Peyton says…

Good luck on your OAA tests! Get lots of rest and eat well to do your best!

11. Analyze the consequences of Reconstruction with emphasis on:

a. President Lincoln's assassination and the ensuing struggle for control of Reconstruction, including the impeachment of President Andrew Johnson;

b. Attempts to protect the rights of and enhance opportunities for the freedmen, including the basic provisions of the 13th, 14th and 15th Amendments to the U.S. Constitution;

c. The Ku Klux Klan and the enactment of black codes.

Complete Explanation of last political cartoon:A grand allegory of the reconciliation of North and South through the federal program of Reconstruction. Visionary in its breadth and scale, the work is a remarkable combination of religious and patriotic ideology. In "Bateman's National Picture" (as the print is termed in an accompanying published key) the government is represented as a colossal pavilion-like structure. It has a broad, flattened dome or canopy, on which is drawn a map of the United States, with a shallow drum with a frieze showing the Senate, House of Representatives, Supreme Court, and cabinet. The drum is supported by two systems of slender columns--the straight, outer ones representing the state governments, and the curved inner ones the people. Atop the dome is an eagle with flag and shield. The structure is literally undergoing "reconstruction." The bases of the columns of the former Confederate states are being replaced with new ones. The old bases are called "Foundations of Slavery." The new ones represent Justice, Liberty, and Education. Under the watchful supervision of the military, civilians carry the new columns and put them into place. The scene is teeming with other symbols and figures. The sky is filled with a multitude of faces--American statesman, public figures, and other historical characters (among others, Joan of Arc and John Milton). Daniel Webster and John Calhoun are prominently featured. The aerial host surrounds the figure of Christ, who says, "Do to other as you would have them do to you." Flanking the group are Justice (left) and Liberty (right). Below, beneath the canopy, representatives of the North are reconciled with their Southern counterparts. Union generals Benjamin Butler and Ulysses S. Grant clasp hands with Confederates P. T. Beauregard and Robert E. Lee, respectively, and Horace Greeley embraces Jefferson Davis. Below in a small vignette two infants--one black and one white--lie sleeping in their baskets. Above them flies an eagle with a streamer reading ""All men are born free and equal."

RECONSTRUCTION

Five Days after the surrender at Appomattox, Abraham Lincoln was assassinated at Ford’s Theatre in Washington D.C. (April 14, 1865)

The impact the assassination had on our nation was:-It left us without a leader to direct the plans for the Reconstruction- It opened a bigger wound in the healing process between the North and the South

Lincoln’s Plan –"With malice toward none, with charity for all" Lincoln

Radical Republicans demanded a more aggressive prosecution of the war, the faster end to slavery and defeat of the Confederacy.

At first, Andrew Johnson talked harshly, but then he struck another note: "I say, as to the leaders, punishment. I also say leniency, reconciliation and amnesty to the thousands whom they have misled and deceived."

President Johnson and Congress did not get along.

Johnson kicks Black American out of the Freedman's Bureau by his veto (Thomas Nast, Harper's Weekly 1866)

Examples:

Freedman’s Bureau: Congress YES!

Johnson NO!

Civil Rights Bill: (defines citizenship)

Congress YES! Johnson NO!

14th Amendment: Congress YES! Johnson NO!

The Radical Republicans created the Tenure of Office Act, not allowing President Andrew Johnson to remove government officials, including his own cabinet members. Johnson removed Secretary of War Edwin Stanton and was soon after impeached. . He was not, however, removed from the presidency. He was not, however, removed from the presidency.

FREEDMEN’S BUREAU - Helped African American’s transition to freedom.

The Bureau helped solve

everyday problems of the newly

freed slaves, such as clothing,

food, healthcare,

communication with family

members, and jobs.

Reconstruction Act of 1867 - Five Military Districts were set up to make

sure that the Southern States followed the law.

13th Amendment – Abolition of Slavery. (1865)

After gaining freedom, many African Americans were unsure of where to go or what to do. Although many blacks had taken possession of the abandoned lands, including land issued under Sherman’s Order No. 15, Johnson returned the land to the planters. Blacks, consequently, were forced to give back the land or remain on the land after signing a labor contract that imposed conditions much like slavery.

14th Amendment – Granted all persons born in the U.S. citizenship.

The amendment provides a broad definition of citizenship, overruling Dred Scott v. Sandford (1857) which had excluded slaves and their descendants from possessing Constitutional rights.

15th Amendment – Allowed African American males to vote.

15th Amendment – Allowed African American males to vote.Complete Explanation to previous cartoon:

Another of several large prints commemorating the celebration in Baltimore of the enactment of the Fifteenth Amendment. (See also nos. 1870-2 and 1870-3.) A group of black men, on horseback and wearing top hats, sashes, and badges, lead a procession. Behind them follow black soldiers and others carrying American flags and banners with portraits of an Indian brave, a black military officer, and Liberty. A small float with a crowned woman under a canopy also follows. On either side of the picture are two columns, "Education" and "Science," on top of which rest ballot boxes wreathed in oak leaves. The columns are connected by arches with the legend "The Right of Citizens of the United States to Vote Shall Not Be Denied or Abridged by the United States or Any State on Account of Race Color or Condition of Servitude." At left, beside the "Education" column, is a classroom scene where a black man teaches two black children geography. Below this scene is a bust portrait of Frederick Douglass. At right, near the "Science" column, are two black men at work. One, a stonemason, carves a large column. The other, a smith, stands at his anvil. Below this scene is a bust portrait of Mississippi senator Hiram R. Revels. The upper register of the print features portraits of white benefactors. In the center is an oval portrait of Lincoln, framed in oak leaves. It is decorated with an eagle and American flags, and flanked by seated figures of History or Learning (left) and Columbia or Liberty (right) with a shield, Phrygian cap, and sword. At the far left are busts of President Ulysses S. Grant and Vice President Schuyler Colfax, and at far right busts of abolitionist martyr John Brown and Baltimore jurist Hugh Lenox Bond.

Black Codes – Rules set up by former slave states to regulate the freedoms (control the labor, movements and activities) of former slaves creating a form of quasi-slavery to evade the results of the war. (Some laws dated to the early 19th century in Northern states as well including putting in marriage laws along with southern states) NOT TO BE CONFUSED WITH SLAVE CODES!

At first these laws were called Black

Codes, but because of their

deceptive nature, they eventually

came to be known as the laws of Jim Crow. Jim Crow

was the name of character in a minstrel show. Minstrel shows were popular

during that time, and they featured

white actors in "black face," or black make-up.

This picture shows a character from the Minstrel shows that summarized the idea of Jim Crow Laws. The picture would now be viewed as very offensive and an inappropriate stereotype to the African American population.

Because of this, the name Jim Crow represented the fact that Black Codes were based on racial disguise.

JIM CROW LAWS (nearer to the end of the 1900 century) – Set up rules of separate but equal all over America including this shop in Lancaster, Ohio in 1938.

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/03/WhiteDoorColoredDoor.jpg

The Ku Klux Klan – used violence to scare African Americans from voting and stop them from exercising their rights as American citizens.

Complete Explanation:Cornelius Vanderbilt and James Fisk are shown in a race for control of New York's rails. Throughout 1868 and 1869, the two men had fought for control of the Erie Railroad. (See also "The Statue Unveiled," no. 1869-1.) Here, Vanderbilt straddles his two railroads, the Hudson River and the New York Central, admonishing his competitor, "Now then Jim--No Jockeying You Know.!" The dwarflike Fisk, sitting astride the Erie Railroad, replies, "Let Em Rip Commodore--But Dont Stop to Water for You'll be Beat."

Railroads and westward expansion became another hot topic!

11. Analyze the consequences of Reconstruction with emphasis on:

a. President Lincoln's assassination and the ensuing struggle for control of Reconstruction, including the impeachment of President Andrew Johnson;

b. Attempts to protect the rights of and enhance opportunities for the freedmen, including the basic provisions of the 13th, 14th and 15th Amendments to the U.S. Constitution;

c. The Ku Klux Klan and the enactment of black codes.

PEOPLE IN SOCIETIES:

2. Describe and explain the social, economic and political effects of:

a.Stereotyping and prejudice

b. Racism and discrimination

c. Institutionalized racism and institutionalized discrimination.