Phase Transformation in Welding S Uranaree unversity

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    Tleiaioidctiln cna phcsbTleiaioidctiln cna phcsb

    trcnsolrfctilns in wbeaingtrcnsolrfctilns in wbeaingTuk`bdts lo Intbrbst

    Turcncrbb Rnivbrsity lo Qbdhnlelgy Tbp-Abd ;::7

    Zcrt I0 Tleiaioidctiln cna phcsb trcnsolrfctilns in dcrkln stbbe

    cna stcinebss stbbe wbeas

    Zcrt II0 Lvbrcging in cgb-hcrabnckeb ceufiniuf wbeas

    Zcrt III0 Zhcsb trcnsolrfctiln hcrabning in titcniuf ceelys

    Tleiaioidctiln in stcinebss stbbe wbeas

    Tleiaioidctiln in elw dcrkln, elw ceely stbbe wbeas

    Qrcnsolrfctiln hcrabning in HCP lo dcrkln stbbe wbeas

    Qcpcny Ralfphle

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    Lk`bdtivbsLk`bdtivbs

    Qhis dhcptbr cifs tl0

    Ttuabnts crb rbquirba tl unabrstcna sleiaioidctiln cna

    phcsb trcnsolrfctilns in thb wbea, whidh coobdt thb wbea

    fidrlstrudturb in dcrkln stbbes, stcinebss stbbes, ceufiniufceelys cna titcniuf ceelys.

    Turcncrbb Rnivbrsity lo Qbdhnlelgy Tbp-Abd ;::7Qcpcny Ralfphle

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    IntrlaudtilnIntrlaudtiln

    Turcncrbb Rnivbrsity lo Qbdhnlelgy Tbp-Abd ;::7Qcpcny Ralfphle

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    Turcncrbb Rnivbrsity lo Qbdhnlelgy Tbp-Abd ;::7

    Zcrt I0Tleiaioidctiln in dcrkln

    stbbe cna stcinebss stbbe wbeas

    Dcrkln cna ceely stbbes withhighbr strbngth ebvbes crb flrb

    aiooiduet tl wbeaaub tl thb rism lo

    hyarlgbn drcdming.

    Ob-D phcsb kincry phcsb aicgrcf.

    Custbnitb tl obrritb trcnsolrfctilnin elw dcrkln, elw ceely stbbe

    wbeas.

    Obrritb tl custbnitb trcnsolrfctiln

    in custbnitid stcinebss stbbe wbeas. Fcrtbnsitb trcnsolrfctiln is nlt

    nlrfceey lksbrvba in thb HCPlo c

    elw-dcrkln stbbe.

    Dcrkln cna ceely stbbes crb flrb orbqubntey wbeaba thcn cny lthbr fctbrices

    aub tl thbir wiabsprbca cppeidctilns cna glla wbeackieity.

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    Tleiaioidctiln in stcinebss stbbe wbeasTleiaioidctiln in stcinebss stbbe wbeas

    Turcncrbb Rnivbrsity lo Qbdhnlelgy Tbp-Abd ;::7

    Ni ridh stcinebss stbbeoirst

    sleiaioibs cs prifcry abnaritb

    lo custbnitb with

    intbrabnaritid obrritb.

    Dr ridh stcinebss stbbeoirst

    sleiaioibs cs prifcry obrritb. Rpln

    dlleing intl ++++rbgiln, thb lutbr

    plrtiln (hcving ebss Dr) trcnsolrfsintl custbnitb, ebcving thb dlrb lo

    abnaritb cs smbebtln (vbrfiduecr).

    Qhis dcn cesl trcnsolrf intl ecthey

    obrritb auring dlleing.

    Tleiaioidctiln cna plst sleiaioidctiln

    trcnsolrfctiln in Ob-Dr-Ni wbeas

    (c) intbrabnaritid obrritb,

    (k) vbrfiduecr obrritb (d ) ecthy obrritb

    (a) sbdtiln lo Ob-Dr-Ni phcsbaicgrcf

    Qcpcny Ralfphle

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    Tleiaioidctiln in stcinebss stbbe wbeasTleiaioidctiln in stcinebss stbbe wbeas

    Turcncrbb Rnivbrsity lo Qbdhnlelgy Tbp-Abd ;::7

    Wbea fidrlstrudturb lo high Ni

    43: stcinebss stbbe(;2%Dr-

    ;:%Ni-22%Ob) dlnsists lo prifcry

    custbnitb abnaritbs cnaintbrabnaritidobrritb kbtwbbn

    thb prifcry cna sbdlnacry abnaritb

    crfs.

    Wbea fidrlstrudturb lo high Dr4:9 stcinebss stbbe(;4%Dr-

    31%Ni-?4%Ob) dlnsists lo prifcry

    vbrfiduecr lr ecthyobrritb in cn

    custbnitb fctrix.

    Qhb dleufncr abnaritbs in klth

    fidrlstrudturbs grlw in thb

    airbdtiln pbrpbnaiduecr tl thb tbcr

    arlp shcpba wbea plle

    klunacry. Tleiaioidctiln strudturb in (c) 43: stcinebssstbbe cna (k) 4:9 stcinebss stbbe.

    Custbnitb abnaritbs cna

    intbrabnaritid obrritb

    Zrifcry vbrfiduecr lr ecthy

    obrritb in custbnitb fctrix

    Qcpcny Ralfphle

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    Tleiaioidctiln in stcinebss stbbe wbeasTleiaioidctiln in stcinebss stbbe wbeas

    Turcncrbb Rnivbrsity lo Qbdhnlelgy Tbp-Abd ;::7

    Subndhba sleiaioidctiln strudturb nbcr thb plle lo cn

    cutlgbnlus GQC wbea lo 4:9 stcinebss stbbes

    Zrifcry obrritb

    abnaritbs

    C qubndhba strudturb lo obrritid

    (4:9) stcinebss stbbe ct thb wbea plle

    klunacry auring wbeaing shlws

    prifcry obrritb abnaritbs kbolrbtrcnsolrfing intl vbrfiduecr obrritb

    aub tl trcnsolrfctiln.

    Qcpcny Ralfphle

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    Fbdhcnisfs lo obrritb olrfctilnFbdhcnisfs lo obrritb olrfctiln

    Turcncrbb Rnivbrsity lo Qbdhnlelgy Tbp-Abd ;::7

    Qhb Dr0 Ni rctil dlntrles thb

    cflunt lo vbrfiduecr cna ecthy obrritb

    fidrlstrudturb.

    Dr 0 Ni rctil

    _brfiduecr & Ecthy obrritb

    Custbnitb oirst grlws bpitcxiceey orlf

    thb unfbetba custbnitb grcins ct thbousiln klunacry, cna obrritb slln

    nudebctbs ct thb sleiaioidctiln orlnt in thb

    prbobrrba 53::> airbdtiln.

    Ecthy obrritb in cn

    cutlgbnlus GQCW lo

    Ob-38.8Dr-33.;Ni.

    Fbdhcnisf olr thb olrfctiln lo vbrfiduecrcna ecthy obrritb.

    Qcpcny Ralfphle

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    Zrbaidtiln lo obrritb dlntbntsZrbaidtiln lo obrritb dlntbnts

    Turcncrbb Rnivbrsity lo Qbdhnlelgy Tbp-Abd ;::7

    Tdhcbooebrprlplsba obrritb dlntbnt prbaidtiln orlf Drcna Ni

    bquivcebnts (obrritb olrfbrs cna custbnitb olrfbrs rbspbdtivbey).

    Tdhcbooebr aicgrcf olr prbaidting wbea obrritb dlntbnt cna sleiaioidctiln flab.

    Qcpcny Ralfphle

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    Boobdt lo dlleing rctb ln sleiaioidctiln flabBoobdt lo dlleing rctb ln sleiaioidctiln flab

    Turcncrbb Rnivbrsity lo Qbdhnlelgy Tbp-Abd ;::7

    Dlleing rctb

    Elw Dr 0 Ni rctil

    High Dr 0 Ni rctil

    Obrritb dlntbnt abdrbcsbs

    Obrritb dlntbnt indrbcsbs

    Tleia rbaistrikutiln auring sleiaioidctiln is rbaudba ct high dlleing rctb

    olr elw Dr0 Ni rctil.

    Ln thb lthbr hcna, high Dr 0 Ni rctil ceelys sleiaioy cs obrritb cs thb

    prifcry phcsb, cna thbir obrritb dlntbnt indrbcsb with indrbcsing dlleing

    rctb kbdcusb thb trcnsolrfctiln hcs ebss tifb tl lddur ct high

    dlleing rctb.

    Nltb0 it wcs oluna thct io N; is intrlaudba intl thb wbea fbtce (ky caaing

    tlCr shibeaing gcs), thb obrritb dlntbntin thb wbea dcn kb signioidcntey

    rbaudba. (Nitrlgbn is c strlng custbnitb olrfbr)

    High bnbrgy kbcf

    sudh cs BKW, EKW

    Qcpcny Ralfphle

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    Obrritb tl custbnitb trcnsolrfctilnObrritb tl custbnitb trcnsolrfctiln

    Turcncrbb Rnivbrsity lo Qbdhnlelgy Tbp-Abd ;::7

    Ct dlfplsitiln Dl, thb ceely

    sleiaioibs in thbprifcry obrritb flab

    ct elw dlleing rctb sudh cs in

    GQCW.

    Ct highbr dlleing rctb, i.b., BKW,

    EKW, thb fbet dcn unabrdlle kbelw

    thb bxtbnaba custbnitb eiquiaus (DE)

    cna it is thbrflayncfidceey plssikeb

    olrprifcry custbnitb tl sleiaioy. Qhb delsbr thb dlfplsitiln delsb tl

    thb thrbb-phcsb tricngeb, thb bcsibr

    thb sleiaioidctiln flab dhcngbs orlf

    prifcry obrritb tl prifcry custbnitb

    unabr thb dlnaitiln lo unabrdlleing.

    Dlleing rctb Obrritb custbnitb

    Tbdtiln lo O-Dr-Ni phcsb aicgrcf shlwing

    dhcngb in sleiaioidctiln orlf obrritb tl

    custbnitb aub tl abnaritb tip unabrdlleing

    Wbea dbntrbeinb custbnitb in cn cutlgbnlus GQC wbea lo

    4:9 stcinebss stbbe sleiaioiba cs prifcry obrritb

    Zrifcry

    obrritb custbnitb

    Ct dlfplsitilns delsb tl

    thb thrbb phcsb tricngeb.

    Qcpcny Ralfphle

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    Obrritb aissleutiln upln rbhbctingObrritb aissleutiln upln rbhbcting

    Turcncrbb Rnivbrsity lo Qbdhnlelgy Tbp-Abd ;::7

    Fueti pcss wbeainglr rbpcirba

    custbnitid stcinebss stbbe wbea dlnsists

    lo cs-abplsitbalo thb prbvilus wbea

    kbcas cna thb rbhbctba rbgiln lo thbprbvilus wbea kbcas.

    Aissleutiln lo obrritb lddurs

    kbdcusb this rbgiln is rbhbctba tl

    kbelw thb slevus tbfpbrcturb.

    Qhis fcmbs it susdbptikeb tl

    oissuring unabr strcin, aub tl elwbr

    obrritb cna rbaudba audtieity.

    Boobdt lo thbrfce dydebs ln obrritb

    dlntbnt in 43? stcinebss stbbe wbea (c)

    cs wbea (k) suk`bdtba tl thbrfce dydeb

    lo 3;2:lD pbcm tbfpbrcturb thrbb tifbs

    cotbr wbeaing.

    Zrifcry custbnitb abnaritbs (eight)

    with intbrabnaritidobrritb (acrm)

    Aissleutiln lo obrritb cotbr thbrfce

    dydebs auring fuetipcss wbeaing

    Qcpcny Ralfphle

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    Tleiaioidctiln in elw dcrkln stbbe wbeasTleiaioidctiln in elw dcrkln stbbe wbeas

    Turcncrbb Rnivbrsity lo Qbdhnlelgy Tbp-Abd ;::7

    Qhb abvbelpfbnt lo wbea fidrlstrudturb in elw dcrkln stbbes

    is sdhbfctidceey shlwn in oigurb.

    Cs custbnitb is dlleba alwn orlf

    high tbfpbrcturb, obrritb nudebctbs

    ct thb grcin klunacry cna grlw inwcra

    cs Wiafcnstttbn. Ct elwbr tbfpbrcturb, it is tll selw olr

    Wiafcnstttbn obrritb tl grlw tl thb

    grcin intbrilr, instbca cdiduecr obrritb

    nudebctbs orlf indeusilns

    Qhb grcin klunacry obrritb is cesl

    dceeba ceeltrilflrphid.Dlntinulus Dlleing Qrcnsolrfctiln

    (DDQ) aicgrcf olr wbea fbtce lo elw

    dcrkln stbbe

    Qcpcny Ralfphle

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    Wbea fidrlstrudturbWbea fidrlstrudturb

    in elwin elw--dcrkln stbbesdcrkln stbbes

    Turcncrbb Rnivbrsity lo Qbdhnlelgy Tbp-Abd ;::7

    C0 Grcin klunacry obrritb

    K0 pleyglnce obrritb

    D0 Wiafcnstttbn obrritb

    A0 cdiduecr obrritb

    B0 Rppbr kcinitb

    O0 Elwbr kcinitb

    Wbea fidrlstrudturb lo elw dcrkln stbbes

    C

    A

    D

    K

    B

    O

    Nltb0 Rppbr cna elwbr kcinitbs dcn

    kb iabntioiba ky using QBF.

    Whidh wbea fidrlstrudturbis prbobrrba

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    Wbea fidrlstrudturb lo cdiduecr obrritbWbea fidrlstrudturb lo cdiduecr obrritb

    in elw dcrkln stbbesin elw dcrkln stbbes

    Turcncrbb Rnivbrsity lo Qbdhnlelgy Tbp-Abd ;::7

    Wbea fidrlstrudturb lo prbalfinctbey

    cdiduecr obrritb grlwing ct indeusilns.

    Indeusilns

    Cdiduecr obrritb cna indeusiln pcrtidebs.

    Cdiduecr obrritb

    Qcpcny Ralfphle

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    Ocdtlrs coobdting fidrlstrudturbOcdtlrs coobdting fidrlstrudturb

    Turcncrbb Rnivbrsity lo Qbdhnlelgy Tbp-Abd ;::7

    Dlleing tifb

    Ceelying caaitilns

    Grcin sizb

    Wbea fbtce lxygbn dlntbnt

    Boobdt lo ceelying caaitilns,

    dlleing tifb orlf 8:: tl

    2::lD, wbea lxygbn

    dlntbnt, cna custbnitb

    grcin sizb ln wbea

    fidrlstrudturb lo elw

    dcrkln stbbes.

    GK cna Wiafcnstttbn obrritb cdiduecr obrritb kcinitb

    GK cna Wiafcnstttbn obrritb cdiduecr obrritb kcinitb

    GK cna Wiafcnstttbn obrritb cdiduecr obrritb kcinitb

    indeusilns prilr custbnitb grcin sizb

    Nltb0 lxygbn dlntbnt is ocvlurckeb olr cdiduecr obrritb glla tlughnbss

    Qcpcny Ralfphle

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    Wbea fbtce tlughnbssWbea fbtce tlughnbss

    Turcncrbb Rnivbrsity lo Qbdhnlelgy Tbp-Abd ;::7

    Cdiduecr obrritb is absirckeb kbdcusb it ifprlvbs tlughnbss lo thb wbea

    fbtce in cssldictiln with oinb grcin sizb. (prlviab thb fcxifuf rbsistcndb tl

    debcvcgb drcdm prlpcgctiln).

    Cdiduecr obrritb Wbea tlughnbss

    Tuksizb Dhcrpy _-nltdh tlughnbss vceubs cs c oundtiln lo

    vleufb orcdtiln lo cdiduecr obrritb in sukfbrgba crd wbeas.

    Qcpcny Ralfphle

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    Wbea fbtce tlughnbssWbea fbtce tlughnbss

    Turcncrbb Rnivbrsity lo Qbdhnlelgy Tbp-Abd ;::7

    Cdiduecr obrritb cs c oundtiln lo lxygbn dlntbnt, shlwing thb lptifuf

    dlntbnt lo lxygbn (lktcinba orlf shibeaing gcs, i.b.,Cr + DL;) ct ~ ;% tl

    givb thb fcxifuf cflunt lo cdiduecr obrritb highbst tlughnbss.

    Cdiduecr obrritb

    Wbea tlughnbss Qrcnsitiln tbfpbrcturb ct 42 @

    Lxygbn dlntbnt

    Nltb0 thb elwbst trcnsitiln tbfpbrcturb is ct ; vle% lxygbn bquivcebnt,

    dlrrbsplnaing tl thb fcxifuf cflunt lo cdiduecr obrritb ln thb wbea tlughnbss.Qcpcny Ralfphle

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    Qrcnsolrfctiln hcrabning inQrcnsolrfctiln hcrabning in

    dcrkln cna ceely stbbesdcrkln cna ceely stbbes

    Turcncrbb Rnivbrsity lo Qbdhnlelgy Tbp-Abd ;::7

    (c) Dcrkln stbbe wbea (k) Ob-D phcsb aicgrcf

    Io rcpia hbcting auring wbeaing ln phcsb trcnsolrfctiln is nbgebdtba=

    Ousiln zlnb is thb crb cklvb thb

    eiquiaus tbfpbrcturb.

    ZFPis thb crbc kbtwbbn pbritbdtid

    cna eiquiaus tbfpbrcturbs.

    HCPis thb crbc kbtwbbnC3 einb cna

    pbritbdtid tbfpbrcturb.

    Kcsb fbtceis thb crbc kbelwC3 einb.

    Nltb0 hlwbvbr thb thbrfce dydeb in

    wbeaing crb vbry shlrt (vbry highhbcting rctb) cs dlfpcrba tl thct

    lo hbct trbctfbnt. (with thb

    bxdbptiln lo bebdtrlsecg wbeaing).

    Qcpcny Ralfphle

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    Qrcnsolrfctiln hcrabning in wbeaingQrcnsolrfctiln hcrabning in wbeaing

    lo dcrkln stbbeslo dcrkln stbbes

    Elw dcrkln stbbes (uptl :.32%D) cnafiea stbbes (:.32 - :.4:%)

    Fbaiuf dcrkln stbbes (:.4: - :.2:%D)

    cna high dcrkln stbbes (:.2: - 3.::%D)

    Turcncrbb Rnivbrsity lo Qbdhnlelgy Tbp-Abd ;::7Qcpcny Ralfphle

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    Qrcnsolrfctiln hcrabning in elw dcrkln stbbesQrcnsolrfctiln hcrabning in elw dcrkln stbbes

    cna fiea stbbescna fiea stbbes

    Turcncrbb Rnivbrsity lo Qbdhnlelgy Tbp-Abd ;::7

    Dcrkln stbbe wbea cna plssikeb

    fidrlstrudturb in thb wbea.

    Kcsb fbtce(Q 5 CD3) dlnsists lo

    obrritb cna pbcreitb (plsitiln C).

    Qhb HCPdcn kb aiviaba intl

    thrbb rbgilns=

    Zlsitiln K0 Zcrtice grcin-rboining

    rbgiln

    Zlsitiln A0 Grcin-dlcrsbning rbgiln

    Zlsitiln D0 Grcin-rboining rbgiln

    Q > CD30 prilr pbcreitb dlelnibs

    trcnsolrf intl custbnitb cna bxpcna

    seightey tlprilr obrritb upln hbcting,cna thbn abdlfplsb tl bxtrbfbey oinb

    grcins lopbcreitb cna obrritb auring

    dlleing.

    Q > CD40Custbnitb grcins abdlfplsb

    intl nln-uniolrf aistrikutiln lo sfcee

    obrritb cna pbcreitb grcins

    auring dlleing aub tl eifitba

    aioousiln tifb olr D.

    Q >> CD40 ceelwing custbnitb grcins tl

    grlw, auring hbcting cna thbn auring

    dlleing. Qhis bndlurcgbs obrritb tl grlw

    siab pectbs orlf thb grcin klunacribs

    dceeba Wiafcnstttbn obrritb.Qcpcny Ralfphle

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    Qrcnsolrfctiln hcrabning in elw dcrkln stbbesQrcnsolrfctiln hcrabning in elw dcrkln stbbes

    cna fiea stbbescna fiea stbbes

    Turcncrbb Rnivbrsity lo Qbdhnlelgy Tbp-Abd ;::7

    HCP fidrlstrudturb lo c gcs-tungstbn

    crd wbea lo 3:38 stbbe.

    (c) Kcsb fbtce (d) Grcin rboining

    (k) Zcrtice grcin rboining (a) Grcin dlcrsbning

    Fbdhcnisf lo pcrtice grcin rboining

    in c dcrkln stbbe.

    Qcpcny Ralfphle

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    Qrcnsolrfctiln hcrabning in elw dcrkln stbbesQrcnsolrfctiln hcrabning in elw dcrkln stbbes

    cna fiea stbbescna fiea stbbes

    Turcncrbb Rnivbrsity lo Qbdhnlelgy Tbp-Abd ;::7

    Fuetipcss wbeaing lo

    elw dcrkln stbbes

    Qhb ousiln zlnb lo c wbea pcss dcn kbrbpecdba ky thb HCPs lo its suksbqubnt

    pcssbs.

    Qhis grcin rboining lo thb dlcrsbning

    grcins nbcr thb ousiln zlnb hcs kbbn

    rbplrtba tl ifprlvb thb wbea fbtcetlughnbss.

    Grcin rboining in fuetipcss wbeaing (c)

    singeb pcss wbea, (k) fidrlstrudturb lo

    fuetipcss wbea

    Nltb0 in crd wbeaing, fcrtbnsitb is nlt

    nlrfceey lksbrvba in thb HCP lo c elw dcrkln

    stbbe, hlwbvbr high-dcrkln fcrtbnsitb islksbrvba whbn klth hbcting rctb cna dlleing

    rctb crb vbry high, i.b., ecsbr cna bebdtrln

    kbcf wbeaing.

    Qcpcny Ralfphle

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    Qrcnsolrfctiln hcrabning in elw dcrkln stbbesQrcnsolrfctiln hcrabning in elw dcrkln stbbes

    cna fiea stbbescna fiea stbbes

    Turcncrbb Rnivbrsity lo Qbdhnlelgy Tbp-Abd ;::7

    Zhcsb trcnsolrfctiln ky high

    bnbrgy kbcf wbeaing

    HCP fidrlstrudturb lo 3:38 stbbe prlaudba ky

    c high-plwbr DL;ecsbr wbeaing.

    High dcrkln custbnitb in plsitiln K trcnsolrfs intl hcra cna kritteb

    high dcrkln fcrtbnsitb bfkbaaba in c fudh slotbr fctrix lo obrritb

    auring rcpia dlleing.

    Ct Q> CD4, plsitiln Dcna A, custbnitb trcnsolrfba intl fcrtbnsitb

    dlelnibs lo elwbr dcrkln dlntbntauring suksbqubnt dlleing.

    CK

    DA

    Qcpcny Ralfphle

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    Qrcnsolrfctiln hcrabning in fbaiufQrcnsolrfctiln hcrabning in fbaiuf

    cna high dcrkln stbbescna high dcrkln stbbes

    Turcncrbb Rnivbrsity lo Qbdhnlelgy Tbp-Abd ;::7

    Wbeaing lo highbr dcrkln stbbes is flrb

    aiooiduet cna hcvb c grbctbr tbnabndy olr

    fcrtbnsitid trcnsolrfctiln. in thb HCP

    hyarlgbn drcdming.

    HCP fidrlstrudturb lo QIG wbea lo 3:1: stbbe

    Kcsb fbtce fidrlstrudturb lo highbr

    dcrkln stbbes (C) lo flrb pbcreitbcna ebss obrritb thcn elw dcrkln cna

    fiea stbbes.

    Grcin rboining rbgiln (D) dlnsists

    lo fciney fcrtbnsitb cna slfb crbcslopbcreitb cna obrritb.

    In grcin dlcrsbning rbgiln (A),

    high dlleing rctb cna ecrgb grcin sizb

    prlfltb fcrtbnsitb olrfctiln.

    fcrtbnsitb

    Zbcreitb

    (nlauebs)

    Obrritb cna

    fcrtbnsitb

    Zbcreitb

    Qcpcny Ralfphle

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    Qrcnsolrfctiln hcrabning in fbaiuf cnaQrcnsolrfctiln hcrabning in fbaiuf cna

    high dcrkln stbbeshigh dcrkln stbbes

    Turcncrbb Rnivbrsity lo Qbdhnlelgy Tbp-Abd ;::7

    TleutilnHcrabning aub tl fcrtbnsitb olrfctiln in thb HCPin

    high dcrkln stbbes dcn kb supprbssba ky prbhbcting

    cna dlntrleeing lo intbrpcss tbfpbrcturb.

    Bx0 olr 3:42 stbbe, prbhbcting cna intbrpcss tbfpbrcturb crb- 1:lD olr ;2 ff pectbs

    - 9:lD olr 2: ff pectbs

    Hcranbss prloiebs cdrlss HCP lo c 3:1: stbbe

    (c) withlut prbhbcting (k) with ;2:lD prbhbcting.

    Qcpcny Ralfphle

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    Turcncrbb Rnivbrsity lo Qbdhnlelgy Tbp-Abd ;::7

    Zcrt II0Lvbrcgbing in cgba

    hcrabnckeb Ce wbeas (;xxx, ?xxx) Ceufiniuf ceelys crb flrb orbqubntey wbeaba thcn cny lthbr typbs

    lo nlnobrrlus ceelys aub tl thbir wiab rcngb lo cppeidctilns cna

    ocirey glla wbeackieity.

    Hlwbvbr, highbr strbngth ceufiniuf ceelys crb flrb susdbptikeb tl

    (i) Hlt drcdming in thb ousiln zlnb cna thb ZFP cna

    (ii) Elss lo strbngth/audtieity in thb HCP.

    Oridtiln stir wbea

    www.twi.dl.um

    Ceufiniuf wbeas

    www.fig-wbeaing.dl.um

    Qcpcny Ralfphle

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    Turcncrbb Rnivbrsity lo Qbdhnlelgy Tbp-Abd ;::7

    Lvbrcgbing in cgba hcrabnckeb

    Ce wbeas (;xxx, ?xxx) Zrbdipitctb hcrabning boobdtwhidh hcs kbbn cdhibvba in ceufiniuf ceely

    kcsb fbtce fight kb supprbssba cotbr wbeaing aub tl thb dlcrsbning lo thb

    prbdipitctb phcsb orlf oinb (high strbngth/hcranbss) tl dlcrsb

    (Lvbr-cgbing 0 nln-dlhbrbnt elw strbngth/hcranbss).

    C high vleufb orcdtiln lo abdrbcsbs orlf thb kcsb fbtce tl thb ousiln

    klunacry kbdcusb lo thb rbvbrsiln lo auring wbeaing.

    QBFs lo c ;;39 Ce

    crtioidiceey cgba tl

    dlntcin kbolrb

    wbeaing.

    Qcpcny Ralfphle

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    Turcncrbb Rnivbrsity lo Qbdhnlelgy Tbp-Abd ;::7

    [bvbrsiln lo prbdipitctb phcsb

    auring wbeaing

    [bvbrsiln lo prbdipitctb phcsb auring wbeaing

    Ce-Du ceelywcs prbdipitctiln

    hcrabnba tl dlntcin kbolrb wbeaing.

    Zlsitiln 1 wcs hbctba tl c pbcm

    tbfpbrcturb kbelw slevus cna thusuncoobdtba ky wbeaing.

    Zlsitilns ; cna 4 wbrb hbctba tl

    cklvb thb slevus cna pcrtice

    rbvbrsiln lddurs.

    Zlsitiln 3 wcs hbctba tl cn bvbn

    highbr tbfpbrcturb cna is oueeyrbvbrsba.

    Qhb dlleing rctb is tll high tl dcusbrbprbdipitctiln lo cna this rbvbrsiln dcusbs c abdrbcsb in

    hcranbss in HCP.

    Qcpcny Ralfphle

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    Turcncrbb Rnivbrsity lo Qbdhnlelgy Tbp-Abd ;::7

    Boobdt lo plstwbea hbct trbctfbnts

    Hcranbss prloiebs in c ?:?3 ceufiniuf

    wbeaba in Q? dlnaitiln. (3:_, 33:C, 1.; ff/s)

    Crtioidice cgbing(Q?) cna ncturce cgbing(Q1) cppeiba cotbr wbeaing

    hcvb shlwn tl ifprlvb hcranbss prloiebs lo thb wbeafbnt whbrb Q?hcs

    givbn thb kbttbr boobdt.

    Hlwbvbr, thb hcranbss in thb crbc whidh hcs kbbn lvbrcgba aia nlt

    signioidcntey ifprlvba.

    3 ; 4 1

    Qcpcny Ralfphle

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    Turcncrbb Rnivbrsity lo Qbdhnlelgy Tbp-Abd ;::7

    Tleutilns

    Tbebdt thb wbeaing fbthlas whidh hcvb

    elw hbct input pbr unit ebngth.

    Tleutiln trbctfbnt oleelwba ky

    qubndhing cna crtioidice cgbing lo thb

    bntirb wlrmpibdb dcn rbdlvbr thb

    strbngth tl c ouee strbngth.

    Hbct input pbr unit ebngth

    HCP wiath

    Tbvbrb elss lo strbngth

    Hcranbss prloiebs in ?:?3-Q1 ceufiniuf cotbr

    plstwbea crtioidice cgbing.

    Qcpcny Ralfphle

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    Turcncrbb Rnivbrsity lo Qbdhnlelgy Tbp-Abd ;::7

    Tlotbning lo HCP in GFCwbeaba Ce-Pn-Fg ceely

    Kcsb fbtce Zbcm tbfpbrcturb ;::lD

    Zbcm tbfpbrcturb 1::lDZbcm tbfpbrcturb 4::lD

    QBF fidrlgrcphs

    Tfcee prbdipitctbs crb visikeb in pcrbnt

    fbtce (oig c) cna nl signioidcntey dhcngba in

    oig k.

    Aissleutiln cna grlwthlo prbdipitctbs lddur ct

    pbcm tbfpbrcturb ~ 4:: lD

    rbsueting in elwbr hcranbss,

    oig d cna a.

    Qcpcny Ralfphle

    h o i

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    Turcncrbb Rnivbrsity lo Qbdhnlelgy Tbp-Abd ;::7

    Zcrt III0Zhcsb trcnsolrfctiln

    hcrabning in titcniuf wbeas Flst titcniuf ceelys crb rbcaiey wbeackeb, i.b., unceelyba titcniuf cna

    cephc titcniuf ceelys. Highey ceelyba (titcniuf) ceelys nbvbrthbebss crb ebsswbeackeb cna nlrfceey givb bfkritteing boobdts.

    DL;ecsbr wbea lo titcniuf ceely

    www.synrca.dlf

    Qhb wbeaing bnvirlnfbntshluea

    kb mbpt debcn, i.b., using inbrt gcswbeaing lr vcduuf wbeaing tl cvlia

    rbcdtilns with lxygbn.

    Hlwbvbr, wbeaing lo ++++titcniufceelys givbs elw wbea audtieity cna

    tlughnbss aub tl phcsb trcnsolrfctiln

    (fcrtbnsitid trcnsolrfctiln) in thb

    ousiln zlnb lr HCPcna thb prbsbndb lodlntinulus grcin klunacry phcsb ctthb grcin klunacribs.

    Nltb0 Lxygbn is cn stckieisbr, thbrbolrb hcs c signioidcnt boobdt ln

    phcsb trcnsolrfctiln.Qcpcny Ralfphle

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    Turcncrbb Rnivbrsity lo Qbdhnlelgy Tbp-Abd ;::7

    Zhcsb trcnsolrfctiln in ++++titcniuf wbeas

    Qi?79 kcsb fbtce Qi?79 Hbct coobdtba zlnb

    Bx0 Wbeaing lo cnnbceba titcniuf dlnsisting lo bquieikriuf bquicxba

    grcins wiee givb fbtcstckeb phcsbs sudh cs fcrtbnsitb, wiafcnstttbn lr

    cdiduecr strudturbs, abpbnaing ln thb dlleing rctbs.

    Qcpcny Ralfphle

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    Turcncrbb Rnivbrsity lo Qbdhnlelgy Tbp-Abd ;::7

    Zhcsb trcnsolrfctiln in DZ titcniuf wbeas

    Bx0 Wbea fidrlstrudturb lo GQC wbeainglo DZ Qiceely with DZ Qioieebrs

    hcs coobdtba ky thb lxygbn dlntbnts in thb wbea auring wbeaing.

    Elw lxygbn

    High lxygbn

    Dbntrbeinb HCP Kcsb

    Dbntrbeinb

    phcsb kcsmbt wbcvb cnarbfncnt lo phcsb

    Lxygbn dlntcfinctiln dcusbs cdiduecr fidrlstrudturb with rbtcinbakbtwbbn

    thb dbees ln thb surocdb whbrbcs elw lxygbn dcusb fidrlstrudturb lo elw

    tbfp dbee cna ecrgbgrcin klunacribs.www.strubrs.dlf

    Bquicxba

    Qcpcny Ralfphle

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    [bobrbndbs[bobrbndbs

    Mlu, T., Wbeaing fbtceeurgy, ;na baitiln, ;::4, @lhn Wieeby cna

    Tlns, Ind., RTC, ITKN :-173-14193-1.

    Ou, G., Qicn, O., Wcng, H., Ttuaibs ln slotbning lo hbct-coobdtbazlnb lo puesba durrbnt GFC wbeaba Ce-Pn-Fg ceely, @lurnce lo

    Fctbrices Zrldbssing Qbdhnlelgy, ;::?, _le.38:, p ;3?-33:.

    www.mby-tl-fbtces.dlf, Wbeaing lo titcniuf ceelys.

    Kcbsecdm III, W.C., Kbdmbr A.W., Orlbs, O.H.,Cavcndbs in titcniufwbeaing fbtceeurgy, @LF, Fcy 3981, _le.4?, Nl. 2. p 1?-28.

    Acnibesln, Z., Wiesln, [., Cefcn, A., Fidrlstrudturb lo titcniuf

    wbeas, Ttrubrs b-@lurnce lo Fctbricelgrcphy, _le. 4, ;::1.

    Turcncrbb Rnivbrsity lo Qbdhnlelgy Tbp-Abd ;::7Qcpcny Ralfphle