Petras Vestartas Generics in Newham

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KADK DEP.8 LONDON GENERICS IN NEWHAM 2013 PETRAS VESTARTAS

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Petras Vestartas KADK Generics in Newham

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  • KADKDEP.8LONDON

    GENERICS IN NEWHAM

    2013

    PETRAS VESTARTAS

  • 4

  • 5COMPARISON BETWEEN 6 BOROUGHS OF LONDON

    SELECTION...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................6-7

    3D SITE MODEL......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................8-13

    NEWHAM..............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................14-15

    ENFIELD...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................16-17

    HAMSTEAD..........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................18-19

    BARNET................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................20-21

    TOWER OF HAMLETS..........................................................................................................................................................................................................................21-22

    SOUTHWARK........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................23-24

    COMPARISON......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................26-37

    SUMMMARY GENERICS IN NEWHAM

    MAPPING OF NEWHAM

    REFERENCES...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 38-43

    SHORTEST DISTANCE NETWORK MAP...............................................................................................................................................................................................44-45

    JANE JACOBS MAP .............................................................................................................................................................................................................................46-47

    ATTRACTOR POINTS MAP....................................................................................................................................................................................................................48-49

    TRANSPORT INTERSITY MAP ..............................................................................................................................................................................................................50-51

    ENDOSKELETON MAP ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................52-53

    OVERCROWDING MAP................................................................................................................................................................................................................./.......54-55

    CONCEPT MEDIUM PROGRAM

    CONCEPT MEDIUM PROGRAM...........................................................................................................................................................................................................58-61

    SUPERPOSITION

    BORDER CONDITION..........................................................................................................................................................................................................................62-65

    SHORTEST PATHS................................................................................................................................................................................................................................71-68

    ISOVIST............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 72-77

    OUTPUT

    RESEARCH

  • 6SE

    LE

    CT

    ION

  • 7MAP OF SELECTED LOCATIONS

    LOCATIONS WERE SELECTED BY:

    A) SOCIAL DATA;

    B) BUILDING TYPOLOGY; C) UNUSED SPACES; D) POPULATION DENSITY;

    E) MONO & MULTIFUNCTIONAL URBAN FABRIC;

  • 8ENFIELDDEPOPULATED SCHEME

    3D

    SIT

    E M

    OD

    EL

  • 9NEWHAMOVERCROWDED SCHEME

  • 10

    HAMSTEADRICH SCHEME

    3D

    SIT

    E M

    OD

    EL

  • 11

    BARNETMANSIONS SCHEME

  • 12

    SOUTHWARKMODERNIST SCHEME

    3D

    SIT

    E M

    OD

    EL

  • 13

    TOWER OF HAMLETSMIXED-USE SCHEME

  • NE

    WH

    AM

  • 15

    LANDUSE OF SELECTED AREA

    TYPOLOGY

    URBAN FABRIC

  • EN

    FIE

    LD

  • 17

    LANDUSE OF SELECTED AREA

    TYPOLOGY

    URBAN FABRIC

  • HA

    MS

    TE

    AD

  • 19

    LANDUSE OF SELECTED AREA

    TYPOLOGY

    URBAN FABRIC

  • BA

    RN

    ET

  • 21

    LANDUSE OF SELECTED AREA

    TYPOLOGY

    URBAN FABRIC

  • SO

    UT

    HW

    AR

    K

  • 23

    LANDUSE OF SELECTED AREA

    TYPOLOGY

    URBAN FABRIC

  • TO

    WE

    R O

    F H

    AM

    LE

    TS

  • 25

    LANDUSE OF SELECTED AREA

    TYPOLOGY

    URBAN FABRIC

  • 26

    SECTION A-A

    PLAN FRAGMENT

    SECTION A-A

    BB

    A

    42

    A

    NE

    WH

    AM

  • 27

    SECTION A-A SECTION B-B

    URBAN BLOCK COURTYARD DENSITY

    SECTION B-B

  • 28

    SECTION A-A

    PLAN FRAGMENT

    SECTION A-A

    BB

    AA

    48

    EN

    FIE

    LD

  • 29

    SECTION A-A SECTION B-B

    SECTION B-B

  • 30

    PLAN FRAGMENT

    SECTION A-ABB

    AA

    48

    SECTION A-A

    HA

    MS

    TE

    AD

  • 31

    SECTION B-B

    SECTION B-B

  • 32

    PLAN FRAGMENT

    SECTION A-A

    BB

    AA

    SECTION A-A

    BA

    RN

    ET

  • 33

    SECTION B-B

    SECTION B-B

  • 34

    SECTION A-A

    SECTION A-A

    TO

    WE

    R O

    F H

    AM

    LE

    TS

  • 35

    SECTION A-A SECTION B-B

    SECTION A-A SECTION B-B

  • 36

  • 37

  • 38

    TRANSPORT INTENSITY MAP

    THIS MAP CALCULATES INTERSECTIONS BETWEEN PRIMARY AND SECONDARY ROADS.

    IF THE DISTANCE BETWEEN TWO POINTS IS BIG YOU GET VALLEY.

    IF THE DISTANCE BETWEEN TWO POINTS IS SMALL YOU GET PEAK.

    THEN AVERAGE NUMBER IS CALCULATED.

    AS A RESULT, THIS MAP SHOWS HOW INTENSE STREETS ARE IN DIFFERENT IN POINTS. BY JOING ALL POINTS INTO 2D SURFACE MAP YOU GET MORE AND LESS ACTIVE AREAS AROUND THE STREET.

    130

    110

    101

    104

    161

    99

    123

    173

    [

    0 500 1000 M1 : 10 000NEWHAM TRAFFIC SCHEME

    BUS/TRAIN STOP

    TRAIN LINESECONDARY ROADPRIMARY ROADTRUNK

    SITE FOR ANALYSIS

    130

    110

    101

    104

    161

    99

    123

    173

    [

    0 500 1000 M1 : 10 000NEWHAM TRAFFIC SCHEME

    BUS/TRAIN STOP

    TRAIN LINESECONDARY ROADPRIMARY ROADTRUNK

    SITE FOR ANALYSIS

    MA

    IN TR

    AFFIC

    MA

    PTR

    AFFIC

    INTE

    SITY

    IN S

    EC

    TION

    STR

    AFFIC

    INTE

    SITY

    IN 2D

    PLA

    N

    NEWHAM FUNCTION MAPGREEN SPACE EDUCATION HOTELS RELIGION PUBLIC

    PRIVATE COURTYARD

    N

    MA

    PP

    ING

  • 39

    SHORTEST DISTANCEMAP

    THIS MAP CALCULATES SHORTEST DISTANCES BETWEEN FUNCTIONS OF INTEREST.

    AFTER GREAT FIRE OF LONDON IN 1666 THERE WERE MULTIPLE PLAN PROPOS-ALS FOR CONNECTING ATTRACTORS OF THE CITY WITH BOULEVARDS. LAT-ER REGENTS STREET WAS ERECTED BY ENOURMOUS FORCE OF GOVERMENTAL LAW. NEWHAM HAS INVERT SITUATION, WHEN THESE ATTRACTORS DO NOT STAND OUT OF NEIGHBOUR BUILDING MASS.

    HOWEVER, LOCAL RESIDENTS ORIENTS IN A CITY BY THESE ATTRACTORS EXCEPT FROM SHOPPING STREETS AND HOUSING UNITS.

    GA

    RD

    ER

    N C

    ITY S

    CH

    EM

    ED

    ELA

    UN

    AY S

    HO

    RTE

    ST D

    IST.

    SE

    CO

    ND

    AR

    Y S

    TRE

    ET M

    AP

    HOUSING

    FORTRESS

    HOUSING

    STA

    TION

    HOUSING

    INDUSTRY

    FOR EVERYONE

    RETAILINDUSTRY

    STA

    TION

    HOUSING

    HOUSINGSCHOOL

    PUBLIC

    INDUSTRY

    HOUSING

    OPEN

    HOUSING

    HOUSING

    INDUSTR

    Y

    PUBLIC SPACECOURTYARD

    CLOSED

    FOR PRIVATE OWNER

    HOW TO ENSURE PRIVACY?

    WHAT IS THE MINIMAL LIVING SPACE FOR 1 FAMILY?

    POPULATIONDIFFERENCE IN DENCITY

    RETAIL

    2) There must be eyes on the street, meaning that inhabitants and owners get involved what is happing on the street and take action if necessary.

    3) The sidewalks should have continuously users on it

    PUBLIC

    STREET LIFE

    GARDEN STREET

    GARDEN

    STREET

    VERTICAL AND HORIZONTAL

    SUBURBAN HOUSING FUNCTION IS RELATED TO:A) GARDENB) STREET

    LIVING SPACE DIVIDE PRIVATE AND PUBLIC SPACE HORIZONTALLY

    THERE IS NO LAYERING VERTICAL LAYERING AS IN MIXED USE URBAN AREAS

    PRIVACY

    1) There must be a clear boundary between public and private space.

    GARDEN CITY

    FORM FOLLOWS FINANCE

    In essence, although there are additional influences, the increasing trend towardsfortification and privatisation is stronglyrelated to perceptions of fear and insecurity among urban residents. As such, Ellin (1997)argues that form follows fear in the contemporary city, resulting in people in perceived high risk areas constructing defensive enclaves of various forms and nature to protect their range of interests.In this sense, the ability to pay is essentialin many cases, which also incorporate a second theme, closely related to the first, namely that of form follows finance (Ellin 1997).

    Gang warfare by the poor Fortressing by the wealthy

    ALLOTM

    ENTS

    Projects are turned inward onto courtyards, away from streets and sidewalks.

    FARMMAIN ROAD

    BOULE

    VARD

    BOULEVARD

    RAILWAYGRAND

    There is little commerce or street life to keep eyes on the street.

    The lack of sidewalks leads to "Turf:

    ...while the curved road provides ever-changingdirection and views, the straight road - besidesbeing ...more comfortable for traffic - still has theability to be beautified by either letting it lead toan important element or beautifying its sides by trees or by breaking the lines. HAMSTEAD, WELVYN, LETCHWORTH

    UNIFORM VISTASDIFFERENT VISTAS

    One of the truisms of orthodox planning is the idea that parks and open space are in and of themselves healthy, positive additions to urban and suburban life genuine andinarguable improvements overthe asphalt and concrete of urbanstreets and sidewalks. Jacobs "turns this idea around by suggestingthat it is cities (their activity, their density,the interest that they bring in the form of foot traffic, the enclosure they provide by way of buildings and streets) that make parks successful. The lackof sufficient city life renders parks both dull and dangerous.

    PARK

    PUBLIC

    CULTURE

    AVEN

    UE

    AVENUE

    GRAND

    B

    A

    STREET TYPE

    BYE-LAW ARCHITECTURE

    INDENTITY

    PUBLIC

    SHARED

    SOCIAL HOUSING

    SEPARATE

    CONNECTED

    FORTRESS-CITIES...gradual establishment of so-called Fortress-cities where response to crime has led to spatial transformation that has changed cities into protected enclaves and often "no-go areas, adjacent to each other, that are separated by high walls, gates, electronic surveillance cameras and private security guards monitoring the access into these areas.

    GATES

    LIGHTING

    LEGIBILITY

    DEFINEDSPACE

    INFORMALSURVEILLANCE

    ALLEY - GATINGAlley-gating refers to the installation of gates to the alleys at the rear of terraced properties. This has occurred in many UK cities, of which Liverpool provides good examples

    FORM FOLLOWS FEAR

    While protagonists such as Jane Jacobshad already pointed to the relationship between crime and the built environment in the early sixties, it was in the 1970 and 80s that CPTED became more well-known through the work of Oscar Newman, Alice Coleman, etc. A number of other theorists and practitioners further developed or adapted the idea of CPTED, including Brantingham and Brantingham (1994), Crowe (1991), Poyner and Webb (1992); Ekblom (1995; 1997), Shaftoe (1996), etc.Many successes on different scales has been documented all across the world, for example the Clason Point Gardens project in New YorksBronx showed a significant 54% drop in the crime rate during the first yearof implementing environmental design measures. In some cases, however, italso contributed to the creation of fortress cities.

    NEIGBOURHOOD - GATINGA typical example of neighbourhood gating in London can be found in Dartmouth Park,Hampstead, called Holly Lodge Estate. The Estate comprises one enclosed neighbourhood

    JANE JACOBS

    HISTORICAL BUILDING CAPACITY

    RAYMON URWIN:He argued that better development of sites would be done if they were owned by smaller bodies.

    SOCIAL HOUSING IS UNIFORM.

    HOUSING FUNDED BY INDIVIDUALSHAS IDENTITY BY ONE'S NEEDS

    DISADVANTAGES:

    A) VERY LITTLE PRIVATE PLACEB) NO GARDEN SPACEC) OPEN SPACE DOES NOT CREATES COSINESSAND POROSITY

    Alleygating refers to the closure through gates of alleys, for example at the back of terrace housing, to prevent crime. Neighbourhood-gating encompasses a much larger area and involve closing entire existing neighbourhoods to prevent crime. This type of gated community can be distinguished from security villages or estates that are new private developments built with walls and access controlled entrances from the start.

    1997 - ELLIN

    SUBURBAN PUBLIC FUNCTIONIS SEPARATED FROM HOUSING UNITS

    HOUSING FUNCTION HAS PRIVATE GARDENS.

    THERE IS NO COMMON PUBLIC SPACE,CONNECTING IDIVIDUAL HOUSING UNITS

    SOCIAL AGEDA:

    OPEN SPACE FOR EVERYONE;

    TRADITIONAL AGENDA:

    CLOSED AND SEPARATE SPACE FOR PRIVATE OWNER, BUT ADDITIONAL COMMON PUBLICSPACE IS REQUIRED

    UNIFORMITY

    SUBURBS

    HOUSINGHOUSING

    HOUSINGHOUSING

    HOUSING

    HOUSING

    HOUSING

    HOUSING

    HOUSING

    HOUSIN

    G

    HOUSING

    HOUSIN

    G

    HOUSING

    HOUSIN

    G

    HOUSIN

    G

    INDUSTRY

    INDUSTRY

    INDUSTRY

    HOUSING

    FORTRESS

    HOUSING

    STA

    TION

    HOUSING

    INDUSTRY

    FOR EVERYONE

    RETAILINDUSTRY

    STA

    TION

    HOUSING

    HOUSING

    SCHOOL

    PUBLIC

    INDUSTRY

    HOUSING

    OPEN

    HOUSING

    HOUSING

    INDUSTR

    Y

    PUBLIC SPACECOURTYARD

    CLOSED

    FOR PRIVATE OWNER

    HOW TO ENSURE PRIVACY?

    WHAT IS THE MINIMAL LIVING SPACE FOR 1 FAMILY?

    POPULATIONDIFFERENCE IN DENCITY

    RETAIL

    2) There must be eyes on the street, meaning that inhabitants and owners get involved what is happing on the street and take action if necessary.

    3) The sidewalks should have continuously users on it

    PUBLIC

    STREET LIFE

    GARDEN STREET

    GARDEN

    STREET

    VERTICAL AND HORIZONTAL

    SUBURBAN HOUSING FUNCTION IS RELATED TO:A) GARDENB) STREET

    LIVING SPACE DIVIDE PRIVATE AND PUBLIC SPACE HORIZONTALLY

    THERE IS NO LAYERING VERTICAL LAYERING AS IN MIXED USE URBAN AREAS

    PRIVACY

    1) There must be a clear boundary between public and private space.

    GARDEN CITY

    FORM FOLLOWS FINANCE

    In essence, although there are additional influences, the increasing trend towardsfortification and privatisation is stronglyrelated to perceptions of fear and insecurity among urban residents. As such, Ellin (1997)argues that form follows fear in the contemporary city, resulting in people in perceived high risk areas constructing defensive enclaves of various forms and nature to protect their range of interests.In this sense, the ability to pay is essentialin many cases, which also incorporate a second theme, closely related to the first, namely that of form follows finance (Ellin 1997).

    Gang warfare by the poor Fortressing by the wealthy

    ALLOTM

    ENTS

    Projects are turned inward onto courtyards, away from streets and sidewalks.

    FARM

    MAIN ROAD

    BOULE

    VARD

    BOULEVARD

    RAILWAY

    GRAND

    There is little commerce or street life to keep eyes on the street.

    The lack of sidewalks leads to "Turf:

    ...while the curved road provides ever-changingdirection and views, the straight road - besidesbeing ...more comfortable for traffic - still has theability to be beautified by either letting it lead toan important element or beautifying its sides by trees or by breaking the lines. HAMSTEAD, WELVYN, LETCHWORTH

    UNIFORM VISTASDIFFERENT VISTAS

    One of the truisms of orthodox planning is the idea that parks and open space are in and of themselves healthy, positive additions to urban and suburban life genuine andinarguable improvements overthe asphalt and concrete of urbanstreets and sidewalks. Jacobs "turns this idea around by suggestingthat it is cities (their activity, their density,the interest that they bring in the form of foot traffic, the enclosure they provide by way of buildings and streets) that make parks successful. The lackof sufficient city life renders parks both dull and dangerous.

    PARK

    PUBLIC

    CULTURE

    AVEN

    UE

    AVENUE

    GRAND

    B

    A

    STREET TYPE

    BYE-LAW ARCHITECTURE

    INDENTITY

    PUBLIC

    SHARED

    SOCIAL HOUSING

    SEPARATE

    CONNECTED

    FORTRESS-CITIES...gradual establishment of so-called Fortress-cities where response to crime has led to spatial transformation that has changed cities into protected enclaves and often "no-go areas, adjacent to each other, that are separated by high walls, gates, electronic surveillance cameras and private security guards monitoring the access into these areas.

    GATES

    LIGHTING

    LEGIBILITY

    DEFINEDSPACE

    INFORMALSURVEILLANCE

    ALLEY - GATINGAlley-gating refers to the installation of gates to the alleys at the rear of terraced properties. This has occurred in many UK cities, of which Liverpool provides good examples

    FORM FOLLOWS FEAR

    While protagonists such as Jane Jacobshad already pointed to the relationship between crime and the built environment in the early sixties, it was in the 1970 and 80s that CPTED became more well-known through the work of Oscar Newman, Alice Coleman, etc. A number of other theorists and practitioners further developed or adapted the idea of CPTED, including Brantingham and Brantingham (1994), Crowe (1991), Poyner and Webb (1992); Ekblom (1995; 1997), Shaftoe (1996), etc.Many successes on different scales has been documented all across the world, for example the Clason Point Gardens project in New YorksBronx showed a significant 54% drop in the crime rate during the first yearof implementing environmental design measures. In some cases, however, italso contributed to the creation of fortress cities.

    NEIGBOURHOOD - GATINGA typical example of neighbourhood gating in London can be found in Dartmouth Park,Hampstead, called Holly Lodge Estate. The Estate comprises one enclosed neighbourhood

    JANE JACOBS

    HISTORICAL BUILDING CAPACITY

    RAYMON URWIN:He argued that better development of sites would be done if they were owned by smaller bodies.

    SOCIAL HOUSING IS UNIFORM.

    HOUSING FUNDED BY INDIVIDUALSHAS IDENTITY BY ONE'S NEEDS

    DISADVANTAGES:

    A) VERY LITTLE PRIVATE PLACEB) NO GARDEN SPACEC) OPEN SPACE DOES NOT CREATES COSINESSAND POROSITY

    Alleygating refers to the closure through gates of alleys, for example at the back of terrace housing, to prevent crime. Neighbourhood-gating encompasses a much larger area and involve closing entire existing neighbourhoods to prevent crime. This type of gated community can be distinguished from security villages or estates that are new private developments built with walls and access controlled entrances from the start.

    1997 - ELLIN

    SUBURBAN PUBLIC FUNCTIONIS SEPARATED FROM HOUSING UNITS

    HOUSING FUNCTION HAS PRIVATE GARDENS.

    THERE IS NO COMMON PUBLIC SPACE,CONNECTING IDIVIDUAL HOUSING UNITS

    SOCIAL AGEDA:

    OPEN SPACE FOR EVERYONE;

    TRADITIONAL AGENDA:

    CLOSED AND SEPARATE SPACE FOR PRIVATE OWNER, BUT ADDITIONAL COMMON PUBLICSPACE IS REQUIRED

    UNIFORMITY

    SUBURBS

    HOUSINGHOUSING

    HOUSINGHOUSING

    HOUSING

    HOUSING

    HOUSING

    HOUSING

    HOUSING

    HOUSIN

    G

    HOUSING

    HOUSIN

    G

    HOUSING

    HOUSIN

    G

    HOUSIN

    G

    INDUSTRY

    INDUSTRY

    INDUSTRY

    HOUSING

    FORTRESS

    HOUSING

    STA

    TION

    HOUSING

    INDUSTRY

    FOR EVERYONE

    RETAILINDUSTRY

    STA

    TION

    HOUSING

    HOUSING

    SCHOOL

    PUBLIC

    INDUSTRY

    HOUSING

    OPEN

    HOUSING

    HOUSING

    INDUSTR

    Y

    PUBLIC SPACECOURTYARD

    CLOSED

    FOR PRIVATE OWNER

    HOW TO ENSURE PRIVACY?

    WHAT IS THE MINIMAL LIVING SPACE FOR 1 FAMILY?

    POPULATIONDIFFERENCE IN DENCITY

    RETAIL

    2) There must be eyes on the street, meaning that inhabitants and owners get involved what is happing on the street and take action if necessary.

    3) The sidewalks should have continuously users on it

    PUBLIC

    STREET LIFE

    GARDEN STREET

    GARDEN

    STREET

    VERTICAL AND HORIZONTAL

    SUBURBAN HOUSING FUNCTION IS RELATED TO:A) GARDENB) STREET

    LIVING SPACE DIVIDE PRIVATE AND PUBLIC SPACE HORIZONTALLY

    THERE IS NO LAYERING VERTICAL LAYERING AS IN MIXED USE URBAN AREAS

    PRIVACY

    1) There must be a clear boundary between public and private space.

    GARDEN CITY

    FORM FOLLOWS FINANCE

    In essence, although there are additional influences, the increasing trend towardsfortification and privatisation is stronglyrelated to perceptions of fear and insecurity among urban residents. As such, Ellin (1997)argues that form follows fear in the contemporary city, resulting in people in perceived high risk areas constructing defensive enclaves of various forms and nature to protect their range of interests.In this sense, the ability to pay is essentialin many cases, which also incorporate a second theme, closely related to the first, namely that of form follows finance (Ellin 1997).

    Gang warfare by the poor Fortressing by the wealthy

    ALLOTM

    ENTS

    Projects are turned inward onto courtyards, away from streets and sidewalks.

    FARM

    MAIN ROAD

    BOULE

    VARD

    BOULEVARD

    RAILWAY

    GRAND

    There is little commerce or street life to keep eyes on the street.

    The lack of sidewalks leads to "Turf:

    ...while the curved road provides ever-changingdirection and views, the straight road - besidesbeing ...more comfortable for traffic - still has theability to be beautified by either letting it lead toan important element or beautifying its sides by trees or by breaking the lines. HAMSTEAD, WELVYN, LETCHWORTH

    UNIFORM VISTASDIFFERENT VISTAS

    One of the truisms of orthodox planning is the idea that parks and open space are in and of themselves healthy, positive additions to urban and suburban life genuine andinarguable improvements overthe asphalt and concrete of urbanstreets and sidewalks. Jacobs "turns this idea around by suggestingthat it is cities (their activity, their density,the interest that they bring in the form of foot traffic, the enclosure they provide by way of buildings and streets) that make parks successful. The lackof sufficient city life renders parks both dull and dangerous.

    PARK

    PUBLIC

    CULTURE

    AVEN

    UE

    AVENUE

    GRAND

    B

    A

    STREET TYPE

    BYE-LAW ARCHITECTURE

    INDENTITY

    PUBLIC

    SHARED

    SOCIAL HOUSING

    SEPARATE

    CONNECTED

    FORTRESS-CITIES...gradual establishment of so-called Fortress-cities where response to crime has led to spatial transformation that has changed cities into protected enclaves and often "no-go areas, adjacent to each other, that are separated by high walls, gates, electronic surveillance cameras and private security guards monitoring the access into these areas.

    GATES

    LIGHTING

    LEGIBILITY

    DEFINEDSPACE

    INFORMALSURVEILLANCE

    ALLEY - GATINGAlley-gating refers to the installation of gates to the alleys at the rear of terraced properties. This has occurred in many UK cities, of which Liverpool provides good examples

    FORM FOLLOWS FEAR

    While protagonists such as Jane Jacobshad already pointed to the relationship between crime and the built environment in the early sixties, it was in the 1970 and 80s that CPTED became more well-known through the work of Oscar Newman, Alice Coleman, etc. A number of other theorists and practitioners further developed or adapted the idea of CPTED, including Brantingham and Brantingham (1994), Crowe (1991), Poyner and Webb (1992); Ekblom (1995; 1997), Shaftoe (1996), etc.Many successes on different scales has been documented all across the world, for example the Clason Point Gardens project in New YorksBronx showed a significant 54% drop in the crime rate during the first yearof implementing environmental design measures. In some cases, however, italso contributed to the creation of fortress cities.

    NEIGBOURHOOD - GATINGA typical example of neighbourhood gating in London can be found in Dartmouth Park,Hampstead, called Holly Lodge Estate. The Estate comprises one enclosed neighbourhood

    JANE JACOBS

    HISTORICAL BUILDING CAPACITY

    RAYMON URWIN:He argued that better development of sites would be done if they were owned by smaller bodies.

    SOCIAL HOUSING IS UNIFORM.

    HOUSING FUNDED BY INDIVIDUALSHAS IDENTITY BY ONE'S NEEDS

    DISADVANTAGES:

    A) VERY LITTLE PRIVATE PLACEB) NO GARDEN SPACEC) OPEN SPACE DOES NOT CREATES COSINESSAND POROSITY

    Alleygating refers to the closure through gates of alleys, for example at the back of terrace housing, to prevent crime. Neighbourhood-gating encompasses a much larger area and involve closing entire existing neighbourhoods to prevent crime. This type of gated community can be distinguished from security villages or estates that are new private developments built with walls and access controlled entrances from the start.

    1997 - ELLIN

    SUBURBAN PUBLIC FUNCTIONIS SEPARATED FROM HOUSING UNITS

    HOUSING FUNCTION HAS PRIVATE GARDENS.

    THERE IS NO COMMON PUBLIC SPACE,CONNECTING IDIVIDUAL HOUSING UNITS

    SOCIAL AGEDA:

    OPEN SPACE FOR EVERYONE;

    TRADITIONAL AGENDA:

    CLOSED AND SEPARATE SPACE FOR PRIVATE OWNER, BUT ADDITIONAL COMMON PUBLICSPACE IS REQUIRED

    UNIFORMITY

    SUBURBS

    HOUSINGHOUSING

    HOUSINGHOUSING

    HOUSING

    HOUSING

    HOUSING

    HOUSING

    HOUSING

    HOUSIN

    G

    HOUSING

    HOUSIN

    G

    HOUSING

    HOUSIN

    G

    HOUSIN

    G

    INDUSTRY

    INDUSTRY

    INDUSTRY

  • 40

    JANE JACOBSMAP

    THIS MAP CALCULATES SHORTEST DISTANCES BETWEEN FUNCTIONS OF INTEREST.

    ONE OF THE TRUISMS OF ORTHODOX PLANNING IS THE IDEA THAT PARKS AND OPEN SPACE ARE IN AND OF THEMSELVES HEALTHY, POSITIVE ADDITIONS TO URBAN AND SUBURBAN LIFE GENUINE AND INARGUABLE IMPROVEMENTS OVER THE ASPHALT AND CONCREATE OF URBAN STREETS AND SIDEWALKS. JACOBS TURNS THIS IDEA AROUND BY SUGGESTING THAT IT IS CITIES (THEIR ACTIVITY, THEIR DENSITY, THE INTEREST THAT THEY BRING IN THE FORM OF FOOT TRAFFIC, THE ENCLOSURE THEY PROVIDE BY WAY OF BUILD-INGS AND STREETS, THAT MAKE PARKS SUCCESS-FUL. THE LACK OF SUFFICIENT CITY LIFE REN-DERS PARKS BOTH DLL AND DANGEROUS.)

    THERE IS LITTLE COMMERCE OR STREET LIFE TO KEEP EYES ON THE STREET. PROJECTS ARE TURNED INWARD ONTO COURTYARDS, AWAY FROM STREETS AND SIDEWALKS. GANG WARFARE BY THE POOR AND FORTRESSING BY THE WEALTHY.

    WHICH STREETS JANE I COULD DEVEL-OP?

    SH

    OR

    TES

    T DIS

    TAN

    CE

    MA

    PS

    UP

    ER

    PO

    SITIO

    N O

    F PATHS

    B

    AB B

    B

    B B B

    BB

    B BB

    BB

    B

    B

    B

    B

    B

    BBB

    BBB

    B

    BB

    B

    BB

    B

    BB

    B

    B

    B

    BB

    B

    BB

    BB

    BB

    B

    B

    B

    BB

    B

    BB

    BB

    B

    B

    BB

    BB

    BB

    B

    BBBB

    B

    B BB B

    B

    B B

    B B

    B

    B BB

    B

    BB

    B

    B

    BBB

    B

    BBBBB

    B B

    B

    B

    Shortest ways between point A and multiple points of interest B in a superimposed map.

    ELEMENT2D/3D

    COMPOSITION

    HOUSING

    HOUSING

    HOUSING

    SHOPPINGHOUSING HOUSING

    HOUSING

    FUNCTIONSECTION

    SYMMETRY AXIS

    HOUSINGHOUSING

    HOUSING

    STREET TYPES

    GROUND RELATION

    HOUSING

    HOUSING

    ENTRANCE

    PLANCONFIGURATION

    NEWHAM

    TRAFFIC

    TWO WAY SHOPPING STREET

    PARKING

    MAIN STREET

    RECREAT.

    PRIVATE

    AIR

    UNDERGROUND

    PUBLIC

    PUBLIC

    RECREATION

    UNDERGROUND

    PUBLIC

    UNDERGROUND

    AIR

    RECREAT.

    AIR

    PRIVATE

    PRIVATE

    PUBLIC

    UNDERGROUND

    AIR

    RECREATIONRECREATION

    TRAFFIC

    BUS

    PEDESTR

    IANS

    PEDESTR

    IANS

    PRIVATE

    AIR

    UNDERGROUND

    ONE WAY STREET

    PEDESTR

    IANS

    PRIVATE

    GARDEN

    TRAFFIC

    PARKING

    PUBLIC

    ELEMENT2D/3D

    COMPOSITION

    HOUSING

    HOUSING

    HOUSING

    SHOPPINGHOUSING HOUSING

    HOUSING

    FUNCTIONSECTION

    SYMMETRY AXIS

    HOUSINGHOUSING

    HOUSING

    STREET TYPES

    GROUND RELATION

    HOUSING

    HOUSING

    ENTRANCE

    PLANCONFIGURATION

    NEWHAM

    TRAFFIC

    TWO WAY SHOPPING STREET

    PARKING

    MAIN STREET

    RECREAT.

    PRIVATE

    AIR

    UNDERGROUND

    PUBLIC

    PUBLIC

    RECREATION

    UNDERGROUND

    PUBLIC

    UNDERGROUND

    AIR

    RECREAT.

    AIR

    PRIVATE

    PRIVATE

    PUBLIC

    UNDERGROUND

    AIR

    RECREATIONRECREATION

    TRAFFIC

    BUS

    PEDESTR

    IANS

    PEDESTR

    IANS

    PRIVATE

    AIR

    UNDERGROUND

    ONE WAY STREET

    PEDESTR

    IANS

    PRIVATE

    GARDEN

    TRAFFIC

    PARKING

    PUBLIC

    ELEMENT2D/3D

    COMPOSITION

    HOUSING

    HOUSING

    HOUSING

    SHOPPINGHOUSING HOUSING

    HOUSING

    FUNCTIONSECTION

    SYMMETRY AXIS

    HOUSINGHOUSING

    HOUSING

    STREET TYPES

    GROUND RELATION

    HOUSING

    HOUSING

    ENTRANCE

    PLANCONFIGURATION

    NEWHAM

    TRAFFIC

    TWO WAY SHOPPING STREET

    PARKING

    MAIN STREET

    RECREAT.

    PRIVATE

    AIR

    UNDERGROUND

    PUBLIC

    PUBLIC

    RECREATION

    UNDERGROUND

    PUBLIC

    UNDERGROUND

    AIR

    RECREAT.

    AIR

    PRIVATE

    PRIVATE

    PUBLIC

    UNDERGROUND

    AIR

    RECREATIONRECREATION

    TRAFFIC

    BUS

    PEDESTR

    IANS

    PEDESTR

    IANS

    PRIVATE

    AIR

    UNDERGROUND

    ONE WAY STREET

    PEDESTR

    IANS

    PRIVATE

    GARDEN

    TRAFFIC

    PARKING

    PUBLIC

    MA

    PP

    ING

  • 41

    ATTRACTOR POINTSMAP

    THIS MAP SHOWS BUILDING AND SPACE AROUND THAT REPRESENT ALL THE FUNCTIONS EXCEPT FROM HOUSING ANDRETAIL

    IF THE FUNCTION UNIT IS FAR AWAY FROM THE SAME FUNCTION UNIT IT BE-COMES LESS IMPORTANT. ONE TEND TO GO TO PLACE THAT ARE CLOSE TO YOU RATHER FAR AWAY.

    NEWHAM - INDUSTRIAL URBAN FABRIC WITH ROW OF SINGLE FAMILY HOUSES. THEY ARE CLOSED IN PRIVATE COURT-YARDS.HOWEVER THEY ARE INTERUPT-ED BY FRAGMENTED PUBLIC FUNCTION IN THE SAME 4 CORNER URBAN BLOCK BOUNDARY AREA.

    DIS

    TAN

    CE

    FUN

    CTIO

    N M

    AP

    PATH IN

    TER

    SE

    TION

    AS

    NO

    DS

    TRA

    FFIC IN

    TES

    ITY IN

    2D P

    LAN

    Green Spaces Religious buildings Hotels Public buildings Education facilities

    Education facilitiesPublic buildingsHotelsReligious buildingsGreen Spaces

    Green Spaces

    Green Spaces Religious buildings Hotels Public buildings Education facilities

    Education facilitiesPublic buildingsHotelsReligious buildingsGreen Spaces

    Green Spaces

    HOUSING

    FORTRESS

    HOUSING

    STA

    TION

    HOUSING

    INDUSTRY

    FOR EVERYONE

    RETAILINDUSTRY

    STA

    TION

    HOUSING

    HOUSING

    SCHOOL

    PUBLIC

    INDUSTRY

    HOUSING

    OPEN

    HOUSING

    HOUSING

    INDUSTR

    Y

    PUBLIC SPACECOURTYARD

    CLOSED

    FOR PRIVATE OWNER

    HOW TO ENSURE PRIVACY?

    WHAT IS THE MINIMAL LIVING SPACE FOR 1 FAMILY?

    POPULATIONDIFFERENCE IN DENCITY

    RETAIL

    2) There must be eyes on the street, meaning that inhabitants and owners get involved what is happing on the street and take action if necessary.

    3) The sidewalks should have continuously users on it

    PUBLIC

    STREET LIFE

    GARDEN STREET

    GARDEN

    STREET

    VERTICAL AND HORIZONTAL

    SUBURBAN HOUSING FUNCTION IS RELATED TO:A) GARDENB) STREET

    LIVING SPACE DIVIDE PRIVATE AND PUBLIC SPACE HORIZONTALLY

    THERE IS NO LAYERING VERTICAL LAYERING AS IN MIXED USE URBAN AREAS

    PRIVACY

    1) There must be a clear boundary between public and private space.

    GARDEN CITY

    FORM FOLLOWS FINANCE

    In essence, although there are additional influences, the increasing trend towardsfortification and privatisation is stronglyrelated to perceptions of fear and insecurity among urban residents. As such, Ellin (1997)argues that form follows fear in the contemporary city, resulting in people in perceived high risk areas constructing defensive enclaves of various forms and nature to protect their range of interests.In this sense, the ability to pay is essentialin many cases, which also incorporate a second theme, closely related to the first, namely that of form follows finance (Ellin 1997).

    Gang warfare by the poor Fortressing by the wealthy

    ALLOTM

    ENTS

    Projects are turned inward onto courtyards, away from streets and sidewalks.

    FARM

    MAIN ROAD

    BOULE

    VARD

    BOULEVARD

    RAILWAY

    GRAND

    There is little commerce or street life to keep eyes on the street.

    The lack of sidewalks leads to "Turf:

    ...while the curved road provides ever-changingdirection and views, the straight road - besidesbeing ...more comfortable for traffic - still has theability to be beautified by either letting it lead toan important element or beautifying its sides by trees or by breaking the lines. HAMSTEAD, WELVYN, LETCHWORTH

    UNIFORM VISTASDIFFERENT VISTAS

    One of the truisms of orthodox planning is the idea that parks and open space are in and of themselves healthy, positive additions to urban and suburban life genuine andinarguable improvements overthe asphalt and concrete of urbanstreets and sidewalks. Jacobs "turns this idea around by suggestingthat it is cities (their activity, their density,the interest that they bring in the form of foot traffic, the enclosure they provide by way of buildings and streets) that make parks successful. The lackof sufficient city life renders parks both dull and dangerous.

    PARK

    PUBLIC

    CULTURE

    AVEN

    UE

    AVENUE

    GRAND

    B

    A

    STREET TYPE

    BYE-LAW ARCHITECTURE

    INDENTITY

    PUBLIC

    SHARED

    SOCIAL HOUSING

    SEPARATE

    CONNECTED

    FORTRESS-CITIES...gradual establishment of so-called Fortress-cities where response to crime has led to spatial transformation that has changed cities into protected enclaves and often "no-go areas, adjacent to each other, that are separated by high walls, gates, electronic surveillance cameras and private security guards monitoring the access into these areas.

    GATES

    LIGHTING

    LEGIBILITY

    DEFINEDSPACE

    INFORMALSURVEILLANCE

    ALLEY - GATINGAlley-gating refers to the installation of gates to the alleys at the rear of terraced properties. This has occurred in many UK cities, of which Liverpool provides good examples

    FORM FOLLOWS FEAR

    While protagonists such as Jane Jacobshad already pointed to the relationship between crime and the built environment in the early sixties, it was in the 1970 and 80s that CPTED became more well-known through the work of Oscar Newman, Alice Coleman, etc. A number of other theorists and practitioners further developed or adapted the idea of CPTED, including Brantingham and Brantingham (1994), Crowe (1991), Poyner and Webb (1992); Ekblom (1995; 1997), Shaftoe (1996), etc.Many successes on different scales has been documented all across the world, for example the Clason Point Gardens project in New YorksBronx showed a significant 54% drop in the crime rate during the first yearof implementing environmental design measures. In some cases, however, italso contributed to the creation of fortress cities.

    NEIGBOURHOOD - GATINGA typical example of neighbourhood gating in London can be found in Dartmouth Park,Hampstead, called Holly Lodge Estate. The Estate comprises one enclosed neighbourhood

    JANE JACOBS

    HISTORICAL BUILDING CAPACITY

    RAYMON URWIN:He argued that better development of sites would be done if they were owned by smaller bodies.

    SOCIAL HOUSING IS UNIFORM.

    HOUSING FUNDED BY INDIVIDUALSHAS IDENTITY BY ONE'S NEEDS

    DISADVANTAGES:

    A) VERY LITTLE PRIVATE PLACEB) NO GARDEN SPACEC) OPEN SPACE DOES NOT CREATES COSINESSAND POROSITY

    Alleygating refers to the closure through gates of alleys, for example at the back of terrace housing, to prevent crime. Neighbourhood-gating encompasses a much larger area and involve closing entire existing neighbourhoods to prevent crime. This type of gated community can be distinguished from security villages or estates that are new private developments built with walls and access controlled entrances from the start.

    1997 - ELLIN

    SUBURBAN PUBLIC FUNCTIONIS SEPARATED FROM HOUSING UNITS

    HOUSING FUNCTION HAS PRIVATE GARDENS.

    THERE IS NO COMMON PUBLIC SPACE,CONNECTING IDIVIDUAL HOUSING UNITS

    SOCIAL AGEDA:

    OPEN SPACE FOR EVERYONE;

    TRADITIONAL AGENDA:

    CLOSED AND SEPARATE SPACE FOR PRIVATE OWNER, BUT ADDITIONAL COMMON PUBLICSPACE IS REQUIRED

    UNIFORMITY

    SUBURBS

    HOUSINGHOUSING

    HOUSINGHOUSING

    HOUSING

    HOUSING

    HOUSING

    HOUSING

    HOUSING

    HOUSIN

    G

    HOUSING

    HOUSIN

    G

    HOUSING

    HOUSIN

    G

    HOUSIN

    G

    INDUSTRY

    INDUSTRY

    INDUSTRY

    Modernist approach = New development

    Connection of urban blocks

    Jane Jabos = Active Street(instead of closed urban courtyard)

    Modernist approach = New development

    Connection of urban blocks

    Jane Jabos = Active Street(instead of closed urban courtyard)

    Modernist approach = New development

    Connection of urban blocks

    Jane Jabos = Active Street(instead of closed urban courtyard)

    Green Spaces Religious buildings Hotels Public buildings Education facilities

    Education facilitiesPublic buildingsHotelsReligious buildingsGreen Spaces

    Green Spaces

    Green Spaces Religious buildings Hotels Public buildings Education facilities

    Education facilitiesPublic buildingsHotelsReligious buildingsGreen Spaces

    Green Spaces

  • 42

    RE

    TAIL FU

    NC

    TION

    MA

    P

    HOUSING

    FORTRESS

    HOUSING

    STA

    TION

    HOUSING

    INDUSTRY

    FOR EVERYONE

    RETAILINDUSTRY

    STA

    TION

    HOUSING

    HOUSING

    SCHOOL

    PUBLIC

    INDUSTRY

    HOUSING

    OPEN

    HOUSING

    HOUSING

    INDUSTR

    Y

    PUBLIC SPACECOURTYARD

    CLOSED

    FOR PRIVATE OWNER

    HOW TO ENSURE PRIVACY?

    WHAT IS THE MINIMAL LIVING SPACE FOR 1 FAMILY?

    POPULATIONDIFFERENCE IN DENCITY

    RETAIL

    2) There must be eyes on the street, meaning that inhabitants and owners get involved what is happing on the street and take action if necessary.

    3) The sidewalks should have continuously users on it

    PUBLIC

    STREET LIFE

    GARDEN STREET

    GARDEN

    STREET

    VERTICAL AND HORIZONTAL

    SUBURBAN HOUSING FUNCTION IS RELATED TO:A) GARDENB) STREET

    LIVING SPACE DIVIDE PRIVATE AND PUBLIC SPACE HORIZONTALLY

    THERE IS NO LAYERING VERTICAL LAYERING AS IN MIXED USE URBAN AREAS

    PRIVACY

    1) There must be a clear boundary between public and private space.

    GARDEN CITY

    FORM FOLLOWS FINANCE

    In essence, although there are additional influences, the increasing trend towardsfortification and privatisation is stronglyrelated to perceptions of fear and insecurity among urban residents. As such, Ellin (1997)argues that form follows fear in the contemporary city, resulting in people in perceived high risk areas constructing defensive enclaves of various forms and nature to protect their range of interests.In this sense, the ability to pay is essentialin many cases, which also incorporate a second theme, closely related to the first, namely that of form follows finance (Ellin 1997).

    Gang warfare by the poor Fortressing by the wealthy

    ALLOTM

    ENTS

    Projects are turned inward onto courtyards, away from streets and sidewalks.

    FARM

    MAIN ROAD

    BOULE

    VARD

    BOULEVARD

    RAILWAY

    GRAND

    There is little commerce or street life to keep eyes on the street.

    The lack of sidewalks leads to "Turf:

    ...while the curved road provides ever-changingdirection and views, the straight road - besidesbeing ...more comfortable for traffic - still has theability to be beautified by either letting it lead toan important element or beautifying its sides by trees or by breaking the lines. HAMSTEAD, WELVYN, LETCHWORTH

    UNIFORM VISTASDIFFERENT VISTAS

    One of the truisms of orthodox planning is the idea that parks and open space are in and of themselves healthy, positive additions to urban and suburban life genuine andinarguable improvements overthe asphalt and concrete of urbanstreets and sidewalks. Jacobs "turns this idea around by suggestingthat it is cities (their activity, their density,the interest that they bring in the form of foot traffic, the enclosure they provide by way of buildings and streets) that make parks successful. The lackof sufficient city life renders parks both dull and dangerous.

    PARK

    PUBLIC

    CULTURE

    AVEN

    UE

    AVENUE

    GRAND

    B

    A

    STREET TYPE

    BYE-LAW ARCHITECTURE

    INDENTITY

    PUBLIC

    SHARED

    SOCIAL HOUSING

    SEPARATE

    CONNECTED

    FORTRESS-CITIES...gradual establishment of so-called Fortress-cities where response to crime has led to spatial transformation that has changed cities into protected enclaves and often "no-go areas, adjacent to each other, that are separated by high walls, gates, electronic surveillance cameras and private security guards monitoring the access into these areas.

    GATES

    LIGHTING

    LEGIBILITY

    DEFINEDSPACE

    INFORMALSURVEILLANCE

    ALLEY - GATINGAlley-gating refers to the installation of gates to the alleys at the rear of terraced properties. This has occurred in many UK cities, of which Liverpool provides good examples

    FORM FOLLOWS FEAR

    While protagonists such as Jane Jacobshad already pointed to the relationship between crime and the built environment in the early sixties, it was in the 1970 and 80s that CPTED became more well-known through the work of Oscar Newman, Alice Coleman, etc. A number of other theorists and practitioners further developed or adapted the idea of CPTED, including Brantingham and Brantingham (1994), Crowe (1991), Poyner and Webb (1992); Ekblom (1995; 1997), Shaftoe (1996), etc.Many successes on different scales has been documented all across the world, for example the Clason Point Gardens project in New YorksBronx showed a significant 54% drop in the crime rate during the first yearof implementing environmental design measures. In some cases, however, italso contributed to the creation of fortress cities.

    NEIGBOURHOOD - GATINGA typical example of neighbourhood gating in London can be found in Dartmouth Park,Hampstead, called Holly Lodge Estate. The Estate comprises one enclosed neighbourhood

    JANE JACOBS

    HISTORICAL BUILDING CAPACITY

    RAYMON URWIN:He argued that better development of sites would be done if they were owned by smaller bodies.

    SOCIAL HOUSING IS UNIFORM.

    HOUSING FUNDED BY INDIVIDUALSHAS IDENTITY BY ONE'S NEEDS

    DISADVANTAGES:

    A) VERY LITTLE PRIVATE PLACEB) NO GARDEN SPACEC) OPEN SPACE DOES NOT CREATES COSINESSAND POROSITY

    Alleygating refers to the closure through gates of alleys, for example at the back of terrace housing, to prevent crime. Neighbourhood-gating encompasses a much larger area and involve closing entire existing neighbourhoods to prevent crime. This type of gated community can be distinguished from security villages or estates that are new private developments built with walls and access controlled entrances from the start.

    1997 - ELLIN

    SUBURBAN PUBLIC FUNCTIONIS SEPARATED FROM HOUSING UNITS

    HOUSING FUNCTION HAS PRIVATE GARDENS.

    THERE IS NO COMMON PUBLIC SPACE,CONNECTING IDIVIDUAL HOUSING UNITS

    SOCIAL AGEDA:

    OPEN SPACE FOR EVERYONE;

    TRADITIONAL AGENDA:

    CLOSED AND SEPARATE SPACE FOR PRIVATE OWNER, BUT ADDITIONAL COMMON PUBLICSPACE IS REQUIRED

    UNIFORMITY

    SUBURBS

    HOUSINGHOUSING

    HOUSINGHOUSING

    HOUSING

    HOUSING

    HOUSING

    HOUSING

    HOUSING

    HOUSIN

    G

    HOUSING

    HOUSIN

    G

    HOUSING

    HOUSIN

    G

    HOUSIN

    G

    INDUSTRY

    INDUSTRY

    INDUSTRY

    HOUSING

    FORTRESS

    HOUSING

    STA

    TION

    HOUSING

    INDUSTRY

    FOR EVERYONE

    RETAILINDUSTRY

    STA

    TION

    HOUSING

    HOUSING

    SCHOOL

    PUBLIC

    INDUSTRY

    HOUSING

    OPEN

    HOUSING

    HOUSING

    INDUSTR

    Y

    PUBLIC SPACECOURTYARD

    CLOSED

    FOR PRIVATE OWNER

    HOW TO ENSURE PRIVACY?

    WHAT IS THE MINIMAL LIVING SPACE FOR 1 FAMILY?

    POPULATIONDIFFERENCE IN DENCITY

    RETAIL

    2) There must be eyes on the street, meaning that inhabitants and owners get involved what is happing on the street and take action if necessary.

    3) The sidewalks should have continuously users on it

    PUBLIC

    STREET LIFE

    GARDEN STREET

    GARDEN

    STREET

    VERTICAL AND HORIZONTAL

    SUBURBAN HOUSING FUNCTION IS RELATED TO:A) GARDENB) STREET

    LIVING SPACE DIVIDE PRIVATE AND PUBLIC SPACE HORIZONTALLY

    THERE IS NO LAYERING VERTICAL LAYERING AS IN MIXED USE URBAN AREAS

    PRIVACY

    1) There must be a clear boundary between public and private space.

    GARDEN CITY

    FORM FOLLOWS FINANCE

    In essence, although there are additional influences, the increasing trend towardsfortification and privatisation is stronglyrelated to perceptions of fear and insecurity among urban residents. As such, Ellin (1997)argues that form follows fear in the contemporary city, resulting in people in perceived high risk areas constructing defensive enclaves of various forms and nature to protect their range of interests.In this sense, the ability to pay is essentialin many cases, which also incorporate a second theme, closely related to the first, namely that of form follows finance (Ellin 1997).

    Gang warfare by the poor Fortressing by the wealthy

    ALLOTM

    ENTS

    Projects are turned inward onto courtyards, away from streets and sidewalks.

    FARM

    MAIN ROAD

    BOULE

    VARD

    BOULEVARD

    RAILWAY

    GRAND

    There is little commerce or street life to keep eyes on the street.

    The lack of sidewalks leads to "Turf:

    ...while the curved road provides ever-changingdirection and views, the straight road - besidesbeing ...more comfortable for traffic - still has theability to be beautified by either letting it lead toan important element or beautifying its sides by trees or by breaking the lines. HAMSTEAD, WELVYN, LETCHWORTH

    UNIFORM VISTASDIFFERENT VISTAS

    One of the truisms of orthodox planning is the idea that parks and open space are in and of themselves healthy, positive additions to urban and suburban life genuine andinarguable improvements overthe asphalt and concrete of urbanstreets and sidewalks. Jacobs "turns this idea around by suggestingthat it is cities (their activity, their density,the interest that they bring in the form of foot traffic, the enclosure they provide by way of buildings and streets) that make parks successful. The lackof sufficient city life renders parks both dull and dangerous.

    PARK

    PUBLIC

    CULTURE

    AVEN

    UE

    AVENUE

    GRAND

    B

    A

    STREET TYPE

    BYE-LAW ARCHITECTURE

    INDENTITY

    PUBLIC

    SHARED

    SOCIAL HOUSING

    SEPARATE

    CONNECTED

    FORTRESS-CITIES...gradual establishment of so-called Fortress-cities where response to crime has led to spatial transformation that has changed cities into protected enclaves and often "no-go areas, adjacent to each other, that are separated by high walls, gates, electronic surveillance cameras and private security guards monitoring the access into these areas.

    GATES

    LIGHTING

    LEGIBILITY

    DEFINEDSPACE

    INFORMALSURVEILLANCE

    ALLEY - GATINGAlley-gating refers to the installation of gates to the alleys at the rear of terraced properties. This has occurred in many UK cities, of which Liverpool provides good examples

    FORM FOLLOWS FEAR

    While protagonists such as Jane Jacobshad already pointed to the relationship between crime and the built environment in the early sixties, it was in the 1970 and 80s that CPTED became more well-known through the work of Oscar Newman, Alice Coleman, etc. A number of other theorists and practitioners further developed or adapted the idea of CPTED, including Brantingham and Brantingham (1994), Crowe (1991), Poyner and Webb (1992); Ekblom (1995; 1997), Shaftoe (1996), etc.Many successes on different scales has been documented all across the world, for example the Clason Point Gardens project in New YorksBronx showed a significant 54% drop in the crime rate during the first yearof implementing environmental design measures. In some cases, however, italso contributed to the creation of fortress cities.

    NEIGBOURHOOD - GATINGA typical example of neighbourhood gating in London can be found in Dartmouth Park,Hampstead, called Holly Lodge Estate. The Estate comprises one enclosed neighbourhood

    JANE JACOBS

    HISTORICAL BUILDING CAPACITY

    RAYMON URWIN:He argued that better development of sites would be done if they were owned by smaller bodies.

    SOCIAL HOUSING IS UNIFORM.

    HOUSING FUNDED BY INDIVIDUALSHAS IDENTITY BY ONE'S NEEDS

    DISADVANTAGES:

    A) VERY LITTLE PRIVATE PLACEB) NO GARDEN SPACEC) OPEN SPACE DOES NOT CREATES COSINESSAND POROSITY

    Alleygating refers to the closure through gates of alleys, for example at the back of terrace housing, to prevent crime. Neighbourhood-gating encompasses a much larger area and involve closing entire existing neighbourhoods to prevent crime. This type of gated community can be distinguished from security villages or estates that are new private developments built with walls and access controlled entrances from the start.

    1997 - ELLIN

    SUBURBAN PUBLIC FUNCTIONIS SEPARATED FROM HOUSING UNITS

    HOUSING FUNCTION HAS PRIVATE GARDENS.

    THERE IS NO COMMON PUBLIC SPACE,CONNECTING IDIVIDUAL HOUSING UNITS

    SOCIAL AGEDA:

    OPEN SPACE FOR EVERYONE;

    TRADITIONAL AGENDA:

    CLOSED AND SEPARATE SPACE FOR PRIVATE OWNER, BUT ADDITIONAL COMMON PUBLICSPACE IS REQUIRED

    UNIFORMITY

    SUBURBS

    HOUSINGHOUSING

    HOUSINGHOUSING

    HOUSING

    HOUSING

    HOUSING

    HOUSING

    HOUSING

    HOUSIN

    G

    HOUSING

    HOUSIN

    G

    HOUSING

    HOUSIN

    G

    HOUSIN

    G

    INDUSTRY

    INDUSTRY

    INDUSTRY

    ENDOSCELETONMAP

    THIS MAP SHOWS TRANSPORT STOPS AND RETAIL FUNCTION MERGED IN ONE LAYER.

    AS A RESULT, MAIN STREETS OF NEWHAM BECOMES LIKE EDOSCELETON WHERE MAJOR FLOWS OF BOUROUGH HAPPENS.

    1. THERE MUST BE CLEAR BOUNDARY BETWEEN PUBLIC AND PRIVATE SPACE.

    2. THERE MUST BE EYES ON THE STREET, MEANING THAT INHABITANTS AND OWN-ERS GET INVOLVES WHAT IS HAPPENING ON THE STREET AND TAKE ACTION IF NECESSARY.

    SIDEWALKS SHOULD HAVE CONTINOUSLY USERS

    MA

    PP

    ING

  • 43

    POPULATION DENSITYMAP

    THIS MAP SHOWS POPULATION DENSITY IN DIFFERENT AREAS OF NEWHAM. HIGHLIGHTED AREAS ARE BETWEEN MIN AND MAX DENSITY VALUES.

    HOUSING

    FORTRESS

    HOUSING

    STA

    TION

    HOUSING

    INDUSTRY

    FOR EVERYONE

    RETAILINDUSTRY

    STA

    TION

    HOUSING

    HOUSING

    SCHOOL

    PUBLIC

    INDUSTRY

    HOUSING

    OPEN

    HOUSING

    HOUSING

    INDUSTR

    Y

    PUBLIC SPACECOURTYARD

    CLOSED

    FOR PRIVATE OWNER

    HOW TO ENSURE PRIVACY?

    WHAT IS THE MINIMAL LIVING SPACE FOR 1 FAMILY?

    POPULATIONDIFFERENCE IN DENCITY

    RETAIL

    2) There must be eyes on the street, meaning that inhabitants and owners get involved what is happing on the street and take action if necessary.

    3) The sidewalks should have continuously users on it

    PUBLIC

    STREET LIFE

    GARDEN STREET

    GARDEN

    STREET

    VERTICAL AND HORIZONTAL

    SUBURBAN HOUSING FUNCTION IS RELATED TO:A) GARDENB) STREET

    LIVING SPACE DIVIDE PRIVATE AND PUBLIC SPACE HORIZONTALLY

    THERE IS NO LAYERING VERTICAL LAYERING AS IN MIXED USE URBAN AREAS

    PRIVACY

    1) There must be a clear boundary between public and private space.

    GARDEN CITY

    FORM FOLLOWS FINANCE

    In essence, although there are additional influences, the increasing trend towardsfortification and privatisation is stronglyrelated to perceptions of fear and insecurity among urban residents. As such, Ellin (1997)argues that form follows fear in the contemporary city, resulting in people in perceived high risk areas constructing defensive enclaves of various forms and nature to protect their range of interests.In this sense, the ability to pay is essentialin many cases, which also incorporate a second theme, closely related to the first, namely that of form follows finance (Ellin 1997).

    Gang warfare by the poor Fortressing by the wealthy

    ALLOTM

    ENTS

    Projects are turned inward onto courtyards, away from streets and sidewalks.

    FARM

    MAIN ROAD

    BOULE

    VARD

    BOULEVARD

    RAILWAY

    GRAND

    There is little commerce or street life to keep eyes on the street.

    The lack of sidewalks leads to "Turf:

    ...while the curved road provides ever-changingdirection and views, the straight road - besidesbeing ...more comfortable for traffic - still has theability to be beautified by either letting it lead toan important element or beautifying its sides by trees or by breaking the lines. HAMSTEAD, WELVYN, LETCHWORTH

    UNIFORM VISTASDIFFERENT VISTAS

    One of the truisms of orthodox planning is the idea that parks and open space are in and of themselves healthy, positive additions to urban and suburban life genuine andinarguable improvements overthe asphalt and concrete of urbanstreets and sidewalks. Jacobs "turns this idea around by suggestingthat it is cities (their activity, their density,the interest that they bring in the form of foot traffic, the enclosure they provide by way of buildings and streets) that make parks successful. The lackof sufficient city life renders parks both dull and dangerous.

    PARK

    PUBLIC

    CULTURE

    AVEN

    UE

    AVENUE

    GRAND

    B

    A

    STREET TYPE

    BYE-LAW ARCHITECTURE

    INDENTITY

    PUBLIC

    SHARED

    SOCIAL HOUSING

    SEPARATE

    CONNECTED

    FORTRESS-CITIES...gradual establishment of so-called Fortress-cities where response to crime has led to spatial transformation that has changed cities into protected enclaves and often "no-go areas, adjacent to each other, that are separated by high walls, gates, electronic surveillance cameras and private security guards monitoring the access into these areas.

    GATES

    LIGHTING

    LEGIBILITY

    DEFINEDSPACE

    INFORMALSURVEILLANCE

    ALLEY - GATINGAlley-gating refers to the installation of gates to the alleys at the rear of terraced properties. This has occurred in many UK cities, of which Liverpool provides good examples

    FORM FOLLOWS FEAR

    While protagonists such as Jane Jacobshad already pointed to the relationship between crime and the built environment in the early sixties, it was in the 1970 and 80s that CPTED became more well-known through the work of Oscar Newman, Alice Coleman, etc. A number of other theorists and practitioners further developed or adapted the idea of CPTED, including Brantingham and Brantingham (1994), Crowe (1991), Poyner and Webb (1992); Ekblom (1995; 1997), Shaftoe (1996), etc.Many successes on different scales has been documented all across the world, for example the Clason Point Gardens project in New YorksBronx showed a significant 54% drop in the crime rate during the first yearof implementing environmental design measures. In some cases, however, italso contributed to the creation of fortress cities.

    NEIGBOURHOOD - GATINGA typical example of neighbourhood gating in London can be found in Dartmouth Park,Hampstead, called Holly Lodge Estate. The Estate comprises one enclosed neighbourhood

    JANE JACOBS

    HISTORICAL BUILDING CAPACITY

    RAYMON URWIN:He argued that better development of sites would be done if they were owned by smaller bodies.

    SOCIAL HOUSING IS UNIFORM.

    HOUSING FUNDED BY INDIVIDUALSHAS IDENTITY BY ONE'S NEEDS

    DISADVANTAGES:

    A) VERY LITTLE PRIVATE PLACEB) NO GARDEN SPACEC) OPEN SPACE DOES NOT CREATES COSINESSAND POROSITY

    Alleygating refers to the closure through gates of alleys, for example at the back of terrace housing, to prevent crime. Neighbourhood-gating encompasses a much larger area and involve closing entire existing neighbourhoods to prevent crime. This type of gated community can be distinguished from security villages or estates that are new private developments built with walls and access controlled entrances from the start.

    1997 - ELLIN

    SUBURBAN PUBLIC FUNCTIONIS SEPARATED FROM HOUSING UNITS

    HOUSING FUNCTION HAS PRIVATE GARDENS.

    THERE IS NO COMMON PUBLIC SPACE,CONNECTING IDIVIDUAL HOUSING UNITS

    SOCIAL AGEDA:

    OPEN SPACE FOR EVERYONE;

    TRADITIONAL AGENDA:

    CLOSED AND SEPARATE SPACE FOR PRIVATE OWNER, BUT ADDITIONAL COMMON PUBLICSPACE IS REQUIRED

    UNIFORMITY

    SUBURBS

    HOUSINGHOUSING

    HOUSINGHOUSING

    HOUSING

    HOUSING

    HOUSING

    HOUSING

    HOUSING

    HOUSIN

    G

    HOUSING

    HOUSIN

    G

    HOUSING

    HOUSIN

    G

    HOUSIN

    G

    INDUSTRY

    INDUSTRY

    INDUSTRY

    HOUSING

    FORTRESS

    HOUSING

    STA

    TION

    HOUSING

    INDUSTRY

    FOR EVERYONE

    RETAILINDUSTRY

    STA

    TION

    HOUSING

    HOUSING

    SCHOOL

    PUBLIC

    INDUSTRY

    HOUSING

    OPEN

    HOUSING

    HOUSING

    INDUSTR

    Y

    PUBLIC SPACECOURTYARD

    CLOSED

    FOR PRIVATE OWNER

    HOW TO ENSURE PRIVACY?

    WHAT IS THE MINIMAL LIVING SPACE FOR 1 FAMILY?

    POPULATIONDIFFERENCE IN DENCITY

    RETAIL

    2) There must be eyes on the street, meaning that inhabitants and owners get involved what is happing on the street and take action if necessary.

    3) The sidewalks should have continuously users on it

    PUBLIC

    STREET LIFE

    GARDEN STREET

    GARDEN

    STREET

    VERTICAL AND HORIZONTAL

    SUBURBAN HOUSING FUNCTION IS RELATED TO:A) GARDENB) STREET

    LIVING SPACE DIVIDE PRIVATE AND PUBLIC SPACE HORIZONTALLY

    THERE IS NO LAYERING VERTICAL LAYERING AS IN MIXED USE URBAN AREAS

    PRIVACY

    1) There must be a clear boundary between public and private space.

    GARDEN CITY

    FORM FOLLOWS FINANCE

    In essence, although there are additional influences, the increasing trend towardsfortification and privatisation is stronglyrelated to perceptions of fear and insecurity among urban residents. As such, Ellin (1997)argues that form follows fear in the contemporary city, resulting in people in perceived high risk areas constructing defensive enclaves of various forms and nature to protect their range of interests.In this sense, the ability to pay is essentialin many cases, which also incorporate a second theme, closely related to the first, namely that of form follows finance (Ellin 1997).

    Gang warfare by the poor Fortressing by the wealthy

    ALLOTM

    ENTS

    Projects are turned inward onto courtyards, away from streets and sidewalks.

    FARM

    MAIN ROAD

    BOULE

    VARD

    BOULEVARD

    RAILWAY

    GRAND

    There is little commerce or street life to keep eyes on the street.

    The lack of sidewalks leads to "Turf:

    ...while the curved road provides ever-changingdirection and views, the straight road - besidesbeing ...more comfortable for traffic - still has theability to be beautified by either letting it lead toan important element or beautifying its sides by trees or by breaking the lines. HAMSTEAD, WELVYN, LETCHWORTH

    UNIFORM VISTASDIFFERENT VISTAS

    One of the truisms of orthodox planning is the idea that parks and open space are in and of themselves healthy, positive additions to urban and suburban life genuine andinarguable improvements overthe asphalt and concrete of urbanstreets and sidewalks. Jacobs "turns this idea around by suggestingthat it is cities (their activity, their density,the interest that they bring in the form of foot traffic, the enclosure they provide by way of buildings and streets) that make parks successful. The lackof sufficient city life renders parks both dull and dangerous.

    PARK

    PUBLIC

    CULTURE

    AVEN

    UE

    AVENUE

    GRAND

    B

    A

    STREET TYPE

    BYE-LAW ARCHITECTURE

    INDENTITY

    PUBLIC

    SHARED

    SOCIAL HOUSING

    SEPARATE

    CONNECTED

    FORTRESS-CITIES...gradual establishment of so-called Fortress-cities where response to crime has led to spatial transformation that has changed cities into protected enclaves and often "no-go areas, adjacent to each other, that are separated by high walls, gates, electronic surveillance cameras and private security guards monitoring the access into these areas.

    GATES

    LIGHTING

    LEGIBILITY

    DEFINEDSPACE

    INFORMALSURVEILLANCE

    ALLEY - GATINGAlley-gating refers to the installation of gates to the alleys at the rear of terraced properties. This has occurred in many UK cities, of which Liverpool provides good examples

    FORM FOLLOWS FEAR

    While protagonists such as Jane Jacobshad already pointed to the relationship between crime and the built environment in the early sixties, it was in the 1970 and 80s that CPTED became more well-known through the work of Oscar Newman, Alice Coleman, etc. A number of other theorists and practitioners further developed or adapted the idea of CPTED, including Brantingham and Brantingham (1994), Crowe (1991), Poyner and Webb (1992); Ekblom (1995; 1997), Shaftoe (1996), etc.Many successes on different scales has been documented all across the world, for example the Clason Point Gardens project in New YorksBronx showed a significant 54% drop in the crime rate during the first yearof implementing environmental design measures. In some cases, however, italso contributed to the creation of fortress cities.

    NEIGBOURHOOD - GATINGA typical example of neighbourhood gating in London can be found in Dartmouth Park,Hampstead, called Holly Lodge Estate. The Estate comprises one enclosed neighbourhood

    JANE JACOBS

    HISTORICAL BUILDING CAPACITY

    RAYMON URWIN:He argued that better development of sites would be done if they were owned by smaller bodies.

    SOCIAL HOUSING IS UNIFORM.

    HOUSING FUNDED BY INDIVIDUALSHAS IDENTITY BY ONE'S NEEDS

    DISADVANTAGES:

    A) VERY LITTLE PRIVATE PLACEB) NO GARDEN SPACEC) OPEN SPACE DOES NOT CREATES COSINESSAND POROSITY

    Alleygating refers to the closure through gates of alleys, for example at the back of terrace housing, to prevent crime. Neighbourhood-gating encompasses a much larger area and involve closing entire existing neighbourhoods to prevent crime. This type of gated community can be distinguished from security villages or estates that are new private developments built with walls and access controlled entrances from the start.

    1997 - ELLIN

    SUBURBAN PUBLIC FUNCTIONIS SEPARATED FROM HOUSING UNITS

    HOUSING FUNCTION HAS PRIVATE GARDENS.

    THERE IS NO COMMON PUBLIC SPACE,CONNECTING IDIVIDUAL HOUSING UNITS

    SOCIAL AGEDA:

    OPEN SPACE FOR EVERYONE;

    TRADITIONAL AGENDA:

    CLOSED AND SEPARATE SPACE FOR PRIVATE OWNER, BUT ADDITIONAL COMMON PUBLICSPACE IS REQUIRED

    UNIFORMITY

    SUBURBS

    HOUSINGHOUSING

    HOUSINGHOUSING

    HOUSING

    HOUSING

    HOUSING

    HOUSING

    HOUSING

    HOUSIN

    G

    HOUSING

    HOUSIN

    G

    HOUSING

    HOUSIN

    G

    HOUSIN

    G

    INDUSTRY

    INDUSTRY

    INDUSTRY

    HOUSING

    FORTRESS

    HOUSING

    STA

    TION

    HOUSING

    INDUSTRY

    FOR EVERYONE

    RETAILINDUSTRY

    STA

    TION

    HOUSING

    HOUSING

    SCHOOL

    PUBLIC

    INDUSTRY

    HOUSING

    OPEN

    HOUSING

    HOUSING

    INDUSTR

    Y

    PUBLIC SPACECOURTYARD

    CLOSED

    FOR PRIVATE OWNER

    HOW TO ENSURE PRIVACY?

    WHAT IS THE MINIMAL LIVING SPACE FOR 1 FAMILY?

    POPULATIONDIFFERENCE IN DENCITY

    RETAIL

    2) There must be eyes on the street, meaning that inhabitants and owners get involved what is happing on the street and take action if necessary.

    3) The sidewalks should have continuously users on it

    PUBLIC

    STREET LIFE

    GARDEN STREET

    GARDEN

    STREET

    VERTICAL AND HORIZONTAL

    SUBURBAN HOUSING FUNCTION IS RELATED TO:A) GARDENB) STREET

    LIVING SPACE DIVIDE PRIVATE AND PUBLIC SPACE HORIZONTALLY

    THERE IS NO LAYERING VERTICAL LAYERING AS IN MIXED USE URBAN AREAS

    PRIVACY

    1) There must be a clear boundary between public and private space.

    GARDEN CITY

    FORM FOLLOWS FINANCE

    In essence, although there are additional influences, the increasing trend towardsfortification and privatisation is stronglyrelated to perceptions of fear and insecurity among urban residents. As such, Ellin (1997)argues that form follows fear in the contemporary city, resulting in people in perceived high risk areas constructing defensive enclaves of various forms and nature to protect their range of interests.In this sense, the ability to pay is essentialin many cases, which also incorporate a second theme, closely related to the first, namely that of form follows finance (Ellin 1997).

    Gang warfare by the poor Fortressing by the wealthy

    ALLOTM

    ENTS

    Projects are turned inward onto courtyards, away from streets and sidewalks.

    FARM

    MAIN ROAD

    BOULE

    VARD

    BOULEVARD

    RAILWAY

    GRAND

    There is little commerce or street life to keep eyes on the street.

    The lack of sidewalks leads to "Turf:

    ...while the curved road provides ever-changingdirection and views, the straight road - besidesbeing ...more comfortable for traffic - still has theability to be beautified by either letting it lead toan important element or beautifying its sides by trees or by breaking the lines. HAMSTEAD, WELVYN, LETCHWORTH

    UNIFORM VISTASDIFFERENT VISTAS

    One of the truisms of orthodox planning is the idea that parks and open space are in and of themselves healthy, positive additions to urban and suburban life genuine andinarguable improvements overthe asphalt and concrete of urbanstreets and sidewalks. Jacobs "turns this idea around by suggestingthat it is cities (their activity, their density,the interest that they bring in the form of foot traffic, the enclosure they provide by way of buildings and streets) that make parks successful. The lackof sufficient city life renders parks both dull and dangerous.

    PARK

    PUBLIC

    CULTURE

    AVEN

    UE

    AVENUE

    GRAND

    B

    A

    STREET TYPE

    BYE-LAW ARCHITECTURE

    INDENTITY

    PUBLIC

    SHARED

    SOCIAL HOUSING

    SEPARATE

    CONNECTED

    FORTRESS-CITIES...gradual establishment of so-called Fortress-cities where response to crime has led to spatial transformation that has changed cities into protected enclaves and often "no-go areas, adjacent to each other, that are separated by high walls, gates, electronic surveillance cameras and private security guards monitoring the access into these areas.

    GATES

    LIGHTING

    LEGIBILITY

    DEFINEDSPACE

    INFORMALSURVEILLANCE

    ALLEY - GATINGAlley-gating refers to the installation of gates to the alleys at the rear of terraced properties. This has occurred in many UK cities, of which Liverpool provides good examples

    FORM FOLLOWS FEAR

    While protagonists such as Jane Jacobshad already pointed to the relationship between crime and the built environment in the early sixties, it was in the 1970 and 80s that CPTED became more well-known through the work of Oscar Newman, Alice Coleman, etc. A number of other theorists and practitioners further developed or adapted the idea of CPTED, including Brantingham and Brantingham (1994), Crowe (1991), Poyner and Webb (1992); Ekblom (1995; 1997), Shaftoe (1996), etc.Many successes on different scales has been documented all across the world, for example the Clason Point Gardens project in New YorksBronx showed a significant 54% drop in the crime rate during the first yearof implementing environmental design measures. In some cases, however, italso contributed to the creation of fortress cities.

    NEIGBOURHOOD - GATINGA typical example of neighbourhood gating in London can be found in Dartmouth Park,Hampstead, called Holly Lodge Estate. The Estate comprises one enclosed neighbourhood

    JANE JACOBS

    HISTORICAL BUILDING CAPACITY

    RAYMON URWIN:He argued that better development of sites would be done if they were owned by smaller bodies.

    SOCIAL HOUSING IS UNIFORM.

    HOUSING FUNDED BY INDIVIDUALSHAS IDENTITY BY ONE'S NEEDS

    DISADVANTAGES:

    A) VERY LITTLE PRIVATE PLACEB) NO GARDEN SPACEC) OPEN SPACE DOES NOT CREATES COSINESSAND POROSITY

    Alleygating refers to the closure through gates of alleys, for example at the back of terrace housing, to prevent crime. Neighbourhood-gating encompasses a much larger area and involve closing entire existing neighbourhoods to prevent crime. This type of gated community can be distinguished from security villages or estates that are new private developments built with walls and access controlled entrances from the start.

    1997 - ELLIN

    SUBURBAN PUBLIC FUNCTIONIS SEPARATED FROM HOUSING UNITS

    HOUSING FUNCTION HAS PRIVATE GARDENS.

    THERE IS NO COMMON PUBLIC SPACE,CONNECTING IDIVIDUAL HOUSING UNITS

    SOCIAL AGEDA:

    OPEN SPACE FOR EVERYONE;

    TRADITIONAL AGENDA:

    CLOSED AND SEPARATE SPACE FOR PRIVATE OWNER, BUT ADDITIONAL COMMON PUBLICSPACE IS REQUIRED

    UNIFORMITY

    SUBURBS

    HOUSINGHOUSING

    HOUSINGHOUSING

    HOUSING

    HOUSING

    HOUSING

    HOUSING

    HOUSING

    HOUSIN

    G

    HOUSING

    HOUSIN

    G

    HOUSING

    HOUSIN

    G

    HOUSIN

    G

    INDUSTRY

    INDUSTRY

    INDUSTRY

    ELEMENT2D/3D

    COMPOSITION

    HOUSING

    HOUSING

    HOUSING

    SHOPPINGHOUSING HOUSING

    HOUSING

    FUNCTIONSECTION

    SYMMETRY AXIS

    HOUSINGHOUSING

    HOUSING

    STREET TYPES

    GROUND RELATION

    HOUSING

    HOUSING

    ENTRANCE

    PLANCONFIGURATION

    NEWHAM

    TRAFFIC

    TWO WAY SHOPPING STREET

    PARKING

    MAIN STREET

    RECREAT.

    PRIVATE

    AIR

    UNDERGROUND

    PUBLIC

    PUBLIC

    RECREATION

    UNDERGROUND

    PUBLIC

    UNDERGROUND

    AIR

    RECREAT.

    AIR

    PRIVATE

    PRIVATE

    PUBLIC

    UNDERGROUND

    AIR

    RECREATIONRECREATION

    TRAFFIC

    BUS

    PEDESTR

    IANS

    PEDESTR

    IANS

    PRIVATE

    AIR

    UNDERGROUND

    ONE WAY STREET

    PEDESTR

    IANS

    PRIVATE

    GARDEN

    TRAFFIC

    PARKING

    PUBLIC

    NEWHAM IS ONE THE MOST OVERCROWD-ED AREAS IN LONDON. THREE STORY BUILDING VOLUME DO NOT SATISFY THE NUMBER OF INHABITANTS LIVING HERE. HOW CAN WE TRANFORM IT?

    ELEMENT2D/3D

    COMPOSITION

    HOUSING

    HOUSING

    HOUSING

    SHOPPINGHOUSING HOUSING

    HOUSING

    FUNCTIONSECTION

    SYMMETRY AXIS

    HOUSINGHOUSING

    HOUSING

    STREET TYPES

    GROUND RELATION

    HOUSING

    HOUSING

    ENTRANCE

    PLANCONFIGURATION

    NEWHAM

    TRAFFIC

    TWO WAY SHOPPING STREET

    PARKING

    MAIN STREET

    RECREAT.

    PRIVATE

    AIR

    UNDERGROUND

    PUBLIC

    PUBLIC

    RECREATION

    UNDERGROUND

    PUBLIC

    UNDERGROUND

    AIR

    RECREAT.

    AIR

    PRIVATE

    PRIVATE

    PUBLIC

    UNDERGROUND

    AIR

    RECREATIONRECREATION

    TRAFFIC

    BUS

    PEDESTR

    IANS

    PEDESTR

    IANS

    PRIVATE

    AIR

    UNDERGROUND

    ONE WAY STREET

    PEDESTR

    IANS

    PRIVATE

    GARDEN

    TRAFFIC

    PARKING

    PUBLIC

    ELEMENT2D/3D

    COMPOSITION

    HOUSING

    HOUSING

    HOUSING

    SHOPPINGHOUSING HOUSING

    HOUSING

    FUNCTIONSECTION

    SYMMETRY AXIS

    HOUSINGHOUSING

    HOUSING

    STREET TYPES

    GROUND RELATION

    HOUSING

    HOUSING

    ENTRANCE

    PLANCONFIGURATION

    NEWHAM

    TRAFFIC

    TWO WAY SHOPPING STREET

    PARKING

    MAIN STREET

    RECREAT.

    PRIVATE

    AIR

    UNDERGROUND

    PUBLIC

    PUBLIC

    RECREATION

    UNDERGROUND

    PUBLIC

    UNDERGROUND

    AIR

    RECREAT.

    AIR

    PRIVATE

    PRIVATE

    PUBLIC

    UNDERGROUND

    AIR

    RECREATIONRECREATION

    TRAFFIC

    BUS

    PEDESTR

    IANS

    PEDESTR

    IANS

    PRIVATE

    AIR

    UNDERGROUND

    ONE WAY STREET

    PEDESTR

    IANS

    PRIVATE

    GARDEN

    TRAFFIC

    PARKING

    PUBLIC

    ELEMENT2D/3D

    COMPOSITION

    HOUSING

    HOUSING

    HOUSING

    SHOPPINGHOUSING HOUSING

    HOUSING

    FUNCTIONSECTION

    SYMMETRY AXIS

    HOUSINGHOUSING

    HOUSING

    STREET TYPES

    GROUND RELATION

    HOUSING

    HOUSING

    ENTRANCE

    PLANCONFIGURATION

    NEWHAM

    TRAFFIC

    TWO WAY SHOPPING STREET

    PARKING

    MAIN STREET

    RECREAT.

    PRIVATE

    AIR

    UNDERGROUND

    PUBLIC

    PUBLIC

    RECREATION

    UNDERGROUND

    PUBLIC

    UNDERGROUND

    AIR

    RECREAT.

    AIR

    PRIVATE

    PRIVATE

    PUBLIC

    UNDERGROUND

    AIR

    RECREATIONRECREATION

    TRAFFIC

    BUS

    PEDESTR

    IANS

    PEDESTR

    IANS

    PRIVATE

    AIR

    UNDERGROUND

    ONE WAY STREET

    PEDESTR

    IANS

    PRIVATE

    GARDEN

    TRAFFIC

    PARKING

    PUBLIC

    ELEMENT2D/3D

    COMPOSITION

    HOUSING

    HOUSING

    HOUSING

    SHOPPINGHOUSING HOUSING

    HOUSING

    FUNCTIONSECTION

    SYMMETRY AXIS

    HOUSINGHOUSING

    HOUSING

    STREET TYPES

    GROUND RELATION

    HOUSING

    HOUSING

    ENTRANCE

    PLANCONFIGURATION

    NEWHAM

    TRAFFIC

    TWO WAY SHOPPING STREET

    PARKING

    MAIN STREET

    RECREAT.

    PRIVATE

    AIR

    UNDERGROUNDPUBLIC

    PUBLIC

    RECREATION

    UNDERGROUND

    PUBLIC

    UNDERGROUND

    AIR

    RECREAT.

    AIR

    PRIVATE

    PRIVATE

    PUBLIC

    UNDERGROUND

    AIR

    RECREATIONRECREATION

    TRAFFIC

    BUS

    PEDESTR

    IANS

    PEDESTR

    IANS

    PRIVATE

    AIR

    UNDERGROUND

    ONE WAY STREET

    PEDESTR

    IANS

    PRIVATE

    GARDEN

    TRAFFIC

    PARKING

    PUBLIC

    ELEMENT2D/3D

    COMPOSITION

    HOUSING

    HOUSING

    HOUSING

    SHOPPINGHOUSING HOUSING

    HOUSING

    FUNCTIONSECTION

    SYMMETRY AXIS

    HOUSINGHOUSING

    HOUSING

    STREET TYPES

    GROUND RELATION

    HOUSING

    HOUSING

    ENTRANCE

    PLANCONFIGURATION

    NEWHAM

    TRAFFIC

    TWO WAY SHOPPING STREET

    PARKING

    MAIN STREET

    RECREAT.

    PRIVATE

    AIR

    UNDERGROUND

    PUBLIC

    PUBLIC

    RECREATION

    UNDERGROUND

    PUBLIC

    UNDERGROUND

    AIR

    RECREAT.

    AIR

    PRIVATE

    PRIVATE

    PUBLIC

    UNDERGROUND

    AIR

    RECREATIONRECREATION

    TRAFFIC

    BUS

    PEDESTR

    IANS

    PEDESTR

    IANS

    PRIVATE

    AIR

    UNDERGROUND

    ONE WAY STREET

    PEDESTR

    IANS

    PRIVATE

    GARDEN

    TRAFFIC

    PARKING

    PUBLIC

    ELEMENT2D/3D

    COMPOSITION

    HOUSING

    HOUSING

    HOUSING

    SHOPPINGHOUSING HOUSING

    HOUSING

    FUNCTIONSECTION

    SYMMETRY AXIS

    HOUSINGHOUSING

    HOUSING

    STREET TYPES

    GROUND RELATION

    HOUSING

    HOUSING

    ENTRANCE

    PLANCONFIGURATION

    NEWHAM

    TRAFFIC

    TWO WAY SHOPPING STREET

    PARKING

    MAIN STREET

    RECREAT.

    PRIVATE

    AIR

    UNDERGROUND

    PUBLIC

    PUBLIC

    RECREATION

    UNDERGROUND

    PUBLIC

    UNDERGROUND

    AIR

    RECREAT.

    AIR

    PRIVATE

    PRIVATE

    PUBLIC

    UNDERGROUND

    AIR

    RECREATIONRECREATION

    TRAFFIC

    BUS

    PEDESTR

    IANS

    PEDESTR

    IANS

    PRIVATE

    AIR

    UNDERGROUND

    ONE WAY STREET

    PEDESTR

    IANS

    PRIVATE

    GARDEN

    TRAFFIC

    PARKING

    PUBLIC

    ELEMENT2D/3D

    COMPOSITION

    HOUSING

    HOUSING

    HOUSING

    SHOPPINGHOUSING HOUSING

    HOUSING

    FUNCTIONSECTION

    SYMMETRY AXIS

    HOUSINGHOUSING

    HOUSING

    STREET TYPES

    GROUND RELATION

    HOUSING

    HOUSING

    ENTRANCE

    PLANCONFIGURATION

    NEWHAM

    TRAFFIC

    TWO WAY SHOPPING STREET

    PARKING

    MAIN STREET

    RECREAT.

    PRIVATE

    AIR

    UNDERGROUND

    PUBLIC

    PUBLIC

    RECREATION

    UNDERGROUND

    PUBLIC

    UNDERGROUND

    AIR

    RECREAT.

    AIR

    PRIVATE

    PRIVATE

    PUBLIC

    UNDERGROUND

    AIR

    RECREATIONRECREATION

    TRAFFIC

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    IANS

    PEDESTR

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    PRIVATE

    AIR

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    ONE WAY STREET

    PEDESTR

    IANS

    PRIVATE

    GARDEN

    TRAFFIC

    PARKING

    PUBLIC

    ELEMENT2D/3D

    COMPOSITION

    HOUSING

    HOUSING

    HOUSING

    SHOPPINGHOUSING HOUSING

    HOUSING

    FUNCTIONSECTION

    SYMMETRY AXIS

    HOUSINGHOUSING

    HOUSING

    STREET TYPES

    GROUND RELATION

    HOUSING

    HOUSING

    ENTRANCE

    PLANCONFIGURATION

    NEWHAM

    TRAFFIC

    TWO WAY SHOPPING STREET

    PARKING

    MAIN STREET

    RECREAT.

    PRIVATE

    AIR

    UNDERGROUND

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    PUBLIC

    RECREATION

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    PARKING

    PUBLIC

  • 44

    SH

    OR

    TE

    ST

    DIS

    TA

    NC

    E M

    AP

  • 45

    0.399534

    0.399534

    0.3995340.399534

    0.399534

    0.399534

    0.399534

    0.399534

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    0.099883

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    0.898950.89895

    0.89895

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    010 30 50 100 m

    INTERSECTION

    SECONDARY STREET

    VISUALCONNECTION

  • Shortest ways between point A and multiple points of interest B in a superimposed map.

    46

    JA

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    47

    SHORTEST PATH TO ATTRACTORS

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    010 30 50 100 m

    NEWHAM FUNCTION MAPGREEN SPACE EDUCATION HOTELS RELIGION PUBLIC

    PRIVATE COURTYARD

    N

  • 48

    AT

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    NEWHAM FUNCTION MAPGREEN SPACE EDUCATION HOTELS RELIGION PUBLIC

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    N

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