Pharmacognosy, its main Pharmacognosy, its main concept and tasks. Storing up, concept and tasks. Storing up,

drying and preserving of drying and preserving of medicinal plants (herbs) and medicinal plants (herbs) and

their raw stufftheir raw stuff

PlanPlan

1. The notion of Pharmacognosy. 1. The notion of Pharmacognosy. Historical information.Historical information.

2. Basic concepts and terminology of 2. Basic concepts and terminology of Pharmacognosy.Pharmacognosy.

3. Chemical composition of medicinal 3. Chemical composition of medicinal plants.plants.

4. Methods of pharmacognostical analysis4. Methods of pharmacognostical analysis

Pharmacognosy is a science dealing with comprehensive complex Pharmacognosy is a science dealing with comprehensive complex study of medicinal plants, medicinal raw materials of both vegetable study of medicinal plants, medicinal raw materials of both vegetable and animal origin, as well as products of their primary processing.and animal origin, as well as products of their primary processing.

The term "pharmacognosy" is considered to be entered by German The term "pharmacognosy" is considered to be entered by German scientist K. Zaydler in 1815.scientist K. Zaydler in 1815.

The term means word for word: pharmacon (Greek) -poison, gnosis The term means word for word: pharmacon (Greek) -poison, gnosis (Roman) - knowledge, studies, i.e. – studies about medicines and (Roman) - knowledge, studies, i.e. – studies about medicines and poisons.poisons.

The Greek "pharmakon" comes from the ancient Egyptian The Greek "pharmakon" comes from the ancient Egyptian "Pharmacy," which means “defender, healer." It was the name of the "Pharmacy," which means “defender, healer." It was the name of the god Toth in ancient Egypt. He was the patron of the medical affairs.god Toth in ancient Egypt. He was the patron of the medical affairs.

Pharmacognosy is "the doctrine of drugs and poisons." The name Pharmacognosy is "the doctrine of drugs and poisons." The name wasn’t given accidentally. Paracelsus (1493-1541) wrote: wasn’t given accidentally. Paracelsus (1493-1541) wrote: "Everything is a poison, nothing is deprived of virulence and "Everything is a poison, nothing is deprived of virulence and everything is a medicine. Only a dose makes a substance either a everything is a medicine. Only a dose makes a substance either a poison or a drug."poison or a drug."

Modern pharmacognosyModern pharmacognosy

Modern pharmacognosyModern pharmacognosy is a highly is a highly specialized science dealing with biological, specialized science dealing with biological, biochemical and medicinal properties of biochemical and medicinal properties of plants, natural raw material and its plants, natural raw material and its products. The subject of study in products. The subject of study in pharmacognosy are MP, MRM of pharmacognosy are MP, MRM of vegetable, rarer of animal origin.vegetable, rarer of animal origin.

Basic concepts and terminology Basic concepts and terminology of Pharmacognosyof Pharmacognosy

Medical plants Medical plants (Planta (Planta medicinalis)medicinalis)

Medical plants (MP)Medical plants (MP) are plants (wild or are plants (wild or cultivated) used for medicinal purposes. cultivated) used for medicinal purposes. For example: For example: Mentha piperita -- PeppermintMentha piperita -- Peppermint

Medicinal plant material (MPM)Medicinal plant material (MPM)

Medicinal plant material (MPM) Medicinal plant material (MPM) are are entire medicinal plants or their parts, used entire medicinal plants or their parts, used in dried (sometimes in fresh) forms in in dried (sometimes in fresh) forms in order to obtain medicinal substances, order to obtain medicinal substances, plant drug preparations plant drug preparations (phytopharmaceutical) or other medicines, (phytopharmaceutical) or other medicines, permitted fore medicinal use.permitted fore medicinal use.

For example: Menthae foliumFor example: Menthae folium

Herbal medicinesHerbal medicinesHerbal medicinesHerbal medicines derived from specific parts of a derived from specific parts of a medicinal plant are known as herbal medicinal products medicinal plant are known as herbal medicinal products (HMPs), herbal remedies or phytomedicines. Herbal (HMPs), herbal remedies or phytomedicines. Herbal medicines include herbs, herbal materials, herbal medicines include herbs, herbal materials, herbal preparations and finished herbal products.preparations and finished herbal products.

HerbsHerbs include crude materials which could be derived include crude materials which could be derived from lichen, algae, fungi or higher plants, such as leaves, from lichen, algae, fungi or higher plants, such as leaves, flowers, fruit, fruiting bodies, seeds, stems, wood, bark, flowers, fruit, fruiting bodies, seeds, stems, wood, bark, roots, rhizomes or other parts, which may be entire, roots, rhizomes or other parts, which may be entire, fragmented or powdered.fragmented or powdered.

Crude Crude drugs are vegetable or animal drugs that consist drugs are vegetable or animal drugs that consist of natural substances that have undergone only the of natural substances that have undergone only the processes of collection and drying.processes of collection and drying.

Medicinal productsMedicinal products

Medicinal productsMedicinal products are substances or are substances or their mixtures of natural, synthetic or their mixtures of natural, synthetic or biotechnological nature, used for biotechnological nature, used for prophylaxis, diagnosis and treatment of prophylaxis, diagnosis and treatment of human diseases, or intended to change human diseases, or intended to change the physiological state and functions of the the physiological state and functions of the organism.organism.

Medicinal plant productsMedicinal plant products

Medicinal plant productsMedicinal plant products may be divided into the may be divided into the following groups:following groups:

1). crude products (powder, tea, herbal collections)1). crude products (powder, tea, herbal collections)

2). galenical and neogalenical 2). galenical and neogalenical phytopharmaceuticals (hidroalcogolic tinctures, phytopharmaceuticals (hidroalcogolic tinctures, fluid extracts)fluid extracts)

3). primary processed plant products (volatile and 3). primary processed plant products (volatile and fixed oils, resins)fixed oils, resins)

4). individual principles (alkaloids, glycosides).4). individual principles (alkaloids, glycosides).

Herbal materialsHerbal materials

Herbal materialsHerbal materials include, in addition to include, in addition to herbs, fresh juices, gums, fixed oil, herbs, fresh juices, gums, fixed oil, essential oils, resins and dry powders of essential oils, resins and dry powders of herbs. In some countries, these materials herbs. In some countries, these materials may be processed by various local may be processed by various local procedures, such as steaming, roasting or procedures, such as steaming, roasting or stir baking with honey, alcoholic stir baking with honey, alcoholic beverages or other materials.beverages or other materials.

Biologically active substancesBiologically active substances

Biologically active substancesBiologically active substances affect the affect the biological processes in human and animal biological processes in human and animal organisms. Medicinal substances are the organisms. Medicinal substances are the biologically active substances that may change biologically active substances that may change the physiological state and function of the the physiological state and function of the organism, may have the prophylactic, diagnostic organism, may have the prophylactic, diagnostic or therapeutic effects and be used in or therapeutic effects and be used in manufacturing of medicinal preparations. These manufacturing of medicinal preparations. These active constituents are differentiated from inert active constituents are differentiated from inert constituents, which also occur in plant and constituents, which also occur in plant and animal drugs.animal drugs.

Chemical composition of medical Chemical composition of medical plantsplants

Substances of primary synthesisSubstances of primary synthesis

Substances of primary synthesisSubstances of primary synthesis are are formed in the process of assimilation, i.e. formed in the process of assimilation, i.e. transformation of substances entering the transformation of substances entering the organism from the outside, into the organism from the outside, into the substances of the organism itself (cell substances of the organism itself (cell protoplast , reserve substances, etc.). The protoplast , reserve substances, etc.). The substances of primary synthesis include substances of primary synthesis include amino acids, proteins, lipids, amino acids, proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, enzymes, vitamins and carbohydrates, enzymes, vitamins and organic substances.organic substances.

Substances of secondary synthesis are formed in plants Substances of secondary synthesis are formed in plants as a result of dissimilation. Dissimilation is the process of as a result of dissimilation. Dissimilation is the process of dissolution of the primary synthesis of substances into dissolution of the primary synthesis of substances into simpler substances, accompanied by energy. From simpler substances, accompanied by energy. From these simple substances emitted to the cost of energy these simple substances emitted to the cost of energy form the substance of secondary synthesis. For form the substance of secondary synthesis. For example, glucose (the primary agent of synthesis) example, glucose (the primary agent of synthesis) dissociates into acetic acid, which is synthesized into dissociates into acetic acid, which is synthesized into mevalonic acid and through the series of intermediate mevalonic acid and through the series of intermediate products are formed all terpenes.products are formed all terpenes.

The substances of secondary synthesis include The substances of secondary synthesis include terpenes, glycosides, phenolic compounds, alkaloids. All terpenes, glycosides, phenolic compounds, alkaloids. All of them are involved into metabolism and fullfil some of them are involved into metabolism and fullfil some important functions for the plants. important functions for the plants.

Substances of secondary synthesisSubstances of secondary synthesis

Substances of secondary synthesisSubstances of secondary synthesis are formed in are formed in plants as a result of dissimilation. Dissimilation is the plants as a result of dissimilation. Dissimilation is the process of dissolution of the primary synthesis of process of dissolution of the primary synthesis of substances into simpler substances, accompanied by substances into simpler substances, accompanied by energy. From these simple substances emitted to the energy. From these simple substances emitted to the cost of energy form the substance of secondary cost of energy form the substance of secondary synthesis. For example, glucose (the primary agent of synthesis. For example, glucose (the primary agent of synthesis) dissociates into acetic acid, which is synthesis) dissociates into acetic acid, which is synthesized into mevalonic acid and through the series synthesized into mevalonic acid and through the series of intermediate products are formed all terpenes.of intermediate products are formed all terpenes.The substances of secondary synthesis include The substances of secondary synthesis include terpenes, glycosides, phenolic compounds, alkaloids. All terpenes, glycosides, phenolic compounds, alkaloids. All of them are involved into metabolism and fullfil some of them are involved into metabolism and fullfil some important functions for the plants. important functions for the plants.

Standardization of medicinal Standardization of medicinal plantplant materials materials

Standardization of medicinal plant materialsStandardization of medicinal plant materials is a is a determination of identity, quality and other features by determination of identity, quality and other features by their comparison with the standard requirement.their comparison with the standard requirement.

EUEU – Quality of Herbal Medicinal Products. – Quality of Herbal Medicinal Products. WHOWHO – Quality Control Methods for Medicinal Plant – Quality Control Methods for Medicinal Plant

Materials.Materials. Quality control methodsQuality control methods (QCM) (QCM) -- , controlling the -- , controlling the

medicinal plant materials quality in pharmaceutical medicinal plant materials quality in pharmaceutical industry in Ukraine, are the Pharmacopoeia industry in Ukraine, are the Pharmacopoeia Monographs. Monographs.

Pharmacopoeia MonographPharmacopoeia Monograph establishes requirements establishes requirements to a medicinal products, medical plant materials as well, to a medicinal products, medical plant materials as well, as their package, conditions of preservation, methods, as their package, conditions of preservation, methods, employed in evaluating medicinal prodactsemployed in evaluating medicinal prodacts

Pharmacopoeia Monographs of the State Pharmacopoeia Monographs of the State Pharmacopoeia of Ukraine (SPU)Pharmacopoeia of Ukraine (SPU)

Pharmacopoeia Monographs of the SPU Pharmacopoeia Monographs of the SPU (State Pharmacopoeia of Ukraine) (State Pharmacopoeia of Ukraine) for for medicinal plant materials comprise Ukraine and medicinal plant materials comprise Ukraine and Latin names of plant material; nominations of Latin names of plant material; nominations of used part; contents of active compounds; used part; contents of active compounds; morphological and microscopical characters of morphological and microscopical characters of MPM; chromatographic test for identity of MPM; chromatographic test for identity of markers; quality tests (foreign matter; loss on markers; quality tests (foreign matter; loss on drying, or water content, total ash; ash insoluble drying, or water content, total ash; ash insoluble in hydrochloric acid; extractable matter); in hydrochloric acid; extractable matter); techniques for quantitative determination of techniques for quantitative determination of major active principles.major active principles.

Methods of pharmacognostical Methods of pharmacognostical analysisanalysis

Methods of pharmacognostical analysisMethods of pharmacognostical analysis is the is the complex of methods allowing to determine the complex of methods allowing to determine the identity, purity and qualityidentity, purity and quality of MPM; it of MPM; it includes the macroscopic, microscopic and includes the macroscopic, microscopic and phytochemical methods and commodity phytochemical methods and commodity research method research method ((definition of numerical definition of numerical parameters), sometimes the biological method.parameters), sometimes the biological method.

Macroscopic analysis MPMMacroscopic analysis MPM

Macroscopic analysisMacroscopic analysis is the study of is the study of morphological signs of MRM with the morphological signs of MRM with the naked eye or with the help of magnifying naked eye or with the help of magnifying glass and the selection of diagnostic, i.e. glass and the selection of diagnostic, i.e. the specific features of this MRM. the specific features of this MRM. Macroscopic analysis includes the study of Macroscopic analysis includes the study of the appearance of raw material, the the appearance of raw material, the measurement of its separate parts, the measurement of its separate parts, the performance of organoleptic samples.performance of organoleptic samples.

Microscopic analysis of MPMMicroscopic analysis of MPM

Microscopic analysis of MPMMicroscopic analysis of MPM is the is the study of the anatomic structure of raw study of the anatomic structure of raw material and the identification of all variety material and the identification of all variety of diagnostic features. The specific of diagnostic features. The specific diagnostic features of the investigated diagnostic features of the investigated kind are listed in the particular PhA.kind are listed in the particular PhA.