pg 547

LDH converts pyruvate to lactate, restoring the pool of NAD+

pg 547

What about when pyruvate leaves the cytoplasm…?

?

Glycerol 3-P shuttle

fig19-30

Malate-aspartate shuttle

fig19-29

Malate-aspartate shuttle

Malate-aspartate shuttle viewed as e- carrying process

OAA OAA

malate malate

NADH

NAD+

NADH

NAD+

Malate-aspartate shuttle viewed as e- carrying processwith set of transaminations between OAA/Asp, and aKG/Glu

malate malate

NADH

NAD+

NADH

NAD+

OAA OAA

AspAsp

aKGaKG

Glu Glu

Malate-aspartate shuttle viewed as e- carrying process

malate malate

NADH

NAD+

NADH

NAD+

OAA OAA

with set of transaminations between OAA/Asp, and aKG/Glu

OAA OAA

AspAsp

aKGaKG

Glu Glu

with set of transaminations between OAA/Asp, and aKG/Glu

OAA OAA

AspAsp

aKGaKG

Glu Glu

with set of transaminations between OAA/Asp, and aKG/Glu

OAA OAA

AspAsp

aKGaKG

Glu Glu

NH3 groupfrom Asp to

aKG

NH3 groupfrom Glu to

OAA

Malate-aspartate shuttle viewed as e- carrying processwith set of transaminations between OAA/Asp, and aKG/Glu

malate malate

NADH

NAD+

NADH

NAD+

OAA OAA

AspAsp

aKGaKG

Glu Glu

Malate-aspartate shuttle

fig19-29

coupling is…

chemiosmotic

e- flow is coupled to ATP production

ACCEPTORCONTROL

fig19-33 bottom

Why doeslimited ADPdecrease therate of resp.chain?

or…

low ADP NADH

fig19-33 middle

NADH and ATP/ADP levels directlyaffect the Krebs cycle…

ADP ATP

fig19-33 middle

NADH and ATP/ADP levels directlyaffect the Krebs cycle…

fig19-33 top

and glycolysis is similarlyaffected by ATPcitrate andNADH

fig19-33the whole darn thing…

regulation of all three phasesof glucose break-down: acombination ofeffects of a number of molecules, including NADH,ATP, citrate,acetyl-CoA

fig19-34

Nature’selectricblanket

use of uncouplingfor a biological purpose

The “new” field of mitochondrial medicine

mitochondrial roles in

apoptosis (programmed cell death)

diabetes

ageing

Parkinsonism

part II intro fig4

Anabolism!!!

fig 14-15

Carbohydratesynthesis inthe biosphere

Gluconeogenesis

anabolic production of glucose

fig 14-16

Carbohydratesa two-lane highway…

what determinesthese specialsteps?

The glycolysis energy landscape

(pyruvate set to 0)

Three big steps down… or up

table 14-2

fig 14-17

First bypass

fig 14-17

First bypass

fig 14-17

First bypass, second step

fig 14-19

Two ways tomake PEP…

fig 15-20

two fates for pyruvate

table 14-4

fig 14-16 top

Three big steps on theway up…

fig 15-15

Remember regulation ofPFK-1??

Fructose bisphosphate is at a key position in both cat and ana

fig15-16

When glucose is abundant, so is F2,6BP

F2,6BP acceleratesPFK-1

fig 15-16

When glucose is low, so is F2,6BP

F2,6BP inhibitsFBPase

fig 15-16

When glucose is low, so is F2,6BPWhen glucose is abundant, so is F2,6BP

pg 581

fig 15-17

Separate distinct enzyme activities control Fr2,6BP levels

fig 15-17

…and hormones control these enzymes

Glycogen: the glucose buffer…

Glycogen granules

~ 1600 glucose monomers per granule

fig 7-14

Glycogen in real life…

How is glycogen synthesized?

-sequential addition of glucose to a growing a1-4 linked linear polymer

-creation of branches composed of a1-6 linkages

glycogenin, then glycogen synthase

branching enzyme

O

1

23

4

5

6

reducingend

non-reducing

end

Glucose ends…

polymer ends…

fig 7-14

pg 597

fig 15-29

addition of UDP carrier to glucose-1-P

fig 15-30

addition of glucose monomersto the growing glycogen chain

fig 15-31

Glycogen branching enzyme creates branches

fig 15-9

Glycogen branching enzyme creates branches

10a1 4 3

7 a1 6

a1 4

How is glycogen broken down?

-sequential removal of glucose-1P from the non-reducing end

-dismantling of those pesky branches

glycogen phosphorylase

debranching enzyme

fig 14-11

fig 15-26

debranching enzyme removes branches

4

4 a1 6

a1 47a1 4

1 a1 6

7a1 4

freeglucose

Debranching enzyme removes branches

transferaseactivity

a1-6glucosidase

fig 15-36

Allosteric control of glycogen phosphorylase

Hormonal control of glycogen phosphorylase

fig 15-34

fig 15-37

regulation ofglycogen synthaseby phos-phorylationas well…

fig 23-13

Liver glucosemetabolism

Blood glucoselevel is criticaland stringentlyregulated

fig 23-23

fig 23-20

The Coricycle

Liver as a "glucostat"

high blood glucose

low blood glucose

Glucagon: the hormone of starvation

phosphorylation of enzymes

alteration of fructose 2,6 bis P

Insulin: the hormone of plenty

fig 23-24