c s n g , t r t r c t i p q u a n

s t , t r a o i , g i i q u y t v n , t t m r a c c k i n t h c m i .


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| 8 3

D y h c c h t r n g r n l u y n p h n g p h p t h c .

H o t n g d y h c c a g i o v i n k h n g c h d n g c h t c h c t r

t h a m g i a v o c c d n g h o t n g l n h h i t r i t h c m c n c t c d n g

b c u h n h t h n h , r n l u y n p h n g p h p , t h i q u e n v c h t h c

c h o t r .

T n g c n g h c t p c n h n , p h i h p v i h c t p h p t c t r o n g n h m

b n b .

P h n g p h p d y h c t c h c c m t m t c n c v o h n g t h , n n g l c ,

n h u c u c a m i t r l a c h n n i d u n g v p h n g p h p d y h c c h o

p h h p ; m t k h c , G V c n t o i u k i n p h t h u y m i q u a n h h p

t c g i a t r v i n h a u t r o n g q u t r n h h c t p .

K t h p n h g i c a G V v i s n h g i c a t r . T r o n g p h n g p h p t

c h c , G V h n g d n v t o i u k i n t r t n h g i , t i u c h n h

c c h h c , c c h t h a m g i a n h g i l n n h a u .

* n g h a c a p h n g p h p d y h c t c h c c

P h n g p h p d y h c t c h c c p h h p v i q u y l u t c a h o t n g h c

t p , v i c i m t m l c a t r n h v c n h n g n g h a s a u :

P h t h u y t n h t g i c , t c h c c , c h n g , s n g t o c a t r .

G i p t r p h t t r i n c c h h c r i n g c a b n t h n , c b i t l p h n g p h p

t h c .

P h t h u y c t i n h t h n h p t c v t n g t r , t n t r n g l n n h a u .

K c h t h c h n g c b n t r o n g c a t r , t c n g n t n h c m , e m l i

n i m v u i , h n g t h c h o t r

T o c h i c h o t r p h t t r i n k n n g v n d n g k i n t h c v o t h c t i n ,

h a n h p , t h c h n g v i c u c s n g .

P h t t r i n n h n g p h m c h t c n h n n h t n h k i n t r , l n g n h n n i ,

t h c t p t h .

D o , p h n g p h p d y h c t c h c c c n g h a t o l n i v i v i c

p h t h u y t n h t c h c c c a t r v i v i c h t l n g c n g n h h i u q u

d y h c .

T m l i , p h n g p h p d y h c t c h c c l c c h t c h c d y v h c p h t

h u y t n h c h n g t m t i k h m p h c a t r . C g i o p d n g m t c c h

l i n h h o t c c p h n g p h p d y h c p h h p n h m p h t h u y c c h o t

n g g i p t r h i u c c k i n t h c , k n n g . C g i o l n g i t h i t k , t c h c


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8 4 | M O D U L E M N 2 3

h n g d n c c h o t n g , t r e m l n g i t t m t i , k h m p h , c h i m

l n h k i n t h c v r t r a k t l u n ( c t h n g , c t h c h a n g , n h n g

t h c s l n h n g i u t r t h u n h n c t c g i o c t h i u

c h n h q u t r n h d y h c c a m n h ) .

C c c c h t h c h c c a t r m m n o n :

T r h c q u a b t c h c n h n g n g i x u n g q u a n h .

T r h c q u a h n h n g : q u a t r c h i , t h c h n h t r i n g h i m , t k h m p h .

T r h c q u a c h i a s n h n g i u t r t r i n g h i m .

T r h c q u a t d u y , s u y l u n n g i n t r o n g q u t r n h t h a m g i a v o c c

h o t n g .

T h c t , t r o n g q u t r n h h c , t r e m c s p h i h p c c c c h t h c h c

t r n t c h i u q u c a o n h t . D o , c g i o c n q u a n t m v v n

d n g p h n g p h p d y h c t c h c c g i p t r h c c h i u q u .

* C n c h v n d n g p h n g p h p d y h c t c h c c v o l n h v c p h t t r i n

n g n n g :

P h t h u y c t n h t c h c c c h n g c a t r t r o n g q u t r n h t i p n h n

v s d n g n g n n g b i u t t n g , s u y n g h , n h n n h , g i i t h c h ,

k t l u n c a b n t h n .

T o s s a y m , p h n k h i , v u i v c h o t r t r o n g q u t r n h h c t p .

T r k h n g b p l c g p , d o s p h t t r i n t n h i n , t o n d i n , l n h

h i c n h i u t r i t h c , t d u y l i n h h o t , s d n g l i n i m c h l c , n i

n n g t n h i n , l u l o t , n h l u .

T o c h i c h o t r p h t t r i n k n n g t h c h n h , k n n g g i a o t i p t r o n g

n h m b n , t t r c r n l u y n v p h t t r i n n g n n g q u a c c t n h

h u n g v m i t r n g c t h h n g n g y . T r n h a n h c h n g h c c v n

h a g i a o t i p , h i u c s c m n h c a n g n n g , p h t t r i n k h n n g

n g n n g c a t n g c n h n .

T r k h n g c t m l c h n n n , m t m i , k h n g b n h i n h t , t h n g , t

s c n n t n g t d u y s n g t o , y u t h c h s h c . l n h n g s

k h i u t t p v v c n g q u a n t r n g c h o t r t i p t c h c t p c c g i a i

o n v s a u .

C n h i u p h n g p h p t c h c c c t h v n d n g t c h c c c h o t

n g n g n n g c h o t r . S a u y l g i m t s p h n g p h p d y h c t c h

c c p h t t r i n n g n n g c h o t r m m n o n :


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| 8 5

H o t n g 2 . T m h i u m t s p h n g p h p d y h c t c h c c

p h t t r i n n g n n g c h o t r m m n o n .

1 . N H I M V

N u n h n g p h n g p h p d y h c t c h c c p h t t r i n n g n n g c h o

t r m m n o n . ( B n g c c h l i t k c c p h n g p h p d y h c t c h c c v

c c h s d n g n p h t t r i n n g n n g c h o t r m m n o n )

P h n g p h p x y d n g m i t r n g n g n n g :

P h n g p h p t r c q u a n h n h n g :


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8 6 | M O D U L E M N 2 3

P h n g p h p m u :

P h n g p h p t r c h i :


25/44


| 8 7

P h n g p h p l m v i c t h e o n h m :

B n c t h t r a o i v i n g n g h i p , h o c l m v i c t h e o n h m . S a u

i c h i u n h n g i u v a v i t r a v i n h n g t h n g t i n d i y h o n

t h i n n i d u n g c u t r l i .


a . P h n g p h p x y d n g m i t r n g n g n n g

* T o m i t r n g g i a o l u n g n n g t c h c c :

T r c h t , c n t o m i t r n g t m l l n h m n h t r t h o i m i v c i

m k h i g i a o t i p v i m i n g i , d n t r c m t h y t t i n v m n h d n t r a o

i , b i u t k i n c n h n .

p h t t r i n k h n n g n g h e n i c h o t r , k h n g g n h a n h c h n g v t c h c c

b n g v i c t h n g x u y n c h o t r n g h e n i . N g i g i o v i n c n t h n g

x u y n t r t r u y n v i t r v k h u y n k h c h t r n i . K h i t r c k h k h n h a y c

t m l n g p n g n g , n h t n h t , c c n k h c h l , h t r , n g v i n t r t c h

c c t r t r u y n . G i o v i n c n t o r a c c k n h g i a o t i p t h n g x u y n , c

t i n h n h g i a t r v i t r , g i a t r v i c g i o v g i a t r v i m i n g i x u n g

q u a n h . K h i g i a o t i p v i t r , c c h n g i n g n i v t h i , g i n g n i d u

d n g , t n h c m n n g m c a c s k h i n t r t t i n h n r t n h i u .


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8 8 | M O D U L E M N 2 3

C t o c h i t r c n g h e c c m t h a n h k h c n h a u t m i t r n g .

V d : t i n g c h i m h t , t i n g i p h t t h a n h , m t h a n h c a c c l h i . . .

m t h a n h t c c m i t r n g k h c n h a u c t c d n g k c h t h c h t h n h g i c

c n g n h c c g i c q u a n c a t r r t l n . T a s t h y t r s a y m l n g n g h e

c c m t h a n h k h c n h a u k h i c c h o c c e m c t h a m d v o c c h o t

n g l h i c a a p h n g : n g h e h t d n c a , x e m n g k c h , x e m h t h i ;

c c b n m n g c n s i n h n g h n v i c c h i m a , m a v h t k t h p

v i c c i u n h y t r o n g c c l h i c n g c h i n g . T h t t h i t t h i c h o t r n u

n h c c e m c h t r o n g b n b c t n g c a l p h c .

T c h c c h o t r h o t n g k t h p v i l i n i t r o n g c c t r c h i , b i h t ,

n g k c h . y l c h i t r t r i n g h i m , v n d n g v n n g n n g

t c h l y c v o h o t n g c a b n t h n , l i u k i n r t t t t r p h t

t r i n k h n n g s d n g n g n n g . C n c h v m b o r n g t t c t r

u c t h a m g i a v i t h i l n g n h n h a u . N h i u t r n g h p c c h c h

c h o m t n h m t r , d n n t n h t r n g l n h m c n h n g t h u n

l i b a n u l i c i u k i n p h t t r i n v t b c , t r n n n n g n g v l i n h

h o t , t h n h n h m t r i t r o n g l p ; c n n h n g t r t k h i c t h a m g i a

d n d n t r n n n h t n h t , n g n n g k m p h t t r i n ; t r n n t t i , n h

h n g l u d i n t m l v q u t r n h h c t p s a u n y .

i u q u a n t r n g l c c n t n t r n g , k h u y n k h c h s s n g t o c a t r k h i

s d n g c u , t , k h n g n g t l i v c h n h n g a y c c h d n g t c h a h p l

k h i t r a n g n i , c c n t p h p t t c c c t r n g h p l i v u n n n ,

n h c n h t r t r o n g m t i u k i n t h c h h p ( p h h p n h t l k h i k t t h c

h o t n g ) .

* T o m i t r n g c h v i t p h o n g p h :

H n g n g y t i p x c s t o n n t n h t h n t h u c , g n g i v i t r . i u q u a n

t r n g l t r c n g h i n h h n h n h v c c k h i u c a c h v i t m t c c h t

n h i n , k h n g g p . C h n g t a d n n h n t n c h o c c g i , k c c g c , t n

c a t r t r n c c v t d n g , g n t n c h o c c c y c i , d n g , c h i c

t r o n g v n g o i l p h c . . . C h v i t x u t h i n m i n i c t h t r c

t m m n h t r o n g m i t r n g n g n n g t i n g V i t .

V i c x y d n g g c s c h , m t t h v i n m i n i t r o n g l p h c v t c h c c h o

t r c h o t n g t r o n g t h v i n n h c s c h , x e m t r a n h n h t r o n g

c c c u n s c h , i u n y s g i p t r c t h i q u e n c s c h , b i d n g

t n h y u , s h a m m i v i s c h c h o t r , n g t h i t r h c c c c h s

d n g s c h , l t g i t r a n g g i y . K h i l t g i t r a n g s c h , t r c n c h c t o n


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| 8 9

q u a c c c o n s c n h t r n t n g t r a n g . y s l n h n g n n t n g u

t i n c a v n h a c , h n h t h n h s t h c h l n h m n h c h o t m h n t r

t h s a u n y . C c s c h c t h c l s c h t r a n h , s c h k h t o , c c s n p h m

c a t r s a u k h i h c ( v t p t , v ; t r a n h v c a t r t h e o c h . . . N g o i r a

c c t r a n g t h i t b , d n g , c h i n h t h t , b n g c h c i t i n g V i t ,

b n g i , c t x t . . . c n g l n h n g p h n g t i n h u c h p h c v c h o

h o t n g p h t t r i n n g n n g c a t r .

B n c n h v i c c h o t r l m q u e n v i c c t c p h m v n h c t h i u n h i p h

h p v i k h n n g c a t r , c c c g i o n n t c h c c s u t m c c t c p h m

t r u y n t h , c a d a o , n g d a o ( c a c d n t c K i n h v c c d n t c t h i u s

c h o t r l m q u e n ) .

K t h p v i c h a m c a t r t o m i t r n g s d n g n g n n g g i a

n h , k h u y n k h c h c h a m t r c h u y n v i t r , c s c h c h o t r n g h e v o

n h n g t h i g i a n p h h p v i t r v i u k i n g i a n h ( t h n g l b u i t i

t r c k h i t r n g ) v k h u y n k h c h t r k l i c h u y n , c b i t h , h t

c h o n g i t h n t r o n g g i a n h n g h e .

b . P h n g p h p t r c q u a n h n h n g

* T r c q u a n h n h n g v i c t h :

P h n g p h p t r c q u a n h n h n g v i c t h c t i n h n h b n g c c h

g i p t r h i u t n g t h n g q u a c c b i u h i n n g n n g b n g h n h n g

c a c t h . P h n g p h p n y c h y u l g i p t r l m q u e n v h c n i c c

d a n h t c h c c b p h n c a c t h , c c n g t v h i u s u s c n g h a

c a t . P h n g p h p n y c p d n g i v i t r l a t u i n h t r ( V

d : d y t r t c h o , n g i l n v a n i t c h o , v a l m n g t c t h

h i n t ) v d y t r v n g d n t c t h i u s k h i h c t i n g V i t . V n d n g

p h n g p h p n y g i o v i n c n c h l m m u v c h o t r n h c i n h c

l i n h i u l n .

* T r c q u a n h n h n g v i v t :

T 1 , 5 n 3 t u i t r r t h n g t h v i v t . v t v a l m c h i ,

d n g c h o t r k h m p h v h c t g n v i v t .

S d n g c c v t / c h i g n g i , q u e n t h u c v i t r d y t r v t n

g i , c c c i m , t n h c h t , c n g d n g . . . c a d n g , c h i t h e o c c

c h . K h i d y t r t , c g i o c h v o v t v i n h n g c i m c a

c h n g ( v d : k h i d y t r t c i c c , c g i o c h v o c i c c ; M u

t h c h v o m u . . . ) .


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9 0 | M O D U L E M N 2 3

C c t h c c s d n g t h n g x u y n c n g v i n h n g t m i s l m

c h o v n t v n g c a t r t h m p h o n g p h .

D n d n a v o c c v t v p h o n g p h v m u s c t r n u c

c n g d n g , c i m c a v t n h : C o n c m c i c c m u a c

c l y n c c h o . C o n a q u b n g m u x a n h c h o b n H . ; C i b n

n y l m b n g g ? C n c i c h n k i a l m b n g g ?

* T r c q u a n v i t r a n h n h :

T r c q u a n h n h n g v i t r a n h n h c p d n g s a u k h i t r n m

c c c t m i c a p h n t r c q u a n h n h n g v i c t h v t r c q u a n

h n h n g v i v t . H n h t h c n y c b a c c h t h h i n : ( 1 ) S d n g c c

b c t r a n h c s n ; ( 2 ) T r v t r a n h t h e o y u c u c a c . ( 3 ) D i c h u y n t i

c c t r a n h / n h .

+ V d : C v b c t r a n h c m t c i c y r i y u c u t r v n g M t T r i b n

t r n c i c y , v q u b n g g c c y . . . C g i o d y t r t g n v i h n h n h

t r o n g t r a n h h a y h n h v d o t r v .

* T r c q u a n v i c u c h u y n :

C h o t r k v c h u i c c h n h n g , s v i c ; d i n l i c c h n h n g t h e o

y u c u ; n g h e c c t k h a t r o n g c u c h u y n v d i n t h e o : c c t m i u t

c m x c ; c c t m i u t h n h n g ; c c t c h k c h t h c . . .

+ V d : C c d i n c m v l m m u t h h i n h n h n g , c m x c c a

R a v T h , s a u c c l i t n g c u c h m r i v y u c u t r t h h i n .

* T r c q u a n v i m i t r n g t n h i n :

S r t t h i t t h i c h o t r n u n h t a c h c h o t r t i p x c v i t r a n h , n h ,

s c h v , v t t r o n g p h n g . T n h i n b a o l a k t h v l m t n g t h y v

i , l u n l u n k c h t h c h t r t n g t n g , k h n n g t d u y p h o n g p h v

p h t t r i n n g n n g c a t r . C c g i h c c t h t i n h n h v n t r n g ,

c n h n g , k h u r n g , b i b i n , c n g v i n , v i n b o t n g , . . . c c c g i o s

t h y r n g t r r t v u i t i , h n h , h o h n g v n i c , h c c r t

n h i u t m i t r n g t n h i n n g o i l p h c .

c . P h n g p h p m u

T h i t h u t r h c b n g b t c h c , t r c q u a n l c h y u . n g n n g c a

t r p h t h u c r t n h i u v o m i t r n g , n h t l n h n g n g i t h n g

x u y n t i p x c v i t r l c h a m v c g i o t r o n g t r n g m m n o n .

N h n g t r i n h t r t n h t h t h i g i a n c h y u l t r n g , n n v a i t r

l m m u , n u g n g c a c g i o q u a n t r n g h n b a o g i h t .


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| 9 1

l a t u i n h t r ( t h n g k h o n g 1 2 t u i ) , n g n n g , g i n g i u , c c h

p h t m , d n g t c a t r s l t m g n g p h n c h i u n h n g g m t a d y

t r . V v y , p h n g p h p l m m u t h i k n y c m t t m q u a n t r n g

c b i t . C c t h m r n g n h n g c u n i c n n g n n g n , v n g v , l n

x n c a t r t h n h n h n g c u n g i n n h n g m c h l c , t r o n g s n g

l m m u c h o t r . C c h l a c h n t n g , c c h n i c n g i u , t r n g m ,

t r u y n c m c a c g i p t r n h a n h c h n g h c c n h n g v p c a

n g n n g m c h l c , t o t i n t r n i n n g l u l o t , m c h l c g i a i

o n s a u , k h i m v n t c a t r p h t t r i n k h .

G i n g i u c a c k h i c t h , k t r u y n c m t s c m n h l a y n g v

l a n t a r t l n . T r s n h m i n h n g g i y p h t t h n t i n c a t h i t h u ,

k h i m c n g h e c k m t c u c h u y n t h t x c n g h a y c m t b i

t h d i n c m . . . T r s n h n r a c s c m n h c a n g n n g , b i t c c h s

d n g t h c a c i q u g i . C h t t r t n h , v p c a v n i u , t n h y u

q u h n g t n c . . . t h m v o t r m t c c h t n h i n , n h u n n h m

t i n h t . V v y , c g i o m m n o n p h i g h i n h , k h c s u i u n y , g i p

c h o t r t r t h n h n h n g c o n n g i t i n h t , s u s c , c t m h n t r o n g

s n g , c a o p t r o n g t n g l a i . N u t r c h c n g h e n h n g l i n i c c

c n , t h l t h t t y u n g n n g c a t r s k h n g t h t r o n g s n g , l p h p ;

t r c c n g k h n g t h t r t h n h m t t r n g o a n , m t c n g d n t t c a x

h i t n g l a i c . N g n n g c h n h l n h n c c h , l t m h n , l c o n

n g i . D n g i a n t a c c u :

C h i m k h n k u t i n g r n h r a n g

N g i k h n n i t i n g d u d n g d n g h e .

V v y , v i c t r t h n h n h n g t m g n g s n g c h o t r n o i t h e o l n h i m

v q u a n t r n g b c n h t c a c c c g i o t r o n g t r n g m m n o n .

d . P h n g p h p t r c h i

N h v n h o v i n g i N g a M . G o r k i n i V u i c h i l c u c s n g c a

t r . T h t v y , t h n g q u a n h n g t r c h i y a m m , t r b c u n h t v o

m i t r n g v l n h h i k i n h n g h i m s n g t h n g q u a c c t r c h i . T a

k h n g g p t r k h i d y , m p h i t r h t s c t n h i n . c b i t l

t h n g q u a c c t r c h i , h i u q u c a v i c h c n g n n g s r t c a o . C r t

n h i u t r c h i n g n n g v c c h o t n g s m v a i , c t h , k c h u y n ,

t h n g q u a t a s t h y r n g n g n n g c a t r p h t t r i n r t n h a n h

c h n g v l i n h h o t . C h n g t a c t h t c h c c h o t r c c l p m u g i o


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9 2 | M O D U L E M N 2 3

c h i v i c c e m b h n n h t r , t r n h t r s n h a n h c h n g b t c h c

v h c c r t n h i u t c c a n h c h l p l n h n .

C h i l h o t n g c h o c a t r m u g i o , t r c h i m a n g l i n i m v u i

c h o t r v c u n h t t r c t h a m g i a n h i u n h t , Q u a t r c h i , t r c t h

b c l y k h n n g c a m n h v n h n g k h n n g s c p h t t r i n

m n h m n h t k h i c h n g l m i u g m t c c h t n g u y n . C h i t h

h i n r n h t t n h t n g u y n c a t r . T r t h c h t h c h i , k h n g t h p b u c

c c h n g . K h i c h i t r k h n g s b s a i , b h n g . V v y , p h t t r i n l n h

v c n g n n g t h n g q u a c c t r c h i l c c h l m t c h c c v h i u q u n h t .

C n h i u t r c h i k h c n h a u , t u v o t n g n i d u n g c a b i h c c t h ,

t u t h e o k h n n g v t h c h c a t r . C g i o c t h c n g t r c h n c c t r

c h i c h o p h h p v i v i c r n l u y n , c n g c k i n t h c , k n n g c a b i

h c . V d : S a u k h i n g h e k c h u y n n h i u l n ( l p m u g i o l n ) , t a c

t h s d n g t r c h i n g v a i , c c t r d i n t l i n g n n g c a n h n

v t c n g i u b , c c h , t r a n g p h c ; k h i t r l m q u e n v i c h c i t h

c h o t r c h i t r c h i i c h m u a c h , i m e o r u t r n h a n h c h n g

n h m t c h ; c h i t r d u n g d n g d u n g d t r d d n g t h u c m t b i

n g d a o t r k h n g b n h m c h n v d u y t r c s h o h n g ,

t h c h t h t h a m g i a h o t n g v u i c h i t h m t t r c h i k h n g n n l p i

l p l i n h i u l n t r o n g m t t h i g i a n d i .

V i m i t r c h i , c g i o p h i c h n t n g t u i t r o n g l p g h p , s a o

c h o c y u c u d h n t r n h c t h c h i c h o c k h h n t r l n

l u n c m t h y c s c g n g n l c n h t n h v t q u a t h t h c h .


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| 9 3

* T r c h i n g v a i :

L c c h b t c h c , h o c m p h n g l i m t c c h s n g t o c c h o t n g

c a c u c s n g t h c h o c t h e o s t n g t n g c a t r . i k h i n c n g l

v i c t h h i n h n h n g , l i n i , c c h , i u b c a c c n h n v t t r o n g

c u c h u y n a t h c h c a t r . y l c h i t t t r s n g t o v p h t

t r i n n g n n g . P h n g p h p n y t h n g c s d n g t r o n g c c g i k

c h u y n , c t r u y n h o c t r o n g c c g c c h i .

T h n g q u a n g v a i , t r t i p t h u k i n t h c d d n g h n , v t r c t r i

n g h i m v i c c v a i q u a h n h n g , t h i c a n h n v t n o .

S a u k h i t r s m v a i , c g i o l u n k h u y n k h c h t r c h i a s c m n h n c a

m n h v v a i c h i ( l m g ? L m t h n o ? T h c h h n h n g n o ? V

s a o ? . . . ) , n g v i n n h n g c g n g v s n g t o c a t r , t r n h p h p h n

h o c p t t h e o c g i o .

t h c h i n p h n g p h p n y c h i u q u v h p d n , c n c m t s

q u n o , m t n , m , d n g c c a c c n h n v t m t r s m v a i . . . C c

d n g n y c t h d o c v t r c n g t t o t g i y b o , l c y , g i y m u . . .

M t s l u k h i t c h c t r c h i n g v a i :

+ C h o t r c n g c h u n b v s p x p , b t r c c p h n g c n h ( n u c ) .

+ T h o l u n v p h n c n g v a i c h i ( c h c h o t r l u n p h i n c c v a i c h i

k h c n h a u v c g n g t t c t r c t h a m g i a m t v a i n o h o c

c h n h h o c p h ) .

+ C h o t r c n g c h a t r a n g c h o c c v a i c h i .

+ C h o t r t h h i n v a i c h i .

+ K t t h c t r c h i , g i o v i n k h u y n k h c h t r c h i a s c m n g h c a m n h

v v a i c h i ( l m g ? T h c h h n h n g n o ) , n g v i n n h n g c

g n g , s n g t o c a t r .

e . L m v i c t h e o n h m

T r c c h i n i , t r n h b y , c h i a s n h n g s u y n g h c a m n h v i c c

b n ; p h t t r i n k n n g l m v i c , h p t c v i n h a u : t h o l u n , b n b c v

m c c h c h u n g c a n h m . y l c h i t r h c t t r k h c , h c l n

n h a u v h c c c h c h p n h n v c n g n h n ( t h n h c n g h a y t h t b i v

t u n t h e o k i n c h u n g ) .

K h i l m v i c t h e o n h m , c g i o c n : g i a o n h i m v c h o n h m h n g t i

m t m c c h n h t n h .


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9 4 | M O D U L E M N 2 3

C g i o c n k h u y n k h c h m i t r u c t h a m g i a v c t h a n h n

v a i t r c a m n h ; c n t o b u k h n g k h g i a o t i p t c h c c , h p t c c n g

n h a u t r c m t h y a n t o n , c c o i t r n g , k h n g b k h i n t r c h h a y

c h c i ; l u n k h u y n k h c h c c t n g , c c s n g k i n c a n h m g i p

t r m n h d n v t t i n ; p h i t o c h i c h o t r l u n p h i n t r n h b y c c

k i n c h u n g c a n h m .

M t s l u k h i t c h c c h o t r h o t n g :

+ C h u n b c h c h o t n g n h m , s a o c h o c c n h m k h n g b n h h n g l n

n h a u n h t l k h i t h o l u n n h m t r d b n h h n g b i n g n n g c a

c c n h m k h c .

+ C h i a t r t h e o t n g n h m v s p x p n g i t r n h n h h n g m t h a n h

n g n n g c a c c n h m k h c .

+ G i a o n h i m v c h o t n g n h m ( n u n h i m v c a c c n h m k h c n h a u ) .

N u c c n h m c c h u n g m t n h i m v c t h g i a o n h i m v t r c h o c

s a u k h i c h i a n h m .

+ Q u a n s t b i t c h c c h n c c n h m h i u n h i m v c a m n h c g i a o

m t c c h r r n g . N u c t h , c g i o d n g h n h n h t r c t h h i u

n h i m v c a n h m .

+ H t r n h m n u c n t h i t n h n g k h n g p t k i n c a c g i o ; c

k h n g n i t h a y t r .

+ T h a m g i a c n g m t n h m t r c n h t r n h i u n h t n h n g l u n q u a n

t m q u a n s t c c n h m k h c ( c t h g i c h o t r t r s u y n g h , t l a

c h n v q u y t n h , p h t b i u ) .

N i d u n g 3

V N D N G P H N G P H P D Y H C T C H C C T C H C

M T S H O T N G P H T T R I N N G N N G

N g o i c c p h n g p h p d y h c t c h c c n u t r n , m i g i o v i n u c

t h b s u n g n h n g p h n g p h p t c h c c k h c m m n h c r t t r o n g q u a

t r n h d y h c t h c t c a m n h . i u q u a n t r n g l g i o v i n c n l u n c

t h c v n d n g m t c c h l i n h h o t c c p h n g p h p d y h c t c h c c v o

t c h c h o t n g d y h c p h h p v i i u k i n t h c t , v i m i t r n g

d y h c , v i t n g l p h c , n h m t r d o m n h p h t r c h . N i d u n g t h 3 m

c h n g t a s n g h i n c u d i y l v n d n g m t s p h n g p h p d y h c

t c h c c n u t r n v o t c h c m t s h o t n g h c c h o t r .


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| 9 5

H o t n g 1 . V n d n g p h n g p h p m u v o t c h c h o t

n g k c h u y n , c t h , c a d a o , n g d a o , v .

1 . N H I M V

1 . B n v n d n g p h n g p h p d y h c t c h c c v o t c h c h o t n g k

c h u y n , c t h , c a d a o , n g d a o c h o t r c h a ? H y s o n 0 2 g i o n , t

c h c l n l p v g p c n g v i c c n g n g h i p c a b n .

2 . G h i c h p l i n h n g c u h i c n v n g m c k h i t h c h i n .

3 . H y v i t r a v n h n g c i m m b n c h o r n g g i h c c t c h c

t h e o p h n g p h p t c h c c .


1 . C c d u h i u n h n d i n m t g i h c t c h c c

a . N h n g h o t n g c a c g i o

+ C c h o t n g g i o d c c t c h c m t c c h t n h i n , h p d n , p h h p

v i k h n n g c a t r m y t r c n i h a y b i u t s u y n g h c a m n h .

+ L u n q u a n t m v t o c h i c h o m i t r u c t r n h b y k i n c

n h n b n g h n h t h c n g n n g v p h i n g n n g ( h n h n g b i u t ,

t r a n h v , n t m t , c c h ) .

+ L u n k h u y n k h c h t r s u y n g h , t m t i , k h m p h , s n g t o v c h i a s

k i n v t r a o i v i b n v c .

+ T o m i i u k i n , c h i p h t t r i n n n g l c c n h n n h m p n g

c c c u h i v m i q u a n t m c a t r .

b . C c b i u h i n c a t r

+ T r s d n g t i a c c g i c q u a n n h n , n g h e , s , n g i , n m t m h i u ,

k h m p h , t r i n g h i m t r o n g m i t r n g a n t o n v i n g u y n v t l i u a

d n g , t r t c h c c t h h i n b n g l i

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