Phased Array Technology Applied to Aeroacoustics11th AIAA/CEAS Aeroacoustics Conference (26th AIAA...
Transcript of Phased Array Technology Applied to Aeroacoustics11th AIAA/CEAS Aeroacoustics Conference (26th AIAA...
![Page 1: Phased Array Technology Applied to Aeroacoustics11th AIAA/CEAS Aeroacoustics Conference (26th AIAA Aeroacoustics Conference) 23 - 25 May 2005, Monterey, California AIAA 2005-2842 Phased-array](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042601/5f85175e6494d931c54590d6/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Phased Array TechnologyApplied to Aeroacoustics
Bob DoughertyPresident, OptiNav, Inc.
15th AIAA/CEAS Aeroacoustics Conference(30th AIAA Aeroacoustics Conference)
13 May 2009Miami, Florida
![Page 2: Phased Array Technology Applied to Aeroacoustics11th AIAA/CEAS Aeroacoustics Conference (26th AIAA Aeroacoustics Conference) 23 - 25 May 2005, Monterey, California AIAA 2005-2842 Phased-array](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042601/5f85175e6494d931c54590d6/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
• Problems• History• Beamforming algorithms• Airframe Noise• Fan Noise• Engine Noise• Jet Noise• Dipole Study from the OptiNav
Aeroacoustic Facility• Conclusions• Postscript (added after the presentation)
Outline
![Page 3: Phased Array Technology Applied to Aeroacoustics11th AIAA/CEAS Aeroacoustics Conference (26th AIAA Aeroacoustics Conference) 23 - 25 May 2005, Monterey, California AIAA 2005-2842 Phased-array](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042601/5f85175e6494d931c54590d6/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Flap side-edgenoise
Gearnoise
Slat edge noiseSlat gapnoise
Inlet noise:fan, lowpressurecompressor
Aft fan, turbine,combustor andjet noise
Problems:• Locate and isolate the sources• Understand them• Reduce them• Predict the results
![Page 4: Phased Array Technology Applied to Aeroacoustics11th AIAA/CEAS Aeroacoustics Conference (26th AIAA Aeroacoustics Conference) 23 - 25 May 2005, Monterey, California AIAA 2005-2842 Phased-array](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042601/5f85175e6494d931c54590d6/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
History
![Page 5: Phased Array Technology Applied to Aeroacoustics11th AIAA/CEAS Aeroacoustics Conference (26th AIAA Aeroacoustics Conference) 23 - 25 May 2005, Monterey, California AIAA 2005-2842 Phased-array](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042601/5f85175e6494d931c54590d6/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
The Telescope
Hans Lippershey 1608
also
Galileo Galilei 1609
source: Wikipedia
![Page 6: Phased Array Technology Applied to Aeroacoustics11th AIAA/CEAS Aeroacoustics Conference (26th AIAA Aeroacoustics Conference) 23 - 25 May 2005, Monterey, California AIAA 2005-2842 Phased-array](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042601/5f85175e6494d931c54590d6/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
The Radio Telescope
source: WikipediaKarl Guthe Jansky 1931
![Page 7: Phased Array Technology Applied to Aeroacoustics11th AIAA/CEAS Aeroacoustics Conference (26th AIAA Aeroacoustics Conference) 23 - 25 May 2005, Monterey, California AIAA 2005-2842 Phased-array](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042601/5f85175e6494d931c54590d6/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Astronomical Interferometry
source: Wikipedia
Ryle, M. & Vonberg, D., 1946
VLA: inaugurated in 1980
![Page 8: Phased Array Technology Applied to Aeroacoustics11th AIAA/CEAS Aeroacoustics Conference (26th AIAA Aeroacoustics Conference) 23 - 25 May 2005, Monterey, California AIAA 2005-2842 Phased-array](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042601/5f85175e6494d931c54590d6/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
The Acoustic Telescope J. Billingsley and R. Kinns, “The acoustic telescope”Journal of Sound and Vibration, 48, (4) 485-510, 1976.
Computer: CA1 LSI-2, 48 kilobytes
![Page 9: Phased Array Technology Applied to Aeroacoustics11th AIAA/CEAS Aeroacoustics Conference (26th AIAA Aeroacoustics Conference) 23 - 25 May 2005, Monterey, California AIAA 2005-2842 Phased-array](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042601/5f85175e6494d931c54590d6/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
![Page 10: Phased Array Technology Applied to Aeroacoustics11th AIAA/CEAS Aeroacoustics Conference (26th AIAA Aeroacoustics Conference) 23 - 25 May 2005, Monterey, California AIAA 2005-2842 Phased-array](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042601/5f85175e6494d931c54590d6/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
AIAA JOURNAL VOL. 14, NO. 4, 489-497, APRIL 1976
![Page 11: Phased Array Technology Applied to Aeroacoustics11th AIAA/CEAS Aeroacoustics Conference (26th AIAA Aeroacoustics Conference) 23 - 25 May 2005, Monterey, California AIAA 2005-2842 Phased-array](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042601/5f85175e6494d931c54590d6/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Laufer, Schlinker, and Kaplan
![Page 12: Phased Array Technology Applied to Aeroacoustics11th AIAA/CEAS Aeroacoustics Conference (26th AIAA Aeroacoustics Conference) 23 - 25 May 2005, Monterey, California AIAA 2005-2842 Phased-array](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042601/5f85175e6494d931c54590d6/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Jet engine noise source location: The polar correlation techniqueM.J. Fisher, M. Harper-Bourne, and S.A.L. GleggJSV 51(1), 23-54, 8 March 1977.
![Page 13: Phased Array Technology Applied to Aeroacoustics11th AIAA/CEAS Aeroacoustics Conference (26th AIAA Aeroacoustics Conference) 23 - 25 May 2005, Monterey, California AIAA 2005-2842 Phased-array](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042601/5f85175e6494d931c54590d6/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Fisher, Harper-Bourne and Glegg
![Page 14: Phased Array Technology Applied to Aeroacoustics11th AIAA/CEAS Aeroacoustics Conference (26th AIAA Aeroacoustics Conference) 23 - 25 May 2005, Monterey, California AIAA 2005-2842 Phased-array](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042601/5f85175e6494d931c54590d6/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Polar Correlation Technique in Context
J. Billingsley, “A comparison of the sourcelocation techniques of the acoustic telescopeand polar correlation,” JSV 61(3), 419-425,1978.
![Page 15: Phased Array Technology Applied to Aeroacoustics11th AIAA/CEAS Aeroacoustics Conference (26th AIAA Aeroacoustics Conference) 23 - 25 May 2005, Monterey, California AIAA 2005-2842 Phased-array](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042601/5f85175e6494d931c54590d6/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
More History• Linear arrays
- Soderman and Nobel, 1974- Billingsley and Kinns, 1976
• Directional mirror microphones, 1976- Grosche, et al, Kendall, Schlinkler,
• Polar correlation technique- Fisher, Harper-Bourne, and Glegg, 1977
• Advanced algorithms- CLEAN: Högbom, 1974- Maximum likelihood: El-Behery & MacPhie, 1978- MUSIC: Schmidt, 1986- Robust adaptive beamforming: Cox, et al, 1987, Gramann & Mocio, 1993- Making cross arrays work: Elias, 1995- DAMAS: Brooks & Humphreys, 2004- CLEAN-SC: Sijtsma, 2007
• Flyover testing-Michel, et al, 1997
• Wind tunnel techniques (spiral arrays, diagonal deletion, ignoring reflections)- Dougherty & Underbrink, 1994
![Page 16: Phased Array Technology Applied to Aeroacoustics11th AIAA/CEAS Aeroacoustics Conference (26th AIAA Aeroacoustics Conference) 23 - 25 May 2005, Monterey, California AIAA 2005-2842 Phased-array](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042601/5f85175e6494d931c54590d6/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Beamforming Algorithms
![Page 17: Phased Array Technology Applied to Aeroacoustics11th AIAA/CEAS Aeroacoustics Conference (26th AIAA Aeroacoustics Conference) 23 - 25 May 2005, Monterey, California AIAA 2005-2842 Phased-array](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042601/5f85175e6494d931c54590d6/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Optical Beamforming
![Page 18: Phased Array Technology Applied to Aeroacoustics11th AIAA/CEAS Aeroacoustics Conference (26th AIAA Aeroacoustics Conference) 23 - 25 May 2005, Monterey, California AIAA 2005-2842 Phased-array](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042601/5f85175e6494d931c54590d6/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Acoustics Beamforming
![Page 19: Phased Array Technology Applied to Aeroacoustics11th AIAA/CEAS Aeroacoustics Conference (26th AIAA Aeroacoustics Conference) 23 - 25 May 2005, Monterey, California AIAA 2005-2842 Phased-array](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042601/5f85175e6494d931c54590d6/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Time Domain
pn(t) = time-domain pressure at microphone n,n = 1,…, N. (real)
1 2 ... N
Dataacquisitionsystem
noise
Loopthroughgrid points
Delay
Array sum
Color contour plot
Integrate square
![Page 20: Phased Array Technology Applied to Aeroacoustics11th AIAA/CEAS Aeroacoustics Conference (26th AIAA Aeroacoustics Conference) 23 - 25 May 2005, Monterey, California AIAA 2005-2842 Phased-array](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042601/5f85175e6494d931c54590d6/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
n n
Delay
Array data Array data in emission time
( )jn
t !r
"+
!
t
j!r
Case of one source at
![Page 21: Phased Array Technology Applied to Aeroacoustics11th AIAA/CEAS Aeroacoustics Conference (26th AIAA Aeroacoustics Conference) 23 - 25 May 2005, Monterey, California AIAA 2005-2842 Phased-array](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042601/5f85175e6494d931c54590d6/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Frequency domain
un( t) = pn
!" / 2
" / 2
# (t + t ' )ej$ t'
dt'
narrowbandcomplexpressure
τ = block length ˜ 1-100 ms
1/τ = bandwidth
1 2 ... N
r u t( ) =
u1
t( )
u2
t( )
u3
t( )
...
uN
t( )
!
"
# # # # # #
$
%
& & & & & &
Dataacquisitionsystem
Digital filter
noise
![Page 22: Phased Array Technology Applied to Aeroacoustics11th AIAA/CEAS Aeroacoustics Conference (26th AIAA Aeroacoustics Conference) 23 - 25 May 2005, Monterey, California AIAA 2005-2842 Phased-array](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042601/5f85175e6494d931c54590d6/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
A =
v u
v u
†time average
f (t) =1
Tf (t)dt
0
T
!
T ˜ 20 seconds (limited by disk storage or source motion)
Cross-spectral matrix
![Page 23: Phased Array Technology Applied to Aeroacoustics11th AIAA/CEAS Aeroacoustics Conference (26th AIAA Aeroacoustics Conference) 23 - 25 May 2005, Monterey, California AIAA 2005-2842 Phased-array](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042601/5f85175e6494d931c54590d6/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Frequency domain data model
v u t( ) =
v C
m
m=1
M
! Sm
t( ) +r n t( ) = C
v S (t) +
r n t( )
Q =
v S (t )
v S
†(t)
ICQCA n
2† !+=
If
and integration is long enough, then
where
![Page 24: Phased Array Technology Applied to Aeroacoustics11th AIAA/CEAS Aeroacoustics Conference (26th AIAA Aeroacoustics Conference) 23 - 25 May 2005, Monterey, California AIAA 2005-2842 Phased-array](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042601/5f85175e6494d931c54590d6/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Frequency domain beamforming
mmCACmb !!=!vv
†)(
Array design goal
mmmmCC !! " #vv
†
ideally
mmQmb !!=!)(
![Page 25: Phased Array Technology Applied to Aeroacoustics11th AIAA/CEAS Aeroacoustics Conference (26th AIAA Aeroacoustics Conference) 23 - 25 May 2005, Monterey, California AIAA 2005-2842 Phased-array](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042601/5f85175e6494d931c54590d6/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Nature of a Beamform Map
![Page 26: Phased Array Technology Applied to Aeroacoustics11th AIAA/CEAS Aeroacoustics Conference (26th AIAA Aeroacoustics Conference) 23 - 25 May 2005, Monterey, California AIAA 2005-2842 Phased-array](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042601/5f85175e6494d931c54590d6/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Nature of a Beamform Map
7 dB dynamic range 20 dB dynamic range
![Page 27: Phased Array Technology Applied to Aeroacoustics11th AIAA/CEAS Aeroacoustics Conference (26th AIAA Aeroacoustics Conference) 23 - 25 May 2005, Monterey, California AIAA 2005-2842 Phased-array](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042601/5f85175e6494d931c54590d6/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
7 dB dynamic range 20 dB dynamic range
1/3 OctaveBands (Toowide fornarrowbandbeamforming)
20 dBdynamicrange
![Page 28: Phased Array Technology Applied to Aeroacoustics11th AIAA/CEAS Aeroacoustics Conference (26th AIAA Aeroacoustics Conference) 23 - 25 May 2005, Monterey, California AIAA 2005-2842 Phased-array](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042601/5f85175e6494d931c54590d6/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
7 dB dynamic range 20 dB dynamic range
1/3 OctaveBands (Toowide fornarrowbandbeamforming)
7 dB dynamicrange
![Page 29: Phased Array Technology Applied to Aeroacoustics11th AIAA/CEAS Aeroacoustics Conference (26th AIAA Aeroacoustics Conference) 23 - 25 May 2005, Monterey, California AIAA 2005-2842 Phased-array](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042601/5f85175e6494d931c54590d6/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Problem Cases: Two Sources
7 dB dynamic range 20 dB dynamic range
Weaker Source(10 dB down)
Coherent Source
![Page 30: Phased Array Technology Applied to Aeroacoustics11th AIAA/CEAS Aeroacoustics Conference (26th AIAA Aeroacoustics Conference) 23 - 25 May 2005, Monterey, California AIAA 2005-2842 Phased-array](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042601/5f85175e6494d931c54590d6/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Problem Case: Extended Source
7 dB dynamic range 20 dB dynamic range
Weaker Source Coherent Source
![Page 31: Phased Array Technology Applied to Aeroacoustics11th AIAA/CEAS Aeroacoustics Conference (26th AIAA Aeroacoustics Conference) 23 - 25 May 2005, Monterey, California AIAA 2005-2842 Phased-array](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042601/5f85175e6494d931c54590d6/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
DAMAS, Eigenvalues, CLEAN-SC and TIDY
Goal: explain these buttons
![Page 32: Phased Array Technology Applied to Aeroacoustics11th AIAA/CEAS Aeroacoustics Conference (26th AIAA Aeroacoustics Conference) 23 - 25 May 2005, Monterey, California AIAA 2005-2842 Phased-array](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042601/5f85175e6494d931c54590d6/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
CLEAN IdeaDirty map (initially regular beamforming) Clean map (initially blank)
• Find peak• Move it to clean map• Remove contribution from data and dirty map (removes sidelobes too)
• • •
• Iterate until dirty map is empty• Clean map now contains real sources
- No sidelobes- No peak spreading
Final clean map (result)Final dirty map (empty)
(Högbom, 1974)
![Page 33: Phased Array Technology Applied to Aeroacoustics11th AIAA/CEAS Aeroacoustics Conference (26th AIAA Aeroacoustics Conference) 23 - 25 May 2005, Monterey, California AIAA 2005-2842 Phased-array](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042601/5f85175e6494d931c54590d6/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Mutually Incoherent Sources
!
A = Qm
r C
m
r C
m
†
m=1
M
" +#n
2I
![Page 34: Phased Array Technology Applied to Aeroacoustics11th AIAA/CEAS Aeroacoustics Conference (26th AIAA Aeroacoustics Conference) 23 - 25 May 2005, Monterey, California AIAA 2005-2842 Phased-array](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042601/5f85175e6494d931c54590d6/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
!
r "
1
!
r "
2
!
r " M map
!
r "
!
r x
1
!
r x
2
!
r x
n
!
r x
N
!
r C
n
r " ( )
Point Spread Function
Array
Beamform Grid
Consider the steering vector as a function of the beamform grid point
!
r C
n
r " ( )
![Page 35: Phased Array Technology Applied to Aeroacoustics11th AIAA/CEAS Aeroacoustics Conference (26th AIAA Aeroacoustics Conference) 23 - 25 May 2005, Monterey, California AIAA 2005-2842 Phased-array](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042601/5f85175e6494d931c54590d6/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Point Spread Function
!
b (r " )=
1
N2
v C
†r " ( ) A
v C
r " ( )Beamform map:
Assume incoherent sources
!
b (r " )= Qm psf
r " ,
r " m( )
m=1
M
#
where
!
psfr " ,
r " m( )=
v C
†r " ( )
r C m
2
![Page 36: Phased Array Technology Applied to Aeroacoustics11th AIAA/CEAS Aeroacoustics Conference (26th AIAA Aeroacoustics Conference) 23 - 25 May 2005, Monterey, California AIAA 2005-2842 Phased-array](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042601/5f85175e6494d931c54590d6/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
DAMAS
!
Amm'= psf
r m ,
r m'( )=
v C
†r m( )
r C m '
2
!
r x =
Q1
.
.
.
QM map
"
#
$ $ $ $ $ $
%
&
' ' ' ' ' '
!
r y =
br "
1( ).
.
.
br " M map( )
#
$
% % % % % %
&
'
( ( ( ( ( (
!
r y = A
v x
(A is not the CSM on this slide …)
(Brooks and Humphreys)
![Page 37: Phased Array Technology Applied to Aeroacoustics11th AIAA/CEAS Aeroacoustics Conference (26th AIAA Aeroacoustics Conference) 23 - 25 May 2005, Monterey, California AIAA 2005-2842 Phased-array](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042601/5f85175e6494d931c54590d6/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
About DAMAS
• Important advancement in beamforming
• Assumes incoherent sources
• Narrow band
• Requires good estimate of psf
• Very slow in its pure form
• Closely related to other deconvolution methods used in image processing
![Page 38: Phased Array Technology Applied to Aeroacoustics11th AIAA/CEAS Aeroacoustics Conference (26th AIAA Aeroacoustics Conference) 23 - 25 May 2005, Monterey, California AIAA 2005-2842 Phased-array](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042601/5f85175e6494d931c54590d6/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Effect of DAMAS: Incoherent SourceConventional12 dB dynamic range
Weakersource
Weakersource
DAMAS212 dB dynamic range
![Page 39: Phased Array Technology Applied to Aeroacoustics11th AIAA/CEAS Aeroacoustics Conference (26th AIAA Aeroacoustics Conference) 23 - 25 May 2005, Monterey, California AIAA 2005-2842 Phased-array](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042601/5f85175e6494d931c54590d6/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Effect of DAMAS: Coherent SourcesConventional
Coherentsource
DAMAS2
Coherentsource
![Page 40: Phased Array Technology Applied to Aeroacoustics11th AIAA/CEAS Aeroacoustics Conference (26th AIAA Aeroacoustics Conference) 23 - 25 May 2005, Monterey, California AIAA 2005-2842 Phased-array](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042601/5f85175e6494d931c54590d6/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Eigenvalues
!
A = Qm
r C
m
r C
m
†
m=1
M
" +#n
2I
!
A = "n
r V
n
r V
n
†
n=1
N
#
(Schmidt, 1986)
![Page 41: Phased Array Technology Applied to Aeroacoustics11th AIAA/CEAS Aeroacoustics Conference (26th AIAA Aeroacoustics Conference) 23 - 25 May 2005, Monterey, California AIAA 2005-2842 Phased-array](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042601/5f85175e6494d931c54590d6/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Eigenvalues: Incoherent, First EVConventional
Weakersource
First EV
Weakersource
![Page 42: Phased Array Technology Applied to Aeroacoustics11th AIAA/CEAS Aeroacoustics Conference (26th AIAA Aeroacoustics Conference) 23 - 25 May 2005, Monterey, California AIAA 2005-2842 Phased-array](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042601/5f85175e6494d931c54590d6/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Eigenvalues: Incoherent, Second EVConventional
Weakersource
Second EV
Weakersource
![Page 43: Phased Array Technology Applied to Aeroacoustics11th AIAA/CEAS Aeroacoustics Conference (26th AIAA Aeroacoustics Conference) 23 - 25 May 2005, Monterey, California AIAA 2005-2842 Phased-array](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042601/5f85175e6494d931c54590d6/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
Eigenvalues: Incoherent, Third EVConventional
Weakersource
Thrid EV
Weakersource
![Page 44: Phased Array Technology Applied to Aeroacoustics11th AIAA/CEAS Aeroacoustics Conference (26th AIAA Aeroacoustics Conference) 23 - 25 May 2005, Monterey, California AIAA 2005-2842 Phased-array](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042601/5f85175e6494d931c54590d6/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
Eigenvalues: Coherent, First EVConventional
Coherentsource
First EV
Coherentsource
Second EV is 27 dB
![Page 45: Phased Array Technology Applied to Aeroacoustics11th AIAA/CEAS Aeroacoustics Conference (26th AIAA Aeroacoustics Conference) 23 - 25 May 2005, Monterey, California AIAA 2005-2842 Phased-array](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042601/5f85175e6494d931c54590d6/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
Move Away from the Assumptionof Mutually Incoherent Sources
![Page 46: Phased Array Technology Applied to Aeroacoustics11th AIAA/CEAS Aeroacoustics Conference (26th AIAA Aeroacoustics Conference) 23 - 25 May 2005, Monterey, California AIAA 2005-2842 Phased-array](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042601/5f85175e6494d931c54590d6/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
CLEAN-SC(Sijtsma)
h is determined so that
!
C j ACmax
= C jGCmax
for all steering vectors Cj.
!
"CSM = Qmax
hh
![Page 47: Phased Array Technology Applied to Aeroacoustics11th AIAA/CEAS Aeroacoustics Conference (26th AIAA Aeroacoustics Conference) 23 - 25 May 2005, Monterey, California AIAA 2005-2842 Phased-array](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042601/5f85175e6494d931c54590d6/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
TIDY(Dougherty 2009)
Similar to CLEAN-SC, but operates in the time domainusing the cross correlation matrix instead of the crossspectral matrix. Wide band.
!
bFD
xm( ) =
1
N2
r C
†x
m( )Ar C x
m( ) =1
N2
Ci
*x
m( )AikC
kx
m( )k= 0
N"1
#i= 0
N"1
#
( ) ( ) ( )!! "= tptpR kiik
!
bTD
xm( ) =
1
N2
s "im( )Rik
t( )s #" km( )k= 0
N#1
$i= 0
N#1
$t= 0
TD, FD relationship for beamforming
!
s "( ) f t( ) = f t # "( )Shift operator
![Page 48: Phased Array Technology Applied to Aeroacoustics11th AIAA/CEAS Aeroacoustics Conference (26th AIAA Aeroacoustics Conference) 23 - 25 May 2005, Monterey, California AIAA 2005-2842 Phased-array](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042601/5f85175e6494d931c54590d6/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
Effect of TIDY: Incoherent SourceConventional12 dB dynamic range
Weakersource
Weakersource
TIDY12 dB dynamic range
![Page 49: Phased Array Technology Applied to Aeroacoustics11th AIAA/CEAS Aeroacoustics Conference (26th AIAA Aeroacoustics Conference) 23 - 25 May 2005, Monterey, California AIAA 2005-2842 Phased-array](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042601/5f85175e6494d931c54590d6/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
Effect of TIDY: Coherent SourcesConventional
Coherentsource
TIDY
Coherentsource
![Page 50: Phased Array Technology Applied to Aeroacoustics11th AIAA/CEAS Aeroacoustics Conference (26th AIAA Aeroacoustics Conference) 23 - 25 May 2005, Monterey, California AIAA 2005-2842 Phased-array](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042601/5f85175e6494d931c54590d6/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
Effect of TIDY: Extended Source
Weaker Source Coherent Source
Conventional TIDY
Bandwidth too large for DAMAS
![Page 51: Phased Array Technology Applied to Aeroacoustics11th AIAA/CEAS Aeroacoustics Conference (26th AIAA Aeroacoustics Conference) 23 - 25 May 2005, Monterey, California AIAA 2005-2842 Phased-array](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042601/5f85175e6494d931c54590d6/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
Other Deconvolution Algorithms
Coherent Source
Conventional TIDY
Bandwidth too large for DAMAS
• Richardson-Lucy and NNLS (image processing)See Ehrenfried & Koop AIAA 2006-2711
• DAMAS-C (Brooks & Humphreys)
• LORE (Ravetta)
• Generalized inverse beam-forming (Suzuki)
![Page 52: Phased Array Technology Applied to Aeroacoustics11th AIAA/CEAS Aeroacoustics Conference (26th AIAA Aeroacoustics Conference) 23 - 25 May 2005, Monterey, California AIAA 2005-2842 Phased-array](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042601/5f85175e6494d931c54590d6/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
Airframe Noise
![Page 53: Phased Array Technology Applied to Aeroacoustics11th AIAA/CEAS Aeroacoustics Conference (26th AIAA Aeroacoustics Conference) 23 - 25 May 2005, Monterey, California AIAA 2005-2842 Phased-array](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042601/5f85175e6494d931c54590d6/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
![Page 54: Phased Array Technology Applied to Aeroacoustics11th AIAA/CEAS Aeroacoustics Conference (26th AIAA Aeroacoustics Conference) 23 - 25 May 2005, Monterey, California AIAA 2005-2842 Phased-array](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042601/5f85175e6494d931c54590d6/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
Wind tunnel testing: setup for a closed jet test
phased array
noise
phased arrays
phased arrayflow
noise
flow
![Page 55: Phased Array Technology Applied to Aeroacoustics11th AIAA/CEAS Aeroacoustics Conference (26th AIAA Aeroacoustics Conference) 23 - 25 May 2005, Monterey, California AIAA 2005-2842 Phased-array](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042601/5f85175e6494d931c54590d6/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
![Page 56: Phased Array Technology Applied to Aeroacoustics11th AIAA/CEAS Aeroacoustics Conference (26th AIAA Aeroacoustics Conference) 23 - 25 May 2005, Monterey, California AIAA 2005-2842 Phased-array](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042601/5f85175e6494d931c54590d6/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
![Page 57: Phased Array Technology Applied to Aeroacoustics11th AIAA/CEAS Aeroacoustics Conference (26th AIAA Aeroacoustics Conference) 23 - 25 May 2005, Monterey, California AIAA 2005-2842 Phased-array](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042601/5f85175e6494d931c54590d6/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
![Page 58: Phased Array Technology Applied to Aeroacoustics11th AIAA/CEAS Aeroacoustics Conference (26th AIAA Aeroacoustics Conference) 23 - 25 May 2005, Monterey, California AIAA 2005-2842 Phased-array](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042601/5f85175e6494d931c54590d6/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
RWS
![Page 59: Phased Array Technology Applied to Aeroacoustics11th AIAA/CEAS Aeroacoustics Conference (26th AIAA Aeroacoustics Conference) 23 - 25 May 2005, Monterey, California AIAA 2005-2842 Phased-array](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042601/5f85175e6494d931c54590d6/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
13th AIAA/CEAS Aeroacoustics Conference (28th AIAA Aeroacoustics Conference) AIAA 2007-3448A Preliminary Study of Landing Gear Noise in Low-Speed Wind Tunnel
Hiroki URA, Takeshi ITO, Toshimi FUJITA, Akihito IWASAKI, Norihisa ANDO and Jun SATO
![Page 60: Phased Array Technology Applied to Aeroacoustics11th AIAA/CEAS Aeroacoustics Conference (26th AIAA Aeroacoustics Conference) 23 - 25 May 2005, Monterey, California AIAA 2005-2842 Phased-array](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042601/5f85175e6494d931c54590d6/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
URA, ITO, FUJITA,IWASAKI, ANDO and SATO
6.3 kHz7 dB range
![Page 61: Phased Array Technology Applied to Aeroacoustics11th AIAA/CEAS Aeroacoustics Conference (26th AIAA Aeroacoustics Conference) 23 - 25 May 2005, Monterey, California AIAA 2005-2842 Phased-array](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042601/5f85175e6494d931c54590d6/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
Wind tunnel testing: setup for an open jet test
phased array
phased array
free jet nozzle
free jet nozzle
flow
noise
flow
noise
![Page 62: Phased Array Technology Applied to Aeroacoustics11th AIAA/CEAS Aeroacoustics Conference (26th AIAA Aeroacoustics Conference) 23 - 25 May 2005, Monterey, California AIAA 2005-2842 Phased-array](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042601/5f85175e6494d931c54590d6/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
![Page 63: Phased Array Technology Applied to Aeroacoustics11th AIAA/CEAS Aeroacoustics Conference (26th AIAA Aeroacoustics Conference) 23 - 25 May 2005, Monterey, California AIAA 2005-2842 Phased-array](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042601/5f85175e6494d931c54590d6/html5/thumbnails/63.jpg)
![Page 64: Phased Array Technology Applied to Aeroacoustics11th AIAA/CEAS Aeroacoustics Conference (26th AIAA Aeroacoustics Conference) 23 - 25 May 2005, Monterey, California AIAA 2005-2842 Phased-array](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042601/5f85175e6494d931c54590d6/html5/thumbnails/64.jpg)
![Page 65: Phased Array Technology Applied to Aeroacoustics11th AIAA/CEAS Aeroacoustics Conference (26th AIAA Aeroacoustics Conference) 23 - 25 May 2005, Monterey, California AIAA 2005-2842 Phased-array](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042601/5f85175e6494d931c54590d6/html5/thumbnails/65.jpg)
Michel, U., Barsikow, B.,Helbig, J., Hellmig, M., andSchüttpelz, M., “Flyover noisemeasurements on landingaircraft with a microphonearray," AIAA Paper 98-2336,1998,
![Page 66: Phased Array Technology Applied to Aeroacoustics11th AIAA/CEAS Aeroacoustics Conference (26th AIAA Aeroacoustics Conference) 23 - 25 May 2005, Monterey, California AIAA 2005-2842 Phased-array](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042601/5f85175e6494d931c54590d6/html5/thumbnails/66.jpg)
Michel, U., Barsikow, B.,Helbig, J., Hellmig, M., andSchüttpelz, M., “Flyover noisemeasurements on landingaircraft with a microphonearray," AIAA Paper 98-2336,1998,
![Page 67: Phased Array Technology Applied to Aeroacoustics11th AIAA/CEAS Aeroacoustics Conference (26th AIAA Aeroacoustics Conference) 23 - 25 May 2005, Monterey, California AIAA 2005-2842 Phased-array](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042601/5f85175e6494d931c54590d6/html5/thumbnails/67.jpg)
AIAA Paper 98-2336, 1998
![Page 68: Phased Array Technology Applied to Aeroacoustics11th AIAA/CEAS Aeroacoustics Conference (26th AIAA Aeroacoustics Conference) 23 - 25 May 2005, Monterey, California AIAA 2005-2842 Phased-array](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042601/5f85175e6494d931c54590d6/html5/thumbnails/68.jpg)
![Page 69: Phased Array Technology Applied to Aeroacoustics11th AIAA/CEAS Aeroacoustics Conference (26th AIAA Aeroacoustics Conference) 23 - 25 May 2005, Monterey, California AIAA 2005-2842 Phased-array](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042601/5f85175e6494d931c54590d6/html5/thumbnails/69.jpg)
![Page 70: Phased Array Technology Applied to Aeroacoustics11th AIAA/CEAS Aeroacoustics Conference (26th AIAA Aeroacoustics Conference) 23 - 25 May 2005, Monterey, California AIAA 2005-2842 Phased-array](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042601/5f85175e6494d931c54590d6/html5/thumbnails/70.jpg)
![Page 71: Phased Array Technology Applied to Aeroacoustics11th AIAA/CEAS Aeroacoustics Conference (26th AIAA Aeroacoustics Conference) 23 - 25 May 2005, Monterey, California AIAA 2005-2842 Phased-array](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042601/5f85175e6494d931c54590d6/html5/thumbnails/71.jpg)
![Page 72: Phased Array Technology Applied to Aeroacoustics11th AIAA/CEAS Aeroacoustics Conference (26th AIAA Aeroacoustics Conference) 23 - 25 May 2005, Monterey, California AIAA 2005-2842 Phased-array](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042601/5f85175e6494d931c54590d6/html5/thumbnails/72.jpg)
![Page 73: Phased Array Technology Applied to Aeroacoustics11th AIAA/CEAS Aeroacoustics Conference (26th AIAA Aeroacoustics Conference) 23 - 25 May 2005, Monterey, California AIAA 2005-2842 Phased-array](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042601/5f85175e6494d931c54590d6/html5/thumbnails/73.jpg)
767 737
Doughery, R. P. , F. W. Wang, E. R. Booth, M. E. Watts, N. Fenichel,and R. E. D’Errico, “Aircraft wake vortex measurements at DenverInternational Airport,” AIAA Paper. 2004-2880, May, 2004.
![Page 74: Phased Array Technology Applied to Aeroacoustics11th AIAA/CEAS Aeroacoustics Conference (26th AIAA Aeroacoustics Conference) 23 - 25 May 2005, Monterey, California AIAA 2005-2842 Phased-array](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042601/5f85175e6494d931c54590d6/html5/thumbnails/74.jpg)
Fan Noise
![Page 75: Phased Array Technology Applied to Aeroacoustics11th AIAA/CEAS Aeroacoustics Conference (26th AIAA Aeroacoustics Conference) 23 - 25 May 2005, Monterey, California AIAA 2005-2842 Phased-array](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042601/5f85175e6494d931c54590d6/html5/thumbnails/75.jpg)
Boeing/GE LSAF Test 1993
![Page 76: Phased Array Technology Applied to Aeroacoustics11th AIAA/CEAS Aeroacoustics Conference (26th AIAA Aeroacoustics Conference) 23 - 25 May 2005, Monterey, California AIAA 2005-2842 Phased-array](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042601/5f85175e6494d931c54590d6/html5/thumbnails/76.jpg)
Boeing/Rolls Royce
![Page 77: Phased Array Technology Applied to Aeroacoustics11th AIAA/CEAS Aeroacoustics Conference (26th AIAA Aeroacoustics Conference) 23 - 25 May 2005, Monterey, California AIAA 2005-2842 Phased-array](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042601/5f85175e6494d931c54590d6/html5/thumbnails/77.jpg)
![Page 78: Phased Array Technology Applied to Aeroacoustics11th AIAA/CEAS Aeroacoustics Conference (26th AIAA Aeroacoustics Conference) 23 - 25 May 2005, Monterey, California AIAA 2005-2842 Phased-array](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042601/5f85175e6494d931c54590d6/html5/thumbnails/78.jpg)
Boeing/Pratt&Whitney ICD Array, 1999
![Page 79: Phased Array Technology Applied to Aeroacoustics11th AIAA/CEAS Aeroacoustics Conference (26th AIAA Aeroacoustics Conference) 23 - 25 May 2005, Monterey, California AIAA 2005-2842 Phased-array](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042601/5f85175e6494d931c54590d6/html5/thumbnails/79.jpg)
-40 -30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30 40
70
75
80
85
90
Spinning order, m
2800 Hz
-40 -30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30 40
68
70
72
74
76
Spinning order, m
2708 Hz
Co-rotating mode Counter-rotating mode
![Page 80: Phased Array Technology Applied to Aeroacoustics11th AIAA/CEAS Aeroacoustics Conference (26th AIAA Aeroacoustics Conference) 23 - 25 May 2005, Monterey, California AIAA 2005-2842 Phased-array](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042601/5f85175e6494d931c54590d6/html5/thumbnails/80.jpg)
![Page 81: Phased Array Technology Applied to Aeroacoustics11th AIAA/CEAS Aeroacoustics Conference (26th AIAA Aeroacoustics Conference) 23 - 25 May 2005, Monterey, California AIAA 2005-2842 Phased-array](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042601/5f85175e6494d931c54590d6/html5/thumbnails/81.jpg)
![Page 82: Phased Array Technology Applied to Aeroacoustics11th AIAA/CEAS Aeroacoustics Conference (26th AIAA Aeroacoustics Conference) 23 - 25 May 2005, Monterey, California AIAA 2005-2842 Phased-array](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042601/5f85175e6494d931c54590d6/html5/thumbnails/82.jpg)
![Page 83: Phased Array Technology Applied to Aeroacoustics11th AIAA/CEAS Aeroacoustics Conference (26th AIAA Aeroacoustics Conference) 23 - 25 May 2005, Monterey, California AIAA 2005-2842 Phased-array](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042601/5f85175e6494d931c54590d6/html5/thumbnails/83.jpg)
13th AIAA/CEAS Aeroacoustics Conference (28th AIAA Aeroacoustics Conference) AIAA 2007-3696
Feasibility of In-Duct BeamformingPieter Sijtsma
![Page 84: Phased Array Technology Applied to Aeroacoustics11th AIAA/CEAS Aeroacoustics Conference (26th AIAA Aeroacoustics Conference) 23 - 25 May 2005, Monterey, California AIAA 2005-2842 Phased-array](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042601/5f85175e6494d931c54590d6/html5/thumbnails/84.jpg)
Sijtsma
![Page 85: Phased Array Technology Applied to Aeroacoustics11th AIAA/CEAS Aeroacoustics Conference (26th AIAA Aeroacoustics Conference) 23 - 25 May 2005, Monterey, California AIAA 2005-2842 Phased-array](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042601/5f85175e6494d931c54590d6/html5/thumbnails/85.jpg)
Sijtsma
![Page 86: Phased Array Technology Applied to Aeroacoustics11th AIAA/CEAS Aeroacoustics Conference (26th AIAA Aeroacoustics Conference) 23 - 25 May 2005, Monterey, California AIAA 2005-2842 Phased-array](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042601/5f85175e6494d931c54590d6/html5/thumbnails/86.jpg)
Virtual Rotating Microphone Imaging of Broadband Fan NoiseRobert P. Dougherty and Bruce E. Walker
AIAA-2009-3121
![Page 87: Phased Array Technology Applied to Aeroacoustics11th AIAA/CEAS Aeroacoustics Conference (26th AIAA Aeroacoustics Conference) 23 - 25 May 2005, Monterey, California AIAA 2005-2842 Phased-array](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042601/5f85175e6494d931c54590d6/html5/thumbnails/87.jpg)
Dougherty and Walker
![Page 88: Phased Array Technology Applied to Aeroacoustics11th AIAA/CEAS Aeroacoustics Conference (26th AIAA Aeroacoustics Conference) 23 - 25 May 2005, Monterey, California AIAA 2005-2842 Phased-array](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042601/5f85175e6494d931c54590d6/html5/thumbnails/88.jpg)
Dougherty and Walker
![Page 89: Phased Array Technology Applied to Aeroacoustics11th AIAA/CEAS Aeroacoustics Conference (26th AIAA Aeroacoustics Conference) 23 - 25 May 2005, Monterey, California AIAA 2005-2842 Phased-array](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042601/5f85175e6494d931c54590d6/html5/thumbnails/89.jpg)
Baseline Modified
Dougherty and Walker
![Page 90: Phased Array Technology Applied to Aeroacoustics11th AIAA/CEAS Aeroacoustics Conference (26th AIAA Aeroacoustics Conference) 23 - 25 May 2005, Monterey, California AIAA 2005-2842 Phased-array](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042601/5f85175e6494d931c54590d6/html5/thumbnails/90.jpg)
Phased Array Noise Source Localization MeasurementsMade on a Williams International FJ44 Engine
Gary G. PodboyNASA Glenn Research Center
Cleveland, OhioU.S.A.
Csaba HorvathASRC Aerospace Corporation
Cleveland, OhioU.S.A.
Presented by Daniel L. Sutliff at15th AIAA/CEAS Aeroacoustics Conference
Miami, FloridaMay 12, 2009
![Page 91: Phased Array Technology Applied to Aeroacoustics11th AIAA/CEAS Aeroacoustics Conference (26th AIAA Aeroacoustics Conference) 23 - 25 May 2005, Monterey, California AIAA 2005-2842 Phased-array](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042601/5f85175e6494d931c54590d6/html5/thumbnails/91.jpg)
3000 lbf (12500 N) thrust class
16 fan blades
2 spools LP: fan, 3-stage axial comp, 2-stage axial turbine HP: single-stage centrifugal comp, single-stage axial turbine
The Williams FJ44 Engine
Podboy and Horvath
![Page 92: Phased Array Technology Applied to Aeroacoustics11th AIAA/CEAS Aeroacoustics Conference (26th AIAA Aeroacoustics Conference) 23 - 25 May 2005, Monterey, California AIAA 2005-2842 Phased-array](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042601/5f85175e6494d931c54590d6/html5/thumbnails/92.jpg)
OptiNav Array 48 Phased Array System
48 flush-mounted electretmicrophones
1m x 1m Al plate
Log spiral arrangement
Data reduction options-conventional beamforming-deconvolution methods
Podboy and Horvath
![Page 93: Phased Array Technology Applied to Aeroacoustics11th AIAA/CEAS Aeroacoustics Conference (26th AIAA Aeroacoustics Conference) 23 - 25 May 2005, Monterey, California AIAA 2005-2842 Phased-array](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042601/5f85175e6494d931c54590d6/html5/thumbnails/93.jpg)
OptiNav Array 48 Phased Array System
Software overlays acoustic source location data on top of photo taken with the camera.
Podboy and Horvath
![Page 94: Phased Array Technology Applied to Aeroacoustics11th AIAA/CEAS Aeroacoustics Conference (26th AIAA Aeroacoustics Conference) 23 - 25 May 2005, Monterey, California AIAA 2005-2842 Phased-array](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042601/5f85175e6494d931c54590d6/html5/thumbnails/94.jpg)
Peak
Peak – 7
(dB)
10 kHz 1/3rd Octave Beamform Map for Engine at 100% Speed
Podboy and Horvath
![Page 95: Phased Array Technology Applied to Aeroacoustics11th AIAA/CEAS Aeroacoustics Conference (26th AIAA Aeroacoustics Conference) 23 - 25 May 2005, Monterey, California AIAA 2005-2842 Phased-array](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042601/5f85175e6494d931c54590d6/html5/thumbnails/95.jpg)
1/3rd Octave Beamform Maps for 3 Engine SpeedsPodboy and Horvath
![Page 96: Phased Array Technology Applied to Aeroacoustics11th AIAA/CEAS Aeroacoustics Conference (26th AIAA Aeroacoustics Conference) 23 - 25 May 2005, Monterey, California AIAA 2005-2842 Phased-array](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042601/5f85175e6494d931c54590d6/html5/thumbnails/96.jpg)
Engine Noise
![Page 97: Phased Array Technology Applied to Aeroacoustics11th AIAA/CEAS Aeroacoustics Conference (26th AIAA Aeroacoustics Conference) 23 - 25 May 2005, Monterey, California AIAA 2005-2842 Phased-array](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042601/5f85175e6494d931c54590d6/html5/thumbnails/97.jpg)
Noise Source Analysis of an Aeroengine with a New Inverse Method SODIX
Ulf Michel and Stefan Funke
AIAA-2008-2860
![Page 98: Phased Array Technology Applied to Aeroacoustics11th AIAA/CEAS Aeroacoustics Conference (26th AIAA Aeroacoustics Conference) 23 - 25 May 2005, Monterey, California AIAA 2005-2842 Phased-array](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042601/5f85175e6494d931c54590d6/html5/thumbnails/98.jpg)
Michel and Funke
![Page 99: Phased Array Technology Applied to Aeroacoustics11th AIAA/CEAS Aeroacoustics Conference (26th AIAA Aeroacoustics Conference) 23 - 25 May 2005, Monterey, California AIAA 2005-2842 Phased-array](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042601/5f85175e6494d931c54590d6/html5/thumbnails/99.jpg)
NASA/Honeywell EVNERT 2006
Phased Array Beamforming with 100-foot Polar Arc Microphones in a Static Engine Noise Test
46th AIAA Aerospace Sciences Meeting and Exhibit 7 - 10 January 2008, Reno, Nevada AIAA 2008-51
Robert P. Dougherty and Jeff M. Mendoza
![Page 100: Phased Array Technology Applied to Aeroacoustics11th AIAA/CEAS Aeroacoustics Conference (26th AIAA Aeroacoustics Conference) 23 - 25 May 2005, Monterey, California AIAA 2005-2842 Phased-array](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042601/5f85175e6494d931c54590d6/html5/thumbnails/100.jpg)
![Page 101: Phased Array Technology Applied to Aeroacoustics11th AIAA/CEAS Aeroacoustics Conference (26th AIAA Aeroacoustics Conference) 23 - 25 May 2005, Monterey, California AIAA 2005-2842 Phased-array](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042601/5f85175e6494d931c54590d6/html5/thumbnails/101.jpg)
Dougherty and Mendoza
![Page 102: Phased Array Technology Applied to Aeroacoustics11th AIAA/CEAS Aeroacoustics Conference (26th AIAA Aeroacoustics Conference) 23 - 25 May 2005, Monterey, California AIAA 2005-2842 Phased-array](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042601/5f85175e6494d931c54590d6/html5/thumbnails/102.jpg)
60% Power, 5° High Frequency Array
dB
Dougherty and Mendoza
![Page 103: Phased Array Technology Applied to Aeroacoustics11th AIAA/CEAS Aeroacoustics Conference (26th AIAA Aeroacoustics Conference) 23 - 25 May 2005, Monterey, California AIAA 2005-2842 Phased-array](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042601/5f85175e6494d931c54590d6/html5/thumbnails/103.jpg)
Jet Noise
![Page 104: Phased Array Technology Applied to Aeroacoustics11th AIAA/CEAS Aeroacoustics Conference (26th AIAA Aeroacoustics Conference) 23 - 25 May 2005, Monterey, California AIAA 2005-2842 Phased-array](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042601/5f85175e6494d931c54590d6/html5/thumbnails/104.jpg)
Boeing/Honeywell Cage Array, 1999
![Page 105: Phased Array Technology Applied to Aeroacoustics11th AIAA/CEAS Aeroacoustics Conference (26th AIAA Aeroacoustics Conference) 23 - 25 May 2005, Monterey, California AIAA 2005-2842 Phased-array](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042601/5f85175e6494d931c54590d6/html5/thumbnails/105.jpg)
800 Hz630 Hz500 Hz
400 Hz250 Hz125 Hz
Cage Array, Baseline Configuration
![Page 106: Phased Array Technology Applied to Aeroacoustics11th AIAA/CEAS Aeroacoustics Conference (26th AIAA Aeroacoustics Conference) 23 - 25 May 2005, Monterey, California AIAA 2005-2842 Phased-array](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042601/5f85175e6494d931c54590d6/html5/thumbnails/106.jpg)
11th AIAA/CEAS Aeroacoustics Conference (26th AIAA Aeroacoustics Conference) 23 - 25 May 2005, Monterey, California AIAA 2005-2842
Phased-array Measurements of Single Flow Hot JetsSang Soo Lee and James Bridges
![Page 107: Phased Array Technology Applied to Aeroacoustics11th AIAA/CEAS Aeroacoustics Conference (26th AIAA Aeroacoustics Conference) 23 - 25 May 2005, Monterey, California AIAA 2005-2842 Phased-array](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042601/5f85175e6494d931c54590d6/html5/thumbnails/107.jpg)
LOCALIZATION OF MULTIPLE TYPES OF JET NOISE SOURCES
12th AIAA/CEAS Aeroacoustics Conference (27th AIAA Aeroacoustics Conference) 8 - 10 May 2006, Cambridge, Massachusetts AIAA 2006-2644
Dimitri Papamoschou and Ali Dadvar
![Page 108: Phased Array Technology Applied to Aeroacoustics11th AIAA/CEAS Aeroacoustics Conference (26th AIAA Aeroacoustics Conference) 23 - 25 May 2005, Monterey, California AIAA 2005-2842 Phased-array](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042601/5f85175e6494d931c54590d6/html5/thumbnails/108.jpg)
Papamoschou and Dadvar
![Page 109: Phased Array Technology Applied to Aeroacoustics11th AIAA/CEAS Aeroacoustics Conference (26th AIAA Aeroacoustics Conference) 23 - 25 May 2005, Monterey, California AIAA 2005-2842 Phased-array](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042601/5f85175e6494d931c54590d6/html5/thumbnails/109.jpg)
Supersonic With ShocksImproved Phased Array Imaging of a Model Jet
Robert P. Dougherty and Gary G. Podboy
AIAA-2009-3186
![Page 110: Phased Array Technology Applied to Aeroacoustics11th AIAA/CEAS Aeroacoustics Conference (26th AIAA Aeroacoustics Conference) 23 - 25 May 2005, Monterey, California AIAA 2005-2842 Phased-array](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042601/5f85175e6494d931c54590d6/html5/thumbnails/110.jpg)
90˚ 40˚Condition 2
Mj = 0.89, Ma = 1.46
St = 0. 071 - 0.14
St = 0.14 - 0.29
St 0.29 - 0.57
St = 0.57 - 1.15
St = 1.15 - 2.30
St = 2.30 - 4.60
![Page 111: Phased Array Technology Applied to Aeroacoustics11th AIAA/CEAS Aeroacoustics Conference (26th AIAA Aeroacoustics Conference) 23 - 25 May 2005, Monterey, California AIAA 2005-2842 Phased-array](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042601/5f85175e6494d931c54590d6/html5/thumbnails/111.jpg)
40˚
90˚
Condition 2Mj = 0.89, Ma = 1.46
CF (kHz) BF Peak (dB) Array Ave. (dB) TIDY Integ. (dB) Source Loc (diam.)
1 100.0 101.1 101.4 9.2
2 103.5 106.1 105.6 6.6
4 103.1 108.3 107.5 5.4
8 98.9 108.0 106.8 3.5
16 91.3 106.0 104.2 1.8
32 78.2 98.3 92.7 0.8
OASPL 113.6 112.6
CF (kHz) BF Peak (dB) Array Ave. (dB) TIDY Integ. (dB) Source Loc (diam.)
1 119.4 118.5 119.9 8.4
2 122.4 122.3 122.8 5.3
4 122.1 122.5 122.7 3.6
8 115.3 117.5 117.0 2.2
16 105.7 110.9 109.0 1.1
32 90.4 100.7 97.2 0.1
OASPL 126.9 127.3
![Page 112: Phased Array Technology Applied to Aeroacoustics11th AIAA/CEAS Aeroacoustics Conference (26th AIAA Aeroacoustics Conference) 23 - 25 May 2005, Monterey, California AIAA 2005-2842 Phased-array](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042601/5f85175e6494d931c54590d6/html5/thumbnails/112.jpg)
90˚ 40˚Mj = 1.81, Ts = TambRobert P. Dougherty and Gary G. Podboy
St = .058-.12
St = .12-.23
St = .23-.46
St = 46-.93
St =. 93-1.86
St = 1.86-3.72
![Page 113: Phased Array Technology Applied to Aeroacoustics11th AIAA/CEAS Aeroacoustics Conference (26th AIAA Aeroacoustics Conference) 23 - 25 May 2005, Monterey, California AIAA 2005-2842 Phased-array](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042601/5f85175e6494d931c54590d6/html5/thumbnails/113.jpg)
Conventional
TIDY
Conventional
TIDY
Underexpanded, Supersonic CaseRobert P. Dougherty and Gary G. Podboy
![Page 114: Phased Array Technology Applied to Aeroacoustics11th AIAA/CEAS Aeroacoustics Conference (26th AIAA Aeroacoustics Conference) 23 - 25 May 2005, Monterey, California AIAA 2005-2842 Phased-array](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042601/5f85175e6494d931c54590d6/html5/thumbnails/114.jpg)
Dipole Noise StudyOptiNav Aeroacoustic FacilityMay, 2009
![Page 115: Phased Array Technology Applied to Aeroacoustics11th AIAA/CEAS Aeroacoustics Conference (26th AIAA Aeroacoustics Conference) 23 - 25 May 2005, Monterey, California AIAA 2005-2842 Phased-array](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042601/5f85175e6494d931c54590d6/html5/thumbnails/115.jpg)
OptiNav Aeroacoustic Facility
![Page 116: Phased Array Technology Applied to Aeroacoustics11th AIAA/CEAS Aeroacoustics Conference (26th AIAA Aeroacoustics Conference) 23 - 25 May 2005, Monterey, California AIAA 2005-2842 Phased-array](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042601/5f85175e6494d931c54590d6/html5/thumbnails/116.jpg)
Vortex SheddingTIDY
Vortexshedding
Shearlayerturbulence
Shop vac noise
![Page 117: Phased Array Technology Applied to Aeroacoustics11th AIAA/CEAS Aeroacoustics Conference (26th AIAA Aeroacoustics Conference) 23 - 25 May 2005, Monterey, California AIAA 2005-2842 Phased-array](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042601/5f85175e6494d931c54590d6/html5/thumbnails/117.jpg)
Vortex Shedding: Dipole Sound
![Page 118: Phased Array Technology Applied to Aeroacoustics11th AIAA/CEAS Aeroacoustics Conference (26th AIAA Aeroacoustics Conference) 23 - 25 May 2005, Monterey, California AIAA 2005-2842 Phased-array](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042601/5f85175e6494d931c54590d6/html5/thumbnails/118.jpg)
Vortex Shedding: Dipole Parallel to Array
TIDYConventional
![Page 119: Phased Array Technology Applied to Aeroacoustics11th AIAA/CEAS Aeroacoustics Conference (26th AIAA Aeroacoustics Conference) 23 - 25 May 2005, Monterey, California AIAA 2005-2842 Phased-array](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042601/5f85175e6494d931c54590d6/html5/thumbnails/119.jpg)
Dipole Beamforming
TIDY, dipoleConventional, dipole
Option in Beamform Interactive
See also: papers by Liu, Quayle and Dowling (and Sijtsma); Suzuki
![Page 120: Phased Array Technology Applied to Aeroacoustics11th AIAA/CEAS Aeroacoustics Conference (26th AIAA Aeroacoustics Conference) 23 - 25 May 2005, Monterey, California AIAA 2005-2842 Phased-array](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042601/5f85175e6494d931c54590d6/html5/thumbnails/120.jpg)
Shear Layer Noise
![Page 121: Phased Array Technology Applied to Aeroacoustics11th AIAA/CEAS Aeroacoustics Conference (26th AIAA Aeroacoustics Conference) 23 - 25 May 2005, Monterey, California AIAA 2005-2842 Phased-array](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042601/5f85175e6494d931c54590d6/html5/thumbnails/121.jpg)
N1 = 127 Hz (7620 RPM)dstring = 1.7 mmrHub = 4 cmrTip = 20 cmMtip = 0.46
String TrimmerNoise
![Page 122: Phased Array Technology Applied to Aeroacoustics11th AIAA/CEAS Aeroacoustics Conference (26th AIAA Aeroacoustics Conference) 23 - 25 May 2005, Monterey, California AIAA 2005-2842 Phased-array](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042601/5f85175e6494d931c54590d6/html5/thumbnails/122.jpg)
!
f =c
c + vs
f0
Receding string
Approaching string
!
vs
31.9 m/s
159.6 m/s
- 31.9 m/s
- 159.6 m/s
Assume c = 344 m/s, St = 0.21
13,467 Hz
3605 Hz
4342 Hz
36,779 Hz
Frequencies14,518 Hz
VortexSheddingFrequency
Doppler ShiftedFrequency
1 2 34Shaft order
StringSpeed
!
f0
= Stvs
d
3940 Hz
19,715 Hz
19,715 Hz
3940 Hz
![Page 123: Phased Array Technology Applied to Aeroacoustics11th AIAA/CEAS Aeroacoustics Conference (26th AIAA Aeroacoustics Conference) 23 - 25 May 2005, Monterey, California AIAA 2005-2842 Phased-array](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042601/5f85175e6494d931c54590d6/html5/thumbnails/123.jpg)
Conventional
![Page 124: Phased Array Technology Applied to Aeroacoustics11th AIAA/CEAS Aeroacoustics Conference (26th AIAA Aeroacoustics Conference) 23 - 25 May 2005, Monterey, California AIAA 2005-2842 Phased-array](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042601/5f85175e6494d931c54590d6/html5/thumbnails/124.jpg)
TIDY
![Page 125: Phased Array Technology Applied to Aeroacoustics11th AIAA/CEAS Aeroacoustics Conference (26th AIAA Aeroacoustics Conference) 23 - 25 May 2005, Monterey, California AIAA 2005-2842 Phased-array](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042601/5f85175e6494d931c54590d6/html5/thumbnails/125.jpg)
X-Dipole
![Page 126: Phased Array Technology Applied to Aeroacoustics11th AIAA/CEAS Aeroacoustics Conference (26th AIAA Aeroacoustics Conference) 23 - 25 May 2005, Monterey, California AIAA 2005-2842 Phased-array](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042601/5f85175e6494d931c54590d6/html5/thumbnails/126.jpg)
TIDY X-Dipole
![Page 127: Phased Array Technology Applied to Aeroacoustics11th AIAA/CEAS Aeroacoustics Conference (26th AIAA Aeroacoustics Conference) 23 - 25 May 2005, Monterey, California AIAA 2005-2842 Phased-array](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042601/5f85175e6494d931c54590d6/html5/thumbnails/127.jpg)
Component Models:TIDY Integral
Freq1 Freq2 Time1 Time2 z(m) Mic_Med. Peak_BF Integral xPeak yPeak
6120.6 6491 0 8.3 0.5 71.6 60.9 57.8 98 82
6491 6890.4 0 8.3 0.5 72.6 64.1 63.1 98 78
6890.4 7314.5 0 8.3 0.5 73.7 64.8 64.8 95 75
7314.5 7764.6 0 8.3 0.5 75.4 68.6 68 97 67
7764.6 8226.3 0 8.3 0.5 77.5 73.5 72.9 97 67
8226.3 8698.2 0 8.3 0.5 78.7 72.5 72.2 96 63
8698.2 9197.3 0 8.3 0.5 80.4 73.4 72.6 96 56
9197.3 9724.9 0 8.3 0.5 82.1 75.3 74.1 96 54
9724.9 10282.9 0 8.3 0.5 83.7 76.5 75.7 97 47
10282.9 10872.8 0 8.3 0.5 86.7 81.7 80.9 97 36
10872.8 11496.6 0 8.3 0.5 89.8 84.4 83.4 97 33
11496.6 12156.2 0 8.3 0.5 93.1 87.3 87.2 97 21
12156.2 12891.7 0 8.3 0.5 95.8 91.3 88.7 98 17
12891.7 13712.4 0 8.3 0.5 96 85.2 82.2 98 13
![Page 128: Phased Array Technology Applied to Aeroacoustics11th AIAA/CEAS Aeroacoustics Conference (26th AIAA Aeroacoustics Conference) 23 - 25 May 2005, Monterey, California AIAA 2005-2842 Phased-array](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042601/5f85175e6494d931c54590d6/html5/thumbnails/128.jpg)
In-Plane String Trimmer Noise(String Components, 1Hz levels)
Approaching,Dipole
Receding,Dipole
Approaching,Monopole
![Page 129: Phased Array Technology Applied to Aeroacoustics11th AIAA/CEAS Aeroacoustics Conference (26th AIAA Aeroacoustics Conference) 23 - 25 May 2005, Monterey, California AIAA 2005-2842 Phased-array](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042601/5f85175e6494d931c54590d6/html5/thumbnails/129.jpg)
Conclusion
Phased Array Technology is
• Well suited to aeroacoustics
• Nearly indispensable
• Continuously evolving
• Quite practical at this point
![Page 130: Phased Array Technology Applied to Aeroacoustics11th AIAA/CEAS Aeroacoustics Conference (26th AIAA Aeroacoustics Conference) 23 - 25 May 2005, Monterey, California AIAA 2005-2842 Phased-array](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042601/5f85175e6494d931c54590d6/html5/thumbnails/130.jpg)
PostscriptNotes added after the presentation
• Brian Tester and Ulf Michel have both noted that flyover measurements were reported in: G.P. Howell, A.J. Bradley, M.A. McCormick, and J.D. Brown, “De-Dopplerization and acoustic imaging of aircraft flyover noise measurements,” Journal of Sound and Vibration 105(1) 151-167, 1986.
• Another source of good examples is: L. Brusniak, J.R. Underbrink, and R.W. Stoker, “Acoustic imaging of aircraft noise sources using large aperture phased arrays,” AIAA 2006-2715