?timePeter Terry

Head of Maintenance

?timePeter Terry

Head of Maintenance

(32 stores) (288 shops)

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Outline

The History• Why do we need another refrigerant ?

Background• The Waitrose refrigeration concept• The use of HC refrigerants• Water cooled HC cabinet development

Future plans

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Refrigerants

• 1945 - 1980’s Majority of refrigerants were CFC’s – Hole in Ozone layer Discovered – Montreal Protocol 1985

• 1980 – 2010 - HCFC’s , Short term replacements for CFC’s• 1990 – Date - HFC’s – Long Term Replacements for HCFC’s

– Global Warming – Kyoto Protocol 1997• 1995 – HFC’s• 2000 – Natural Refrigerants

The Scale of the Problem

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The Natural Refrigerant Options Considered

• CO2– High Pressures, expensive components

• Ammonia– Toxic , used mainly in industrial – no people

• Hydrocarbons– Flammable, energy efficient, cost effective

There was still the need for containment• Simple• Reliable• Factory finish

“Factory build simple integrals”

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Challenges

• Eliminate refrigerant leakage• Reduce total store energy/carbon use• Improve reliability• Use a natural refrigerant• Maintain look and feel of current cabinets• How to develop engineering solutions that

compliment each other

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Overview of Chosen Solution

• Use of integral cabinets• HC refrigerant• Water cooled display cabinets• Water / glycol chillers

Solutions Considered but Discounted and Why ?

• CO2• Ammonia/Secondary

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Integralised Refrigeration

• All refrigerated cabinets, counters & cold rooms are HC integral systems (R290 or R1270)

• Heat rejection to air and / or water– Display cabinets reject 15% of heat to sales floor for

heating• Primary plant comprises air cooled HC chillers

(R290), incorporating a Free cooling coil• Heat transfer medium between refrigeration units

& chillers is chilled water/glycol mix

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Water Cooled Display CabinetsHEAT

HEAT

HEAT

HEAT

COLD

COLD

ChillersWater pump

Chilled water circuit

Heat reclaim to fresh air

Integral display cases

?timeSystem Comparison using Standard Store

Traditional centralized HFC System• Up to 70 cabinets and cold stores, connected by 2500

meters of pipe work, to up to 5 multiple compressor packs

• Total HFC charge ~ 750kg(2,445,000kg CO2e)

• Largest individual charge 175kg (570,500kg CO2e)

Natural refrigeration• Up to 70 cabinets and cold stores, all integral,

connected by 1500 meters of water pipe • Total HC charge ~ 75kg (225kg CO2e)

• Largest individual charge 1 kg inside, 10 kg outside

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Integration with H & V• Cold air retrieval

– Remove cold air from front of cases and re-utilise within the store, conditioning warm sales floor or partner areas

• Heating fresh air makeup– Use return water (up to 24OC)

via a coil in the fresh air makeup duct, to heat fresh air

• Cold aisles heated by warm air rejected from display cabinets

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Challenges we had faced• Hydrocarbon • Pulling together two engineering departments

refrigeration and H & V• Retail acceptance• Cost

What we did to address Challenges• We engaged an industry specialist in Hydrocarbon

(Coolconcerns Ltd)• Adopted a single engineering department approach• Formed a partnership with key suppliers

(Carter Retail, Klimatherm & Synergy BS)

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What help we need from the Industry

• Flexible/Innovative/diverse• Service industry to adopt to the approach• Regulations to be simplified• Embrace change – don’t view it as a barrier• Help us by being part of the solution

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Future Plans

• All new stores / major refits incorporate use new concept– 38 projects delivered this year with HC/WC

• Total change out by 2020• Continued:

– System optimisation– Cabinet development– Further integration of R and H & V

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Future Plans Continued ………

Carbon neutral stores•Bio fuel•Self generation

Waitrose East Cowes & Bracknell•Integral Hydrocarbon Stores•Water cooled•Sterling engine on wood chip•Absorption chiller•District heating

Energy Centre

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Other Technologies Sun Tubes in the Customer Toilets and Office areas to pipe natural daylight from our roof

LED lighting in our cold store, reduce energy. They provide good lighting level, emit less heat, require less maintenance and are automatically on PIR

Air Flush Urinals:hygienically designed to use no water

?timePeter Terry

Head of Maintenance