PETROLEUM PROCESSING by

Ahmed Soliman Analytical Chemist

Gas Processing Center (GPC)

Qatar University.

Gasna workshops for teachers

Timeline

1- Introduction about crude oil.

Evaluation ,hydrocarbon types and petroleum products.

2-Natural gas

Natural gas value chain

Resources of Natural Gas

3- Natural gas processing (GTL, LNG , etc.

4- Acid gas Removal unit.

5-Air Pollution, Climate Change.

How is oil and gas formed ? Millions of years ago, the remains of

plants and animals decayed and built up

in thick layers. This decayed matter from

plants and animals is called organic

material. Over time, the mud and soil

changed to rock. Pressure and heat

changed some of this organic material

into coal, some into oil (petroleum), and

some into natural gas .

crude oil

crude oil (H2 and Carbon)

Hydrocarbons – compounds containing only carbon and hydrogen.

hydrocarbons

aliphatic Aromatic

CnH2n-6

Alkanes

CnH2n+2

N&I Paraffin

Alkenes

CnH2n

Olefins

Alkynes

CnH2n

Naphthenes

TYPICAL PARAFFINS

Example of simplest HC molecule (CH4):

Examples of straight chain paraffin molecule (Butane) and branched paraffin molecule (Isobutane) with same chemical formula (C4H10):

METHANE

(CH4)

BUTANE (C4H10) ISOBUTANE (C4H10)

TYPICAL NAPHTHENES

Example of typical single-ring naphthene:

Examples of naphthene with same chemical formula (C6H12) but different molecular structure:

CYCLOHEXANE (C6H12) METHYL CYCLOPENTANE (C6H12)

TYPICAL AROMATICS.

Example of simple aromatic compound:

Examples of simple double-ring aromatic compound:

BENZENE (C6H6) NAPTHALENE (C10H8)

TYPICAL ALKENES (OLEFINS)

Simplest Alkene (C2H4):

Typical Alkenes with the same chemical formula (C4H8) but different molecular structures:

ETHYLENE (C2H4) 1-BUTENE (C4H8) ISOBUTENE (C4H8)

(not present in crude oil, form during cracking)

Elements and compounds found in crude oil Carbon - 84% Hydrogen - 14% Sulfur - 1 to 3% (hydrogen sulfide, sulfides, disulfides, elemental sulfur) Nitrogen - less than 1% (basic compounds with amine groups) Oxygen - less than 1% (found in organic compounds such as carbon dioxide, phenols, ketones, carboxylic acids) Metals - less than 1% (nickel, iron, vanadium, copper, arsenic)

Salts - less than 1% (sodium chloride, magnesium chloride, calcium chloride)

Gasna workshops for teachers

Evaluation of crude oil

Petroleum consists primarily of paraffins and

naphthenes, with a smaller amount of aromatics

and asphaltics.

The exact chemical composition analyze by

many laboratory equipment.

Example :1- fingerprint by GC Simidis

for Carbon no ,Nitrogen and Sulfur.

2- Viscosity

3- Density to calculate API.

4- RSH

5- heavy metal

6- Total Sulfur

Classification of crude oil by API gravity .

American petroleum Institute's

API , low specific gravity, lighter oil

larger yields of gasoline and light

petroleum products.

Degrees API Gravity API = (141.5 / SG) - 131.5

SG = Specific Gravity at 60oF

°C = (°F − 32) × 5⁄9

Crude Price = 100.77 + 0.296*(°API) – 0.931*(%Sulfur)

Products of petroleum refining

Naphtha

Gasoline

Diesel

Fuel Oil

Crude

Oil

Distillation Comparison—Light Sweet Crude

High API Gravity.

66

%

19

%

7%

39% 23% 25%

21% 21%

27%

42%

31%

37%

31% 39%

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

Condensate SCO MSW LLS WTI Bonny

Light

Resid Vac Gas Oil Distillate Naphtha

Distillation Comparison—Heavy Sour Crude

Low API Gravity

31%

24% 30%

29%

22%26%

18%

19% 18%

21%

22%25%

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

Bitumen Cold Lake

Blend

Lloyd Blend Merey 17 Maya Arab Heavy

Resid Vac Gas Oil Distillate Naphtha

FRACTION BOILING RANGE

USES

naphta 60-100 0 C

solvent, processed

into gasoline

gasoline (liquid) 40-205 0 C motor fuel

kerosene (liquid) 175-325 0 C

fuel for jet engines

gas oil or diesel

distillate (liquid)

250-350 0 C

diesel fuel, heating

oil

lubricating oil

(liquid)

300-370 0 C

motor oil, grease,

other lubricants

heavy gas or fuel

oil (liquid)

370-600 0 C

İndustrial fuel,

processed further

(cracking stock)

residuals (solid) larger than 600 0 C

Coke, asphalt, tar,

waxes

processed further

PRODUCTS OF PETROLEUM REFINING

COMMON REFINERY FRACTIONS

Natural gas Intermediate Distillates Residues

Gas oils Lubricating oils

Diesel oils Heavy fuel oils

LPG Fuel oils Asphalts

Coke

Light Distillates Heavy Distillates

Motor gasolines Heavy mineral oils

naphtas Lubricating oils

Jet fuel Waxes (candles, sealing,

Karosine insulating)

Light gas oils

Components in crude oil

Components in crude oil Carbon no Bp Deg C Carbon no Bp Deg C Carbon no

Bp Deg

C

1 -161 11 196 30 449

2 -89 12 216 40 522

3 -42 13 235 50 575

4 -0.5 14 253 60 615

5 36 15 270 70 647

6 69 16 287 80 675

7 98 17 302 90 700

8 126 18 316 100 720

9 151 19 329 120 750

10 174 20 343

Octane Number

The octane number of gasoline

is a measure of its resistance to knock.

The octane number is determined by

comparing the characteristics of a

gasoline to iso octane (2,2,4-

trimethylpentane) and heptane.

Natural gas

Composition of Natural gas

Natural gas value chain

25

typical products or customers

Fertilizers NGL Derivatives Methanol

Power Generation

Gas to Liquids GTL

Shipping Liquefaction

Chemical Conversion

LNG

CNG

Households Restaurants/Hotels Light Industry Heavy Industry

Middle distillates Waxes (lpg ,naphta and diesel ) Gas

Exploration

Gas Production

Distribution

LNG Terminal

Pipeline Transmission

Cars

Trucks

Buses

Uses of Natural Gas

Natural gas is an important fuel and a raw material in

manufacturing.

Resources of Natural Gas

Natural Gas (NG):

A mixture of C1 to C3 hydrocarbons (mainly CH4) + small amounts of N2, CO2 and H2S . Found in gas reservoirs with no oil present (non-associated gas)

Associated Gas (AG):

Present in contact with and/or dissolved in crude oil and is coproduced with it.

Dry natural Gas:

It is a gas that does not contain an

appreciable amount of condensable

hydrocarbons.

Wet natural Gas

is a mixture of hydrocarbons that

contain amount of liquid or condensable

compounds heavier than ethane. Wet

gas produced from a reservoir.

Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG)

- produced as a by-product of natural gas

processing, associated gas or during

refining and processing operations of

petroleum.

- Mainly contains propane and butane

- Used mainly as a fuel and basic raw material

for petrochemical industry.

Sour Natural Gas:

- Contains amounts of hydrogen sulfide and

carbon dioxide.

- Needs to remove the acid gases mainly by

absorption in amines or caustic solutions

Natural gas processing

GTL

LNG

Power generation (Boilers)

Fertilizers-- Urea and ammonia

Steel

Petrochemical -ethylene

Qatar is GTL Capital of the World.

GTL

Gas to Liquids (GTL) takes natural gas and converts it to low-

sulphur environmentally friendly diesel, naphtha, and LPG.

largest supplier of LNG.

Qatar holds the world’s third largest natural gas

reserves .

is the single largest supplier of liquefied natural

gas (LNG).

What Is LNG?

Natural gas has been used extensively,

and safely in homes and industries.

LNG is natural gas cooled to –160C of to a

liquid which occupies1/600 of the volume of gas.

Transport of LNG is safe and is at atmospheric pressure .

LNG is neither toxic nor carcinogenic; but vapors

are flammable .

Gas Production liquefaction

LNG Shipping Degasification Market

Liquified Natural Gas (LNG)

Liquified Natural Gas (LNG)

Carbon dioxide, hydrogen sulfide, and other contaminants are often

found in natural gas streams. CO2 when combined with water

creates carbonic acid which is corrosive. CO2 also reduces the BTU

value of gas and in concentrations of more that 2% or 3 % the gas is

unmarketable.

H2S is an extremely toxic gas that is also corrosive to equipment.

Amine sweetening processes remove these contaminants so that the

gas is marketable and suitable for transportation.

Reasons for Removing CO2 and H2S

Amine gas sweetening is a proven technology that removes H2S and

CO2 from natural gas and liquid hydrocarbon streams through

absorption and chemical reaction. Each of the amines has

advantages to specific treating problems.

MEA (Monoethanolamine)

MDEA (Methyldiethanolamine)

DEA (Diethanolamine)

Amine Gas Sweetening Solutions

ACID GAS REMOVAL by Amines

Amine ABSORBER

SOUR FEED GAS

FUEL GAS FLARE

WATER WASH

COLUMN

SWEETENED GAS TO DEHYDRATION

SW

ACID GAS

STEAM

SW

SULFINOL REGENERATOR

GAS

ACID GAS

FUEL GAS

SOUR FLARE

RICH Amine

LEAN Amine

16 trays Amine

DIPA

MDEA

Rich Amine

Lean Amine

High Heating value (HHV) -> energy content

Lean LNG and Rich LNG

Composition of Lean LNG

CH4 90 %vol

C2 5 %

C3, IC4,Nch4 and trace C5

Rich LNG CH4 95 %vol

C2 3 %

C3 trace

Simple Comparison between

Natural gas and Crude Oil

Barrel of oil equal 42 gallon equal 156 L

42-gallon barrel of oil is 5.8 million Btu, or British thermal units.

8.34 Btu of energy will raise 1 gallon of water by 1 degree Fahrenheit.

about 1,334 Btu are needed to raise a temperature of one gallon water

from 40 f to 200 f .

°C = (°F − 32) × 5⁄9

Price of one barrel crude oil 100$.

Price of 5,800 cubic feet N.G 10 $

one barrel crude oil produce products and can

give 5.8 million BTU

5.800 cubic feet of natural gas give 5.8 million

BTU

Refinery or GTL

one barrel crude oil (100$) give

petroleum products equivalent to the

same petroleum products from 5,800

cubic feet N.G (10 $)by GTL

additional to environmental case .

Natural gas skills for KIDS.

is a fuel that's used to heat buildings, cook food, dry clothes, heat

water, and even to help produce electricity.

don't confuse it with the gasoline that runs your car. Gasoline is a

liquid, while natural gas is...you guessed it...a gas!

RSH added to LPG.

Experiment about How N.G (biogas) forms. c1.co2

Just tow plastic bottles , 2 balloons same size and shape ,one cup of

soil , one cup of amix of vegetable and grass , tow measuring cups

and tape . Then make analysis.

Green gas emissions

Air Pollution and Climate Change

Mobile

Carbon Dioxide Emissions, By Source.

Types of Major Air Pollutants

Carbon oxides (CO)

Nitrogen oxides and nitric acid (NO2, HNO3)

Sulfur dioxide and sulfuric acid (SO2, H2SO4)

Particulates (PM)

Ozone (O3)

Volatile organic compounds (VOCs)

Measured Average Temperatures

and Future Predictions .ured

Average Temperatures and Future Predictions

Rising Sea Levels

What Can We Do about Global

Warming?

Concept -1 We can slow the rate of climate

change by increasing energy efficiency,

relying more on renewable energy resources,

and reducing greenhouse gas emissions.

Example :- generate electricity by sun energy –

Recycling- don't cut down trees in the forest (photosynthesis)

Concept -2 Governments can tax

greenhouse gas emissions, and

cooperate internationally.

QUESTIONS?

Thank you