PHARMACY STUDENTS DECEMBER 2011 REV. PROF. A.S. AYETTEY.
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Transcript of PHARMACY STUDENTS DECEMBER 2011 REV. PROF. A.S. AYETTEY.
PHARMACY STUDENTSDECEMBER 2011
REV. PROF. A.S. AYETTEY
OBJECTIVES TO KNOW THE MAJOR ENDOCRINE
GLANDS IN THE BODYBE ABLE TO DESCRIBE THE FUNCTION OF
EACH OF THE MAJOR ENDOCRINE GLANDSTO BE ABLE TO APPRECIATE HOW THEIR
FUNCTION IS REGULATEDBE ABLE TO RELATE THE ENDOCRINE
GLANDS AND THEIR FUNCTIONS TO CLINICAL PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH THEM
THE MAJOR ENDOCRINE GLANDSPITUITARYSUPRARENAL GLANDSPANCREASTHYROIDTHYMUSGONADSGASTRO-INTESTINALKIDNEYS
WHAT ARE ENDOCRINE GLANDSDUCTLESS GLANDSSMALL IN SIZE RELATIVE TO THEIR
FUNCTIONAL ROLE INTHE BODYFEW IN NUMBERHAVE RICH BLOOD SUPPLYPRODUCE HORMONESRELEASE HORMONES INTO THE VENOUS
SYSTEMSPECIFIC IN ACTION THROUGH RECEPTORSREGULATED THROUGH THE HYPOTHALAMUS
FEEDBACK MECHANISM
THE PITUITARY GLANDMOST IMPORTANT ENDOCRINE ORGANUNDER DIRECT CONTROL OF THE
HYPOTHALAMUSRECEIVES RELEASING HORMONES FROM
HYPOTHALAMUSSECRETES TROPHIC HORMONESSECRETIONS INFLUENCE HORMONE
PRODUCTION IN ALL OTHER ENDOCRINE GLANDS
PARTS OF THE PITUITARY GLANDADENOHYPOPHYSIS
DERIVED FROM THE ROOF OF THE NASOPHARYNXLOCATED IN THE PITUITARY FOSSA (hollow pit)NOTE POSSIBILITY OF REMNANT OF PITUITARY
TISSUE (and tumors)INTERMEDIATE LOBE
ALSO DERIVED FROM ROOF OF THE NASOPHARYNX
NEUROHYPOPHYSISDERIVED FROM THE HYPOTHALAMUS AS PART OF
THE BRAIN
FUNCTIONS OF THE ANTERIOR – ADENOHYPOPHYSIS - 1PRODUCE STIMULATING HORMONES IN
RESPONSE TO RELEASING HORMONES(factors) FROM THE HYPOTHALAMUSGROWTH HORMONE (SOMATOTROPIC HORMONE)–
BONE GROWTH, ETC. (needed from embryo stage to adolescence to abt 21 yrs)
THYROID STIMULATING HORMONE (from thyroid releasing factor)–BASIC METABOLISM (from hormones)
ADRENO-CORTICO TROPIC HORMONE – ADRENAL CORTEX FUNCTION MINERALOCORTICOIDS (influence mineral synthesis) GLUCO-CORTICOIDS (influence glucose synthesis) SEX HORMONES (influence sex hormones)
FUNCTIONS OF THE ANTERIOR – ADENOHYPOPHYSIS 2 PROLACTIN
INITIATION OF MILK SECRETION FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE (important for fertilization)
PRODUCTION AND MATURATION OF OVA LEUTENIZING HORMONE
IN FEMALES STIMULATION OF OVARIAN HORMONES
OESTROGENS - PROMOTE DEVELOPMENT OF FEMALE SECONDARY SEXUAL ORGANS
(breasts and uterus) STIMULATES ENDOMETRIAL GROWTH (to prepare it for implantation)
PROGESTERONE ENHANCES SECRETORY PHASE OF ENDOMETRIUM (placenta maintenance
until term for birth) SUPPRESSES IMMUNE RECOGNITION OF THE FETUS IN IMPLANTATION SUPPRESSES UTERINE CONTRACTION DURING PREGNANCY
IN MALES: LOW LEVELS ENHANCES MATURATION OF SPERMATOZOA
FUNCTIONS OF THE NEUROHYPOPHYSIS – THE POSTERIOR LOBEANTI-DIURETIC HORMONE (ADH)(ALSO KNOWN AS VASOPRESSIN)
STIMULATES KIDNEY TUBULES TO REABSORB WATER (at the distal convulated tubule)
OXYTOCINSTIMULATES CONTRACTION OF SMOOTH
MUSCLES ESPECIALLY IN THE UTERUS IN FINAL STAGES
OF PREGNANCY (suppresses progesterone)
THE THYROID GLAND AND ITS FUNCTIONS 1PRODUCTION OF TRI-IODOTHYRONINE (T3)
MORE RAPIDLY ACTINGPRODUCTION OF THYROXINE (T4)NOTE IMPORTANCE OF
TYRONINE IODINE
MAIN FUNCTIONREGULATION OF METABOLISM
RATE AT WHICH TISSUES UTILIZE FOOD TO PRODUCE ENERGY
INFLUENCE BODY TEMPERATURE, HEART RATE, MOOD, SEXUAL STATE ETC.
THYROID FUNCTION 2OTHER FUNCTIONSINFLUENCES FUNCTION OF ALL TISSUES
INCLUDING OTHER ENDOCRINE GLANDSPRODUCTION OF CALCITONIN
BY PARAFOLLICULARPARAFOLLICULAR CELLSREDUCES LEVELS OF CALCIUM IN BLOODOPPOSITE TO FUNCTION OF PARATHYROID
HORMONES
HYPERTHYROIDISMHYPOTHYROIDISM
PARATHYROID GLANDSFOUR IN NUMBERLOCATED WITHIN THE THYROID GLANDPRODUCE PARATHYROID HORMONE (PTH)DETECT CALCIUM LEVELS IN BLOODREGULATE CALCIUM LEVELS IN BLOOD FOR
NORMAL FUNCTION OF CELLS [local negative feedback mechanism]WHEN LEVEL IS HIGH, LOW PTHWHEN CALCIUM LEVEL (in blood) IS LOW, HIGH
PTH (to remove from the bones)MAIN SITE OF ACTION - BONES
HYPERFUNCTION RESULTS IN OSTEOPOROSIS
THE THYMUS GLAND AND FUNCTIONSVITAL IN LIFE ESPECIALLY IN CHILDHOODENDOWS T-LYMPHOCYTES WITH CAPACITY
FOR CELLULAR IMMUNITYHELPING CELLS TO RECOGNIZE AND DESTROY
INVADING BACTERIA VIRUSES CANCER CELLS FOREIGN TISSUE
THE THYMUS AND MYASTHENIA GRAVIS NOTE THE PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH
EARLY REMOVAL OF THYMUSIMMUNE PROBLEMS
ADRENAL (SUPRARENAL) GLANDSSITUATED ON TOP OF KIDNEYSCORTEX
STEROID HORMONES GLUCOCORTICOIDS
GLUCONEOGENESIS IMMUNOSUPPRESSION ANTI-INFLAMMATORY
MINERALOCORTICOIDS REGULATION OF WATER AND ELECTROLYTE LEVELS
SEX HORMONES ANDROGENS
ESPECIALLY TESTOSTERONEMEDULLA
PRODUCTION OF ADRENALIN AND NORADRENALIN RELATED TO SYMPATHETIC FUNCTIONS
GONADAL HORMONESTESTICULAR
SEX HORMONES TESTOSTERONE
OVARIAN HORMONES (SECRETED BY FOLLICLE)ESTROGEN
SECONDARY FEMALE CHARACTERISTICS MENSTRUAL CYCLE (PREPARING ENDOMETRIUM FOR
IMPLANTATION)PROGESTERONE (SECRETAED BY FOLLICLE AND
LATER BY PLACENTA) PREPARES FOR IMPLANTATION AND NOURISHMENT OF
THE BLASTOCYST/FOETUS; PROMOTION OF MILK FORMATION
TOGETHER INHIBIT OVULATIONVALUE IN BIRTH CONTROL
OTHER HORMONAL GLANDSIN KIDNEYS
ERYTHROPOIETIN(development and maturation of RBCs)
IN THE GASTROINTESTINAL TRACTGASTRIN
STIMULATES GASTRIC ACID SECRETION CHOLECYSTOKININ/*PANCREOZYMIN**PANCREOZYMIN*
STIMULATES SECRETION OF PANCREATIC ENZYMES STIMULATES CONTRACTION OF GALL BLADDER
SECRETIN SECRETION OF WATER AND ELECTROLYES
IN THE HEARTATRIAL NATRIURETIC HORMONES