PHAR 3 (LAB) - Monthly Reviewer

PART 1: PREPARATIONS

Preparation 1: Anhydrous Thyroxine Na

Category:

Powder - drug or chemical in dry form which can be taken

internally (nose, throat, tooth) or externally (skin)

Production Method:

1. Comminution/ Particle Size -reduction of particle size

Large Scale - mill

Extemporaneous

-Trituration - reducing by rubbing the

particles by mortar & pestle.

-Pulverization by intervention - state of

condition of solid with the aid of anoher

example: camphor + alcohol

iodine + ether

-Levigation -- formulation of paste by a

levigating agent (example: glycerin)

2. Blending/ Mixing

extemporaneous

-spatulation

-trituration

-sifting

-tumbling

-geometric dilution (potent drug)

*geometric dilution 1g diluet ==> 1 g potent

3. Divided Powder

-weighing

-block & divide

4. Packaging Material

1. Powder Paper Type

-vegetable parchment

-thin, semi-opaque, moisture

resistant

-white bond -opaque, no moisture resistance

-glassine

- waxed, transparent w/ moisture

resistance

-waxed

-transparent with water proof

properties

2. Paper boxes/ Powder Envelopes

Special Problems:

Volatile Substance

-sealed plastic envelope -double wrapped with bond paper

Eutectic Mixture

-add diluents (starch, lactose) -ASA, camphor, menthol

Hygroscopic

-absorb/ adsorb moisture

- ZnCl, NaCl

Deliquescent

-absorbs moisture & liquid

- CuSO4

*Powder - chartulae

*Description- properly folded

*Uses- thyroxine

Formulation

Ingredients Original

Amount

Computed

Amount

Eltroxin 100 mcg 25 mcg

Lactose 200 mg 50 mg

Procedure

1. triturate lactose

2. pulverized tablet

3. Mix together

4. Place in pill tile, form a block then divide into 4

potions

5. Wrap each individually in a glassine paper & place

in paper envelope

Label: white

Container: papertab (8 x13)

envelope: (17 x 12.5)

Preparation 2: Effervescent Granule

Granules - prepared agglomerate of smaller particle size of

powder

-can pass through #4 - #12 sieve

Effervescence -granules/ course to very course powder

containing medicinal substances & dry powder

Main Components

1. Na HCO3

2. C8H7O7 . H2O

3. C4H6O6

Methods of Preparation

1. Wet Method - H20 +Alcohol

H2O as moistening agent

-pliable mass/paste

-sieve then oven

2. Dry Method (fusion)

-doesn't need binding agt/ moistening agent

(vegetable /animal)

1. very coarse - all particle size pass through

#8 sieve & not more than 20% pass through

#60 sieve

2. coarse - all particle size pass through

#20 sieve & not more than 40% pass through

#60 sieve

3. moderately coarse - all particle size pass

through #40 sieve & not more than 40% pass

through #80 sieve

saline cathartic

4. fine - all particle size pass through

#60 sieve & not more than 40% pass through

#100 sieve

5. very fine - all particle size pass through #80

sieve & no limit as to greater fineness

Chemical

1. Coarse - all #20 sieve, NMT 60% #40 sieve

2. Mod. Coarse - all #40 sieve, NMT 60%

#60 sieve

3. Fine - all #80 sieveno limit as to greater

fineness

4. Vey Fine - all #120 sieve, no limit as to

greater fineness

Formulation

Ingredients Original

Amount

Computed

Amount

Citric acid 1 g 2.3 g

NaHCO3 3.4 g 8.0 g

Tartaric acid 2g 4.7 g

Procedure

1. Triturate ingredients individually; then mix

2. Moisten with minimum of 10 drops of

H2O

3. Sieve #12

4. Oven (34 - 40 degrees) 15 mins

5. Place in a container

If citric acid is used alone it will be very sticky & difficult to granulate.

If Tartaric Acid is used alone it will not be firm & tend to crumble.

These chem are used to be able to balance their properties.

Sieve tube

Preparation # 3 : Aspirin Capsule

Capsule - solid dosage forms containing medicinal substace

enclosed in "shell" (gelatin) container

Gelatin - partial hydrolysis from the skin, connective tissues,

bones of animals

Types of Capsule:

1. Hard gelatin Capsule/ Dry filled capsule

- gelatin, sugar, water

- colorless, transparent, tasteless

- colored w/ FD&C dye ; D&C dye

- opaque by titanium dioxide

2 telescoping part

Body piece - longer

Cup

2. Soft Gelatin Capsule

- more moisture

- contains preservative (methyl, propyl)

Sizes of Capsule

Size Weight Volume

000 15 gr 1.36 mL

00 10 gr 0.95 mL

0 7.5 gr 0.67 mL

1 5 gr 0.48 mL

2 4 gr 0.37 mL

3 3 gr 0.27 mL

4 2 gr 0.20 mL

5 1 gr 0.13 mL

Examples of fill in HGC

1. granules & powders

2. pellet mixture

3. tablet

4. capsule

5. paste

Examples of fill in SGC

1. pasty material

2 .scaled liquid

3. preformulated tablet

4. suspension

5. dry powder

Procedure

1. know the capsule size ( #1 capsule)

2. needed amount of aspirin (650 mg)

3. triturate the ingredients

4. place in a pill tile

5. remove/ separate the capsule

6. do the Punch Method

* press repeatedly the open end of the body

of capsule downward into the flat powder

bed.

7. finger prints- partial dissolution of capsule

8. close the capsule

9. clean/polish the capsule with mineral oil

10. place appropriate container

Preparation # 4: Glycerin Suppository

Suppository - solid dosage form for insertion into the body

orifice to melt, soften, dissolve, exert local/systemic effect.

- from latin word "supponere" - to palce under ;

"sub" - under ; "ponere" -to place

Local Effect - 1/3

Systemic Effect - lower than local

#4 - 4.75 mm #12 - 1.7 mm #20 - 850 mcm #80 - 180 mcm

#8 - 2.36 mm #16 - 1.18 mm #40- 425 mcm #100 - 150 mcm

#10 - 2 mm #18 - 1.0 mm #60 - 250 mcm #120 - 125 mcm

Types

1. rectal - cylindrical bullet type shape

*infant : 1g ; adult 2 g

2. urethral - slender, pencil type shape

- 3.6 mm diameter

*male: 4g => 100 - 150 mm long

*female: 2 g => 60 - 70 mm long

3. Vaginal -globular, ovi form

- 3g - 5g

RARE SUPPOSITORIES: 4. Nasal Suppository "burginarium"

5. Aural Suppository "ear cones"

Methods

1. Molding/ Fussion - heat

2. Cold Compression

3. Hand molding/ rolling/ shaping

4. Compression into tablet

Bases:

1. Fatty/oleagenous Bases

- cocoa butter

-dehydag

-cothar

-witepsol

-wecobel

2. Water Soluble -glycerinated gelatin (Jel-o)

-polyethylene glycol (polybase)

3. Miscellenous base - combination of oleagenous & water poly oxyl 40

stearate

Procedure

1. lubricate the molder with mineral oil then place in the

freezer

2. weigh the diff constituents

3. melt the glycerin by water bath/ heating mantle

4. add monohydrate NA2CO3 (triturated)

5. add water + steric acid

6. stir the mixture & place in the molder

7. place it back in the freezer (5-10 mins)

8. remove it then wrap in aluminum foil

glycerin (1.248 g/ml) - 12.4 g

monohydrated Na2CO3 - 0.54 g

stearic acid - 2.48 g

water - 1.67 g

PART 2: CONVERSION

Apothecary Fluid Measure

60 minims = 1 fluiddrachm

8 fluiddrachm = 1 fluidounce

16 fluidounce = 1 pint

2 pint =1quart

4 quarts = 2 gallon

Apothecary Measure of Weight

20 grains =1 scruple

3 scruples = 1 drachm

8 drachm = 1ounce

12 ounce =1 pound

Interconversion

1meter =39.37 in

1inch =2.54 cm

1mL =16.23 minims

1minim =0.06 mL

1fluidrachm =3.69 mL

1fluidounce =29.57 mL

1 pint = 473 mL

1quart = 946 mL

1 gal = 3785 mL

1 g = 15.432 gr

1kg = 2.20 lb

1gr = 0.065 g

1 avoir oz =28.35 g

1 apoth oz =31.1 g

1avoir lb =454 g

1apoth lb =373 g

PART 3: LATIN TERMS

ABBREVIATIONS LATIN TERM / PHRASE ENGLISH MEANING

1. a., applic. applicantus, a, um to be applied

2. aa ana of each

3. a.c., ant. cib. ante cibum before food

4. ad ad to sufficient or to produce

5. addend addendus, a, um to be added

addendo by adding

6. a.h., alt.hor. alternis horis every other hour

7. a.j. ante jentaculum before breakfast

8. alt. die alterno die every other day

9. aq. calid. aqua calida hot water

10. aq. dest. aqua destillata distilled water

11. ad. frig. aqua frigida cold water

12. aug. augeatur let it be increased

13. aur. auris the ear

14. b. bis twice

15. b.d., b.i.d. bis die, bis in die twice daily

16. b.t.d., b.t.i.d. bis terve in die two or three times a day

17. c.c. cum cibos with food

18. c.l.q.s. cuilibet quantum sufficiat a sufficient quantity or

as you please

19. cap. cape take

capitat let him take

capiatur let it be taken

capiantur let them be taken

capiendus, a, um to be taken

20. comp. compositus, a, um compound

21. coch. cochleare spoonful

22. conc. concentratus, a, um concentrate

23. d.d. de die daily

24. d. in p. aeq. divide in partes aequales divide into equal parts

25. d.p. directione propria with proper directions

26. decub. hor. decubitas hora at bedtime

27. dext. dexter right, on the right

28. dil. dilutus, a, um diluted

29. div. divide divide

30. dol. urg. dolore urgente when the pain is severe

31. dolent. part. dolente parti to the afflicted part

32. dup., dx. duplex double

33. dur. durus hard

34. dur. dol. durante dolore when the pain lasts

35. e.m.p. ex modo praescripto in the manner prescribed

36. e. paul. aq. ex paulo aquae in a little water

37. ex ex from out of

38. ex aq. ex aqua with water

39. ex. aq. coch. ampl. ex aqua cochleari amplo in a tablespoonful of water

40. extempl. extemplo immediately

41. f., ft. fiat let it be made

fiant let them be made

42. fort. fortis, e strong

43. gtt. gutta, guttae drop, drops, eye-drops

44. guttur gutturi to the throat

45. h.s. hora somni at bedtime

46. hac noct. hac nocte tonight

47. i.c. inter cibos between meals

48. in loc. Frig. In loco frigido in a cool place

49. infric. Infracandus, a, um to be rubbed in

Infricetur let it be rubbed

50. laev. laevus, a, um left, on the left

51. luc. p. luce prima early in the morning

52. m. misce mix

53. m., man. mane in the morning

54. m., mitt. mitte send

55. m.d. moredicto as directed

56. n., noct. nocte at night

57. n. mque. nocte maneque night and morning

58. n. et m. nocte et mane night and morning

59. ne rep. ne repetatur do not repeat

60. non rep. non repetatur do not repeat

61. N.P., nom. prop. nomen proprium proper name

62. o., om. omni every, each

63. oc., ocul. oculus the eye

64. o.d. omni die everyday

65. p.a., part. aff. parti affectae to the affected part

66. p.a.a. parti affectae applicandus to the applied to the affected part

67. p. aeq. partes aequales equal parts

68. p.c. post cibum after food

69. p.m. post meridiem afternoon

primo mane early in the morning

70. p.p.a. phiala prius agitata the bottle having first been

shaken

71. p.r.n. pro re nata when required

72. pond. ponderosus heavy

73. ppt. praecipitatus, a, um precipitated

74. pro dos. prodosi for a dose

75. prox. luc. proximaluce on the next day

76. pulv. pulverisatus, a, um powdered

77. q., qq. quaque every

78. q.d.s. quarter die sumendus, a, um to be taken four times daily

79. q. dx. quantitas duplex double quantity

80. q.h.s. quartis horis sumendus to be taken every four hours

81. q.i.d. quarter in die four times a day

82. q.q.h. quarta quaque hora every four times

83. q.s. quantum sufficiat as much as is sufficient

84. quart. quarter, a, um fourth

85. quot. quotidie daily

86. Rx recipe take

87. rep. repetatur let it be repeated

88. rep. dos. repetatur dosis let the dose be repeated

89. s. sine without

90. s., sum. sumat let him take

sumatur let it be taken

sumantur let them be taken

sumendus, a, um to be taken

91. s.a. secumdum artem with pharmaceutical skill

(i.e. according to art)

92. saep. saepe often

93. sem in die semen in die once a day

94. sicc. siccus dried

95. s., sinist. Sinister left, on the left

96. sig. signa label

97. S.O.S. si opus sit if necessary

98. ss. semis the half

99. stat. statim immediately

100. sug. Sugatur let it be sucked

101. t..d.s. ter diesumendus, a, um to be taken three times daily

102. t.i.d. ter in die three times daily

103. t.q.d., t.q.i.d. terquarterve in die three or four times daily

104. tuss. tussis a cough

105. tuss. urg. tussis urgente when the cough is troublesome

106. u., utend utendus, a, um to be used

107. u.d., ut dict. ut dictum as directed

108. ut.supr. ut supra as above

109. v., vesp. vespere in the evening

PRESCRIPTION FILLING DIRECTIONS

ABBREVIATION LATIN ORIGIN MEANING

aa. ana of each

ad ad up to; to make

disp. dispensatur dispense

div. dividatur divide

d.t.d. dentur tales doses give of such doses

ft fiat make

M. mice mix

No. numero number

non rep / NR non repatatur do not repeat

q.s. quantum sufficit a sufficient quantity

q.s. ad quantum sufficiat ad a sufficient quantity to make

Sig. Signa write (directions on label)

QUANTITIES AND MEASUREMENT

ABBREVIATION (LATIN ORIGIN) MEANING

BSA body surface area

cm3

cubic centimeter or millimeter (mL)

f or fl (fluidus) fluid

flʒ or fʒ fluid dram ( teaspoonful, 5 mL)

fl℥ss or f℥ss half-fluidounce ( tabalespponful, 15 mL)

g gram

gal gallon

gtt (gutta) drop

lb (libra) pound

kg kilogram

L liter

m2

or M2

square meter

mcg microgram

mEq milliequivalent

mg milligram

mg/kg milligrams (of drug) per kilogram (of body weight)

mg/m2

milligrams (of drug) per square meter (of body surface

area)

mL milliliter

mL/h milliliters (of drug administered) per hour (as through

intravenous administration)

mOsm or mOsmol milliosmoles

oz. ounce

pt. pint

qt. quart

ss or (semissem) one half

tbsp. tablespoonful

tsp. teaspoonful

SIGNA / PATIENT INSTRUCTIONS

ABBREVIATION LATIN ORIGIN MEANING

a.c. ante cibos before meals

ad lib. ad libitum at pleasure, freely

admin ----- administer

A.M. ante meridiem morning

aq. aqua water

ATC ----- around the clock

b.i.d. bis in die twice a day

c or cum with

d die day

dil. dilitus dilute

et ----- and

h. or hr. hora hour

h.s. hora somni at bedtime

i.c. inter cibos between meals

min. minutum minute

m&n ----- morning and night

N&V ----- nausea and vomiting

noct. nocte night

NPO non per os nothing by mouth

p.c. post cibos after meals

P.M. post meridiem afternoon; evening

p.o. per os by mouth (orally)

p.r.n. pro de nata as needed

q quaque every

qAM ----- every morning

q4h, q8h, etc. ----- every __ hours

q.i.d. quarter in die four times a day

rep. repetatur repeat

s sine without

s.i.d. semel in die once a day

s.o.s. si opus sit if there is need; as needed

stat. statim immediately

t.i.d. ter in die three times a day

ut dict. ut dictum as directed

wk. ----- week

MEDICATIONS

ABBREVIATIONS MEANING

APAP acetaminophen

ASA aspirin

AZT zidovudine

EES erythromycin ethylsuccinate

HC hydrocortisone

HCTZ hydrochlorothiazide

MTX methotrexate

NTG nitroglycerin

CLINICAL

ABBREVIATIONS MEANING

BM bowel movement

BP blood pressure

BS blood sugar

CHD coronary heart disease

CHF congestive heart failure

GERD gastrointestinal reflux disease

GI gastrointestinal

GFR glomerular filtration rate

GU genitourinary

HA headache

HBP high blood pressure

HRT hormone replacement therapy

HT or HTN hypertension

IOP intraocular pressure

MI myocardial ischemia/ infarction

OA osteoarthritis

Pt patient

SOB shortness of breath

TPN total parenteral nutrition

URI upper respiratory infection

UTI urinary tract infection

DOSAGE FORMS / VEHICLES

ABBREVIATIONS MEANING

amp. ampul

cap. capsule

D5LR dextrose 5% in lactated Ringer’s

D5NS dextrose 5% in normal saline

(0.9% sodium chloride)

D5W dextrose 5% in water

D10W dextrose 10% in water

elix. elixir

inj. injection

NS normal saline

½ NS half-strength normal saline

oint. or ungt. (unguentum) ointment

pulv. (pulvis) powder

RL, R/L or LR Ringer’s Lactate or Lactated Ringer’s

sol. (solutio) solution

supp. (suppositorium) suppository

susp. suspension

syr. (syrupus) syrup

tab. (tabletta) tablet

ROUTES OF ADMINISTRATION

ABBREVIATION MEANING

CIVI continuous (24 hour) intravenous infusion

ID intradermal

IM intramuscular

IT intrathecal

IV intravenous

IVB intravenous bolus

IV Drip intravenous infusion

IVP intravenous push

IVPB intravenous piggy back

NGT nasogastric tube

p.o. or PO (per os) by mouth

rect. rectal or rectum

SL sublingual

SubQ subcutaneously

Top. topically

V or PV vaginally