Petroleum Contaminated Site at Hickam Air Force Base · 2011-08-10 · Phytoremediation • The use...
Transcript of Petroleum Contaminated Site at Hickam Air Force Base · 2011-08-10 · Phytoremediation • The use...
![Page 1: Petroleum Contaminated Site at Hickam Air Force Base · 2011-08-10 · Phytoremediation • The use of plant-based systems to remove, degrade or stabilize organic and inorganic contaminants](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022042104/5e81b1d9bef51d7696139ff6/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Petroleum Contaminated Site at Hickam Air Force Base
![Page 2: Petroleum Contaminated Site at Hickam Air Force Base · 2011-08-10 · Phytoremediation • The use of plant-based systems to remove, degrade or stabilize organic and inorganic contaminants](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022042104/5e81b1d9bef51d7696139ff6/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Agriculture-Based Bioremediation of Petroleum Contaminated Soils
in Pacific Island Ecosystems
Greenhouse and Laboratory Studies Field Demonstration
Plant Study(C.S. Tang and W.H. Sun)
Microorganism Study(Francoise Robert)
![Page 3: Petroleum Contaminated Site at Hickam Air Force Base · 2011-08-10 · Phytoremediation • The use of plant-based systems to remove, degrade or stabilize organic and inorganic contaminants](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022042104/5e81b1d9bef51d7696139ff6/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Evaluation of Tropical Plants for Phytoremediation of
Petroleum Contaminated Coastal Subsurface Soils
in Hawaii
Presented by:Wenhao Sun
University of Hawaii
![Page 4: Petroleum Contaminated Site at Hickam Air Force Base · 2011-08-10 · Phytoremediation • The use of plant-based systems to remove, degrade or stabilize organic and inorganic contaminants](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022042104/5e81b1d9bef51d7696139ff6/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Phytoremediation
• The use of plant-based systems to remove, degrade or stabilize organic and inorganic contaminants in environments
– Low cost, aesthetically pleasing cleanup technique – Most useful at sites with shallow, low levels of
contamination– Useful for treating a wide variety of environmental
contaminants
![Page 5: Petroleum Contaminated Site at Hickam Air Force Base · 2011-08-10 · Phytoremediation • The use of plant-based systems to remove, degrade or stabilize organic and inorganic contaminants](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022042104/5e81b1d9bef51d7696139ff6/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Soil Background Depth(m)0
pH EC Salinity(mmhos/cm)
7.8
8.2
7.8
0.7-5.0 non -mdo.
5.0-30.0 mod.-high
8.2-10.0 mod.
1.3
1.8
![Page 6: Petroleum Contaminated Site at Hickam Air Force Base · 2011-08-10 · Phytoremediation • The use of plant-based systems to remove, degrade or stabilize organic and inorganic contaminants](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022042104/5e81b1d9bef51d7696139ff6/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Soil Background Depth(m)0
1.3 (51”)
1.8 (70”)
Petroleum USDA Hydrocarbons Classification
Sandy loamNo
No
< 3,500 mg/kg Sandy loam
Silt
![Page 7: Petroleum Contaminated Site at Hickam Air Force Base · 2011-08-10 · Phytoremediation • The use of plant-based systems to remove, degrade or stabilize organic and inorganic contaminants](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022042104/5e81b1d9bef51d7696139ff6/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Objective
• Evaluate tropical plants for use in phytoremediation of petroleum contaminated coastal deep soils
![Page 8: Petroleum Contaminated Site at Hickam Air Force Base · 2011-08-10 · Phytoremediation • The use of plant-based systems to remove, degrade or stabilize organic and inorganic contaminants](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022042104/5e81b1d9bef51d7696139ff6/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Tasks and Technical Approach
• Plant selection– Preliminary screening of plants for
tolerance of salt and petroleum hydrocarbons
– Main screening of plants for reduction of petroleum hydrocarbons
• Simulating petroleum-contaminated deep soil using trisector-planters
![Page 9: Petroleum Contaminated Site at Hickam Air Force Base · 2011-08-10 · Phytoremediation • The use of plant-based systems to remove, degrade or stabilize organic and inorganic contaminants](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022042104/5e81b1d9bef51d7696139ff6/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Key Experimental Components-Preliminary screening
• Objective– Identify the plants with high tolerance to either NaCl or No. 2
diesel fuel
• Materials and Methods– Plant materials: Nine plants grown in DeepotTM
– Treatment: Control: without NaCl and DieselSalt level: 2% NaClDiesel levels: 5,000 mg/kg
10,000 mg/kg
![Page 10: Petroleum Contaminated Site at Hickam Air Force Base · 2011-08-10 · Phytoremediation • The use of plant-based systems to remove, degrade or stabilize organic and inorganic contaminants](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022042104/5e81b1d9bef51d7696139ff6/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Criteria for Plants Used in Field Demonstration and Evaluation
Experiments–Native or naturalized
–Salt tolerant
–Deep Rooting
–Wide potential and range of use
–Rapid growth
–Low maintenance
![Page 11: Petroleum Contaminated Site at Hickam Air Force Base · 2011-08-10 · Phytoremediation • The use of plant-based systems to remove, degrade or stabilize organic and inorganic contaminants](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022042104/5e81b1d9bef51d7696139ff6/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Plant Species Used• Trees (5 species)
- Kiawe Prosopis pallida- Milo Thespesia populnea- Kou Cordia subcordata- Common ironwood Casuarina epuisetifolia- Tropic coral tree Erythrina variegata
•Shrubs (3 species)- False sandalwood Myoporum sandwicense- Beach naupaka Scaevola sericea- Nerium oleander Nerium oleander
•Grass (1 species)•Buffelgrass Cenchrus cilliaris
![Page 12: Petroleum Contaminated Site at Hickam Air Force Base · 2011-08-10 · Phytoremediation • The use of plant-based systems to remove, degrade or stabilize organic and inorganic contaminants](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022042104/5e81b1d9bef51d7696139ff6/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Plants Used in Field Demonstration
Kiawe Milo
Kou Common ironwood
![Page 13: Petroleum Contaminated Site at Hickam Air Force Base · 2011-08-10 · Phytoremediation • The use of plant-based systems to remove, degrade or stabilize organic and inorganic contaminants](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022042104/5e81b1d9bef51d7696139ff6/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Plants Used in Field Demonstration
Tropical coral tree False sandalwood
Beach naupaka Nerium oleander
![Page 14: Petroleum Contaminated Site at Hickam Air Force Base · 2011-08-10 · Phytoremediation • The use of plant-based systems to remove, degrade or stabilize organic and inorganic contaminants](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022042104/5e81b1d9bef51d7696139ff6/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Growth Conditions
• Two to five-month old plants transplanted to Deepots (6.35 x 25.4 cm)
• Top soil, coral sand/sandy loam• Greenhouse conditions
– 55% shaking, misting for two weeks– Temperature range: 36/19 C (Day/Night)– Light intensity: Max. 600 µmol m-2 s-1
– Sub-irrigation with Peter’s liquid nutrients containing 0% or 2% NaCl
![Page 15: Petroleum Contaminated Site at Hickam Air Force Base · 2011-08-10 · Phytoremediation • The use of plant-based systems to remove, degrade or stabilize organic and inorganic contaminants](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022042104/5e81b1d9bef51d7696139ff6/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Key Experimental Components-Preliminary screening
• Evaluation– Plant growth (plant height and biomass)
![Page 16: Petroleum Contaminated Site at Hickam Air Force Base · 2011-08-10 · Phytoremediation • The use of plant-based systems to remove, degrade or stabilize organic and inorganic contaminants](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022042104/5e81b1d9bef51d7696139ff6/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Milo
Control 2% NaCl 5,000 mg/kg 10,000 mg/kgDiesel Diesel
![Page 17: Petroleum Contaminated Site at Hickam Air Force Base · 2011-08-10 · Phytoremediation • The use of plant-based systems to remove, degrade or stabilize organic and inorganic contaminants](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022042104/5e81b1d9bef51d7696139ff6/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Kou
Control 2% NaCl 5,000 mg/kg 10,000 mg/kgDiesel Diesel
![Page 18: Petroleum Contaminated Site at Hickam Air Force Base · 2011-08-10 · Phytoremediation • The use of plant-based systems to remove, degrade or stabilize organic and inorganic contaminants](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022042104/5e81b1d9bef51d7696139ff6/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Common ironwood
Control 2% NaCl 5,000 mg/kg 10,000 mg/kgDiesel Diesel
![Page 19: Petroleum Contaminated Site at Hickam Air Force Base · 2011-08-10 · Phytoremediation • The use of plant-based systems to remove, degrade or stabilize organic and inorganic contaminants](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022042104/5e81b1d9bef51d7696139ff6/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Nerium oleander
Control 2% NaCl 5,000 mg/kg 10,000 mg/kgDiesel Diesel
![Page 20: Petroleum Contaminated Site at Hickam Air Force Base · 2011-08-10 · Phytoremediation • The use of plant-based systems to remove, degrade or stabilize organic and inorganic contaminants](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022042104/5e81b1d9bef51d7696139ff6/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Tropical coral tree
Control 2% NaCl 5,000 mg/kg 10,000 mg/kgDiesel Diesel
![Page 21: Petroleum Contaminated Site at Hickam Air Force Base · 2011-08-10 · Phytoremediation • The use of plant-based systems to remove, degrade or stabilize organic and inorganic contaminants](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022042104/5e81b1d9bef51d7696139ff6/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Buffelgrass
Control 2% NaCl 5,000 mg/kg 10,000 mg/kgDiesel Diesel
![Page 22: Petroleum Contaminated Site at Hickam Air Force Base · 2011-08-10 · Phytoremediation • The use of plant-based systems to remove, degrade or stabilize organic and inorganic contaminants](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022042104/5e81b1d9bef51d7696139ff6/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Kiawe
Control 2% NaCl 5,000 mg/kg 10,000 mg/kgDiesel Diesel
![Page 23: Petroleum Contaminated Site at Hickam Air Force Base · 2011-08-10 · Phytoremediation • The use of plant-based systems to remove, degrade or stabilize organic and inorganic contaminants](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022042104/5e81b1d9bef51d7696139ff6/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Key Experimental Components-Preliminary screening
• Results– Tropical coral tree, buffelgrass and kiawe
seedlings were susceptible to either 2% of NaCl or diesel fuel at 10,000 mg/kg soil, but tolerant of diesel at 5,000 mg/kg.
– Milo, Kou, common ironwood, N. oleander, beach naupaka and false sandalwood were tolerant of high salinity (2% NaCl) and high diesel fuel level (10,000 mg/kg).
![Page 24: Petroleum Contaminated Site at Hickam Air Force Base · 2011-08-10 · Phytoremediation • The use of plant-based systems to remove, degrade or stabilize organic and inorganic contaminants](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022042104/5e81b1d9bef51d7696139ff6/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Key Experimental Components-Main screening
• Objective– select trees and shrubs that have a high potential
to remediate saline soil contaminated with petroleum hydrocarbons using No.2 diesel fuel as a model contaminant.
• Materials and Methods– Plant materials: Seven plants selected from preliminary
experiment.– Treatment: Diesel levels: 0 (mg diesel/kg soil)
5,00010,000
Salt level: 1% NaCl
![Page 25: Petroleum Contaminated Site at Hickam Air Force Base · 2011-08-10 · Phytoremediation • The use of plant-based systems to remove, degrade or stabilize organic and inorganic contaminants](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022042104/5e81b1d9bef51d7696139ff6/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
![Page 26: Petroleum Contaminated Site at Hickam Air Force Base · 2011-08-10 · Phytoremediation • The use of plant-based systems to remove, degrade or stabilize organic and inorganic contaminants](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022042104/5e81b1d9bef51d7696139ff6/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Key Experimental Components-Main screening
• Evaluation– Photochemical efficiency– Plant biomass– Diesel concentration in soil
![Page 27: Petroleum Contaminated Site at Hickam Air Force Base · 2011-08-10 · Phytoremediation • The use of plant-based systems to remove, degrade or stabilize organic and inorganic contaminants](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022042104/5e81b1d9bef51d7696139ff6/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Plant Effects on Diesel Depletion In Soil Treated with 5,000 mg diesel /kg soil
No plant
No plant c
ontroOlea
nderNau
paka
NaioIro
nwoodKouMilo
Kiawe
TPH
-D (m
g/kg
)
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
Day 0 14 Weeks
![Page 28: Petroleum Contaminated Site at Hickam Air Force Base · 2011-08-10 · Phytoremediation • The use of plant-based systems to remove, degrade or stabilize organic and inorganic contaminants](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022042104/5e81b1d9bef51d7696139ff6/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Plant Effects on Diesel Depletion In Soil Treated with 10,000 mg diesel/kg soil
No plant
No plants
Oleander
Naupak
aNaio
Ironwood
Kou
MiloKiaw
e
TPH
-D (m
g/kg
)
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
Day 0 14 Weeks
** *
![Page 29: Petroleum Contaminated Site at Hickam Air Force Base · 2011-08-10 · Phytoremediation • The use of plant-based systems to remove, degrade or stabilize organic and inorganic contaminants](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022042104/5e81b1d9bef51d7696139ff6/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Key Experimental Components-Main screening
• Results– Milo, kou and kiawe significantly accelerate
degradation of petroleum in the soil containing both 10,000 mg /kg diesel and a moderate salinity (1% NaCl).
![Page 30: Petroleum Contaminated Site at Hickam Air Force Base · 2011-08-10 · Phytoremediation • The use of plant-based systems to remove, degrade or stabilize organic and inorganic contaminants](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022042104/5e81b1d9bef51d7696139ff6/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Key Experimental Components-Trisector planter experiment
• Objectives– Determine the feasibility of accelerating the degradation of
petroleum contaminants in coastal deep soils using selected plants.
• Materials and Methods– Plant materials: Milo, kou and false sandalwood– Treatment: Plants vs. unplanted Control
Aeration vs. non-aeration– Apparatus: Trisector-Planter – Soil treatment: Spiked with 6 petroleum hydrocarbons in
the bottom section.
![Page 31: Petroleum Contaminated Site at Hickam Air Force Base · 2011-08-10 · Phytoremediation • The use of plant-based systems to remove, degrade or stabilize organic and inorganic contaminants](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022042104/5e81b1d9bef51d7696139ff6/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
The trisector planter with a growing tree and a soil profile similar to that of the field demonstration site.
Aeration device In the bottom section
![Page 32: Petroleum Contaminated Site at Hickam Air Force Base · 2011-08-10 · Phytoremediation • The use of plant-based systems to remove, degrade or stabilize organic and inorganic contaminants](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022042104/5e81b1d9bef51d7696139ff6/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Trisector Planter Experiment
• The bottom sandy loam was spiked with diesel components of known concentrations
Hydrocarbon Concentration (mg/kg of soil)Hexadecane 500Eicosane 500Docosane 500Pristane 200Phenanthrene 200Pyrene 200
![Page 33: Petroleum Contaminated Site at Hickam Air Force Base · 2011-08-10 · Phytoremediation • The use of plant-based systems to remove, degrade or stabilize organic and inorganic contaminants](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022042104/5e81b1d9bef51d7696139ff6/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
False sandalwood Milo Kou(Left front)
![Page 34: Petroleum Contaminated Site at Hickam Air Force Base · 2011-08-10 · Phytoremediation • The use of plant-based systems to remove, degrade or stabilize organic and inorganic contaminants](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022042104/5e81b1d9bef51d7696139ff6/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
False sandalwood Milo Kou(Left front)
![Page 35: Petroleum Contaminated Site at Hickam Air Force Base · 2011-08-10 · Phytoremediation • The use of plant-based systems to remove, degrade or stabilize organic and inorganic contaminants](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022042104/5e81b1d9bef51d7696139ff6/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Key Experimental Components-Trisector planter experiment
• Evaluation– Quantitative analysis of the 6 petroleum
hydrocarbons
![Page 36: Petroleum Contaminated Site at Hickam Air Force Base · 2011-08-10 · Phytoremediation • The use of plant-based systems to remove, degrade or stabilize organic and inorganic contaminants](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022042104/5e81b1d9bef51d7696139ff6/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Statistical significance of changes in the concentration of 6 petroleum hydrocarbons in the bottom section of unplanted trisector-planters between day 0 and day 200 by t-tests.
_________________________________________________________Hydrocarbon t-test significancea
_________________________________________________________Hexadecane NSEicosane NSDocosane NSPristane *Phenanthrene *Pyrene **_________________________________________________________
aNS, not significant; *, significant (P < 0.05); **, significant (P 0.01).
![Page 37: Petroleum Contaminated Site at Hickam Air Force Base · 2011-08-10 · Phytoremediation • The use of plant-based systems to remove, degrade or stabilize organic and inorganic contaminants](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022042104/5e81b1d9bef51d7696139ff6/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Statistical significance of changes in the concentration of 6 petroleum hydrocarbons in the bottom sections of aeration treatment vs. non-aeration control at day 200 by t-tests.
_________________________________________________________Hydrocarbon t-test significancea
_________________________________________________________Hexadecane NSEicosane NSDocosane *Pristane NSPhenanthrene NSPyrene NS_________________________________________________________
aNS, not significant; *, significant (P < 0.05).
![Page 38: Petroleum Contaminated Site at Hickam Air Force Base · 2011-08-10 · Phytoremediation • The use of plant-based systems to remove, degrade or stabilize organic and inorganic contaminants](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022042104/5e81b1d9bef51d7696139ff6/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Reduction of PHC (%)Compared to unplanted control
-20
0
20
40
60
80
100He
xade
cane
Eico
sane
Doco
sane
Phen
anth
rene
Pyre
ne
False sandalwoodMiloKou
![Page 39: Petroleum Contaminated Site at Hickam Air Force Base · 2011-08-10 · Phytoremediation • The use of plant-based systems to remove, degrade or stabilize organic and inorganic contaminants](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022042104/5e81b1d9bef51d7696139ff6/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
SummaryEvaluation Process and Results
Buffelgrass
Nerium oleanderNerium oleander
Beach naupakaBeach naupaka
False sandalwoodFalse sandalwoodFalse sandalwood
KouKouKouTropical coral tree
MiloMiloCommon Ironwood
Kou
MiloCommon Ironwood
KiaweMilo
Kiawe
Recommend-ed plants
Trisector-planterMain-screeningPre-screening
![Page 40: Petroleum Contaminated Site at Hickam Air Force Base · 2011-08-10 · Phytoremediation • The use of plant-based systems to remove, degrade or stabilize organic and inorganic contaminants](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022042104/5e81b1d9bef51d7696139ff6/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Conclusions
• Milo and kou have better potential than false sandalwood in phytoremediation of petroleum in the costal subsurface soils in Hawaii and other Pacific Islands.
![Page 41: Petroleum Contaminated Site at Hickam Air Force Base · 2011-08-10 · Phytoremediation • The use of plant-based systems to remove, degrade or stabilize organic and inorganic contaminants](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022042104/5e81b1d9bef51d7696139ff6/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Conclusions
• The trisector-planter designed for deep soil phytoremediation study can serve as a useful tool to indirectly but convincingly validate the effectiveness of phytoremediation in the field.
![Page 42: Petroleum Contaminated Site at Hickam Air Force Base · 2011-08-10 · Phytoremediation • The use of plant-based systems to remove, degrade or stabilize organic and inorganic contaminants](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022042104/5e81b1d9bef51d7696139ff6/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Acknowledgements• Principal Investigators (UH):
Chung-Shih TangFrancoise Robert Chittaranjan Ray
• Research Associate: Marisa Toma
• Graduate Research Assistants: Ryan Kody Jones, J.B. Tay
• Undergraduate Research Assistants:Monroe Bryce, Jim Leary, Matthew Vierra, and Joey Lo
• Sponsor: CH2M HILL Inc.
![Page 43: Petroleum Contaminated Site at Hickam Air Force Base · 2011-08-10 · Phytoremediation • The use of plant-based systems to remove, degrade or stabilize organic and inorganic contaminants](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022042104/5e81b1d9bef51d7696139ff6/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
Mahalo