PESTICIDES EVALUATION REPORT AND SAFER USE ...PESTICIDES EVALUATION REPORT AND SAFER USE ACTION PLAN...

PESTICIDES EVALUATION REPORT AND SAFER USE ACTION PLAN (PERSUAP)

for the

Market Chain Enhancement Project (MarChE) Mango Production Improvement Project

May 1, 2010

Prepared by:

Luke Philbert, Desiree Wagner, Daniel Calderon, Scott Solberg, Sun Mountain International

and

Yves-Robert Personna, Ray Waldron, Gordon Tween, MarChE Haiti

TABLE OF CONTENTS

List of Acronyms 1

A. Introduction 2

B. Assessment Methodology 3

C. Pesticide Evaluation Report 4

D. Safer Use Action Plan 9

E. Conclusion and Summary of Recommendations 11

F. Annexes –

a. Table 2: Environmental Mitigation Plan and Table 3: 13

Environmental Monitoring and Evaluation Tracking Table

b. Detailed Information on target fruit flies 30

c. Mediterranean Fruit Fly threat to Haiti Mango Production 31

d. Additional Information on Spinosad 35

e. Photos from Field Visits 36

G. Sources 39

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LIST OF ACRONYMS

IPM Integrated Pest Management

MarChE Market Chain Enhancement Project

PERSUAP Pesticides Evaluation Report and Safer Use Action Plan

PHI Pre-harvest Interval

PPE Personal Protective Equipment

REI Re-entry Interval

RUP Restricted Use Pesticides

USAID United States Agency for International Development

USEPA United States Environmental Protection Agency

WIFF West Indian Fruit Fly (Anastrepha obliqua)

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A - INTRODUCTION

With successful prior USAID assistance, the MarChE Project aims to develop market value chains in selected crops

such as mangoes, coffee, cacao, and to some extent non-traditional crops like yams, peppers and processed goods,

and some non-agricultural sectors such as tourism and handicrafts.

The largest agriculture export in Haiti is mango, with 2.5 million boxes exported annually. Nearly 500,000 people

currently receive supplemental income from the sale of mangoes for export to the United States, which are sourced

primarily from small-scale rural farmers. Post-harvest losses remain high, however, especially when located outside

the project zone.

In May of 2009, USAID approved an assistance plan developed by MarChE’s team. One major impediment facing

mango producers is the devastating damage the West Indian fruit fly (A. obliqua) causes (see Annex a). High

populations of the pest overwhelm the capability of the hot water treatment process, causing the export season to

end prematurely while infected fruit remains. With better control of the West Indian fruit fly (WIFF), small-scale farm

families’ income could see increases due to an extended export season; furthermore, other varieties could be

exported in addition to the Francisque variety, and fruit quality could be improved.

MarChE has selected an area in the Southeast (Cayes-Jacmel), in conjunction with the Ministry of Agriculture, to

conduct a trial for WIFF control using GF-120 spray bait with the active ingredient spinosad (see Annex b). The area

contains Mango franscique variety as well as other varieties of mangoes and many alternate hosts, thus reflecting the

real conditions of mango-producing areas in Haiti.

It is with this new application of spinosad that a PERSUAP is required. PERSUAPs:

describe the particular circumstances of the programs in question,

assess the hazards posed by the pesticides proposed for use,

outline the risk management choices available, and

recommend how a risk management plan can be carried out in the field.1

The following document has been produced in order to fulfill USAID requirements regarding environmental protection

and personal safety within all USAID-supported programs. It includes the 12-step Pesticides Evaluation Report which

analyzes the proposed GF-120 product with active ingredient spinosad based on human and environmental toxicity,

effectiveness, and use as a larger integrated pest management (IPM) effort. Also included is the Safer Use Action

Plan which outlines recommendations to be followed by the program regarding application of GF-120 on mangoes,

as well as applicant and nearby resident health and safety protection measures, storage, transportation, and disposal

of any containers or hanging baits that come into contact with the product. Finally, included in the annexes is

additionally useful information on spinosad, the West Indian Fruit Fly (Anastrepha obliqua) and Caribbean Fruit Fly

(Anastrepha suspensa).

The MarChE Mango Production Improvement Project is a modification to the Pesticides Evaluation Report and Safer

Use Action Plan (PERSUAP) for the ACDI/VOCA PL-480 Title II Multi-Year Assistance Program, Southeast

Department, Haiti; MarChE will follow the guidelines and recommendations set forth in that document where

applicable. In addition, it is important to note that this document will serve to inform a larger PERSUAP effort

currently being undertaken by the USAID/Haiti Mission and implementing partners. Lessons learned from the

1 USAID EGSSAA. Technical Paper No. January 2007

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spinosad trials in Jacmel will be incorporated into the Mission-wide PERSUAP, and additional recommendations will

be implemented in the future. The MarChE program will not recommend the use of any pesticides other than those

products already approved for use on the crops described in the ACDI/VOCA PERSUAP and the current document,

without first obtaining approval from USAID.

This PERSUAP will be translated into French, and all associated education and training materials will be developed in French and Creole.

B – ASSESSMENT METHODOLOGY

The assessment team visited MarChE’s office in Port-au-Prince in December 2009 to hold meetings with key staff and to visit field sites. On-site field interviews were held with farmers and extension officers to collect information on current pest issues, perceptions of pesticides and safety, and pesticide use practices. Field visits to farms were conducted to observe crop health, pest issues and current control practices, and any signs of inappropriate pesticide use in the area. Ministry of Agriculture, Natural Resources and Rural Development (MARNDR) representatives were interviewed to obtain information on pesticide regulations. A key MARNDR representative was Scutt Rico, consultant for MARNDR in Jacmel, who works with Gordon Tween, consultant for MarChE’s Mango Production Program. Scutt is responsible for monitoring the Anastrepha spp. in the Jacmel area. Interviews on mango farms near Marigot were also conducted. The questions centered on mango problems with the Caribbean Fruit Fly and the West Indian Fruit Fly. There was a high amount of fruit flys caught in the traps, thus showing the need for an agent to decrease the fruit fly populations. An interview with the United Nations Food and Agriculture Program was also conducted. Information was gathered regarding which crops were affected by Anastrepha spp., participatory approaches, projects within the department, and agroecological zones in Marigot. An interview with a bean farmer near Marigot (see Annex c. Photograph 2), and the area’s pesticide supplier CURO (see Annex c. Photograph 3 and 4) was instrumental in demonstrating the lack of knowledge on pesticide use. It was discovered that the head farmer was pouring Malathion into his backpack sprayer a couple of feet from his bedside. A meeting with ACDI/VOCA was conducted regarding the successes and necessary improvements of the past PERSUAP completed in April 2009. It is worth noting also that during the writing of the ACDI/VOCA PERSUAP in February through April of 2009, over 20 interviews were implemented within the same area of influence as the MarChE project. Information was also collected from agricultural supply stores in Port-au-Prince on labeling procedures, product condition, safety information (pamphlets, posters), availability of personal protective equipment (PPE), etc. The business and marketing aspects of mangoes were discussed in a meeting at the MarChE office in Jacmel. Pest and pesticide management are the principal culprits in economic failure of the mango crop, and informative in providing incentives for implementation of environmentally sound practices.

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C – PESTICIDES EVALUATION REPORT

1. USEPA registration status of the proposed pesticide.

Proposed Pesticide: Spinosad

Local Trade Name: GF – 120

U.S. EPA Product Registration #62719-314

Product Registration Status: Active, Registered for Tree Fruits

Empirical Formula; Spinosad A, C42H67NO16, Spinosad D, C41H65NO16

General Use Pesticide, Class III Caution

GF-120 is a spray bait formulation which applied directly to leaves or other substrate, and contains plant

proteins and sugars which are highly attractive and stimulate feeding in tephritid fruit flies. The toxicant in

GF-120 is spinosad, a selective insect control product produced by the fermentation of a naturally occurring

soil bacterium, Saccharopolyspora spinosa, and provides a maximum concentration of 80 ppm of spinosad

in the final bait spray. See section 4 for more information on application of GF-120.

2. Basis for selection of the pesticide.

Spinosad is highly effective on many pest species, including the Caribbean Fruit Fly (Anastrepha suspensa)

and West Indian Fruit Fly (Anastrepha obliqua) and low concentration of spinosad in the GF-120

formulation, as well as rapid results in a low environmental load. GF-120 is active for up to 10 days after

application It is safe for use with most beneficial insects. It has a unique mode of action with no known

cross-resistance. It has low mammalian toxicity, and low avian and fish toxicity.2

3. Extent to which the proposed pesticide use is, or could be, part of an IPM program.

Due to the high number of suitable hosts for the fruit fly, the success of an IPM program to control fruit fly pests on mangoes hinges largely on reducing the opportunity for fruit fly populations to grow on alternate hosts and subsequently spread to mango crops. Other population control methods, such as the male annihilation technique (MAT), should also be explored under local conditions, in combination with plant health management and application of low-risk, effective insecticide against existing larval and adult fruit fly populations that have exceeded economic threshold levels. A combination of several control techniques like these, ideally coordinated across a relatively large geographic area, will combat fruit fly pests on several fronts, minimizing the risk of resistance development, and maximizing success.

Economically-damaging Anastrepha fruit fly population levels are difficult to measure in Haiti largely due to the number of alternate hosts present near mango orchards; thus, in many cases, preventative spraying is initially necessary until populations are under control and systematic monitoring has been carried out over several growing season to determine changes in population levels. Spinosad forms part of the IPM strategy to be undertaken by the program specifically to combat adult fruit fly populations, and trials will be conducted in Jacmel in coordination with MARNDR as described below (see number 4 below). With the above in mind, the following measures to combat the fruit fly will be implemented by MarChE:

2 Thompson, Gary D., S. H. Hitchins and T. C. Sparks. 2009. Development of Spinosad and Attributes of A New Class of Insect Control Products. Radcliffe’s IPM World Textbook. University of Minnesota

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Monitor fruit fly populations using traps (see number 4 below for more detail on traps).

To the extent possible, avoid planting host crops, such as coffee and other fruiting trees, in the vicinity of mangoes, and avoid establishing new mango plantations in areas with heavy host crop production.

Ensure plant health by using nursery grown seedlings, resistant mango varieties as available, and by properly managing irrigation, pruning (annually to every other year), and fertilization.

Explore the use of pheromone traps to control male fruit fly populations and suitable soil insecticide applications for larval control.3

If possible, remove from tree and destroy any mangoes unsuitable for the market to kill any remaining eggs or larvae.

When it is not feasible to remove remnant mangoes (such as those at the tops of large trees), post-harvest applications of spinosad may be necessary for up to 1 month post-harvest.

4. Proposed method or methods of application, including the availability of application and safety equipment.

The Spinosad GF-120 formulation is applied as a foliar spray bait, or can be applied as a dip to substrates such as corn cobs, rolls of paper, or heart of palm and hung from tree branches; though the latter reduces the probability of spray drift and human exposure to spinosad, it also greatly reduces the feeding area and requires an excessively large number of hanging baits to achieve the same level of effectiveness as the foliar spray. Biolure and Borax tablets will be placed in traps around mango orchards to monitor the populations. Foliar spray applications should begin 6 to 8 weeks before mango harvest, and must be re-applied weekly. The foliar spray is not resistant to rain, and applications should be postponed if rain is imminent. If a rain occurs within 24 hours of application, the foliar spray should be re-applied. The recommended dosage rate per hectare will be 1.6 liters of GF-120 + 2.4 liters of water (40% GF-120 + 60% water) which will yield a total mixture of ca. 4.0 liters per ha. In addition, because another round of lower-quality fruit is grown on the mango trees after harvest, it is recommended to spray one month after harvest as well. The recommended broadcast application is 10 – 20 ounces per acre or 2 – 4 liters per hectare. The recommended spot application is 1 – 3 fluid ounces per tree or 30 – 90 ml per tree. MARNDR technicians will conduct all spray applications of spinosad for the trials. It is worth mentioning that spinosad will not eliminate the need for hot water immersion treatment, as it is a U.S. export requirement. Rather, spinosad aids greatly in making the hot water treatment process more effective, thus preventing early termination of exports due to high fruit fly infestation. If after several years of bait treatment and extensive fruit cutting, it appears that the hot water treatment was not necessary, Haiti could apply for a modification of export regulations. Until then, hot water treatment will be implemented as a part of the mango IPM and post-harvest processing program.

The bait application can be performed with several types of equipment depending on the accuracy desired. For spot applications, a backpack applicator with the MeterJet gun is recommended, which is designed to deliver a precisely metered volume of material for low pressure spot applications of the spray bait. The adjustable metering assembly allows the applicator to discharge precise volumes from 1 to 16 mililiters with a single pull of the trigger. Release of the trigger automatically recharges the unit for the next dosage. A conventional T-jet nozzle with 1-2 mm opening will deliver droplets of ca. 2-6 mm. The recommended size will be ca. 4-6 mm. The application method will normally deliver a wide range of sizes but an effort should be made to keep the droplets within the recommended range. Bait stations, which consist of partially treating the foliage with the mixture of GF-120, will be used. An effort should be made to avoid applying the bait on

2The program will conduct a PERSUAP for any additional pesticides to be recommended before beginning use, as per USAID Regulation 216.

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the fruit. Treatments will be made moving the nozzle in a parabolic/circular motion so the mixture falls back down on foliage in distinct droplets. The GF-120 is much less toxic than some other insecticides but standard safety precautions need to be followed. Standard application procedures also need to be followed to insure the test is efficacious. The mixture needs to be applied the same day it is mixed as prolonged storage will promote fermentation and foaming. Traps to monitor FF populations will also be installed using toroula, a syrup made from sugar cane, mixed with GF-120. With this mixture, the farmers will install three types of traps: Jackson, Millchereu, and Marksville. The Haitian Ministry of Agriculture has a square kilometer setup for installing these traps. At 1 kilometer apart, they install a Jackson trap, at the next kilometer, a Millchereu, then the same process is followed across all square kilometers. Within every other square of this setup, they install a Marksville.

MarChE will provide backpacks and accessories, jet guns, goggles, rubber-reinforced gloves, disposable jumpsuits with head cover, rubber boots, and masks as part of their Safer Use Action Plan. PPE will be provided to MARNDR representatives; what isn’t provided already through MarChE is found in agro supply stores in Thiotte and Port-au-Prince.

5. Any acute and long-term toxicological hazards, either human or environmental, associated with the

proposed use, and measures available to minimize such hazards.

Spinosad has slight acute toxicity. It is not a likely carcinogenic, and does not act as a cholinesterase

inhibitor. Spinosad has been classified by the World Health Organization (WHO) as an insect control

product "unlikely to present acute hazard," which represents the most favorable of 5 classifications

recognized by this advisory body.

In all countries with current registrations, no posting or setbacks are required for use of spinosad products.

The minimum worker protective equipment is required for mixers/loaders (long-sleeved shirts, long pants,

shoes, and socks).

In the U.S. where worker projection standards apply, spinosad products have the minimum REI allowable by

law of 4 hours. Workers entering treated areas less than 4 hours after application should wear coveralls and

shoes plus socks.

6. Effectiveness of the requested pesticide for the proposed use.

In 1999, the EPA approved quarantine exemption for spinosad to eradicate fruit flies in Florida. Spinosad

was approved by the EPA for use in Florida in the same year. It had been shown as successful in Florida,

through studies done by the Division of Plant Industry, Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer

Services, and the USDA Agricultural Research Center. It was It was also approved for use in Florida for fruit

fly control in 1999. It has also seen success in Mexico and Guatemala through research done by Luis

Gomez and Gordon Tween of USDA.4

4 Phone Interview, Gordon Tween, Agricultural Consultant for MarChE. January 8, 9, 11, 2010

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7. Compatibility of the proposed pesticide use with target and non-target ecosystems.

Chronic toxicology tests in mammals have shown that spinosad is not carcinogenic, teratogenic, mutagenic

or neurotoxic. Spinosad exhibits wide margins of safety to many beneficial insects and related organisms

(Schoonover and Larson, 1995). Spinosad has relatively low activity against predaceous beetles, sucking

insects, lacewings and mites, which are an important component of IPM programs.

To be compatible with a sustainable agriculture system, an insecticidal material should be selective, killing

the target pest and sparing the beneficial insects that provide biological control. In addition to the criterion of

insecticidal selectivity, compatibility with sustainable agriculture means that the material or practice should

move crop production in the direction of a systems approach to agriculture (Lewis et al., 1997). Spinosad is

somewhat selective, as it spares predatory bugs such as Nabis bugs and Geocoris sp. Spinosad shows

less mortality than pyrethroids and OPs, but is more toxic than Bacillus thuringensis or emamectin benzoate

to these beneficial bugs (Boyd and Boethel, 1998ab). Though spinosad spares predatory bugs and beetles,

it can have a negative impact on parasitoid populations (Tillman and Mulrooney, 2000; Elzen, 2001; Suh, et

al., 2000).

Spinosad is hazardous to aquatic organisms and to some non-target insects (pollinators, beneficials):

Spinosad is toxic for aquatic organisms. Spinosad is highly toxic for Hymenoptera (bees, bumble bees,

parasitoid wasps, ants) and earwigs (Dermaptera) when they are directly sprayed or exposed to fresh

residues. Spraying should not occur during flowering periods. The topical acute activity of spinosad against

honeybees is less than 1 µg per bee which places spinosad in the highly toxic to bees category of the EPA.

However, once residues have dried completely, toxicity to foraging bees is considered negligible (Mayer and

Lunden, 1998). There are minimal safety precautions and pre-harvest and re-entry intervals for this reduced

risk product.

8. Conditions under which the pesticide is to be used, including climate, flora, fauna, geography

GF-120 should not be sprayed if rain is imminent (rains expected within 24 hours) or when winds are high;

spraying is recommended in the morning or in the evening. The product should not be sprayed near water

bodies due to its toxicity to aquatic mollusks. During flowering periods and/or if bees are actively foraging,

the product should not be sprayed; once dry, it presents a much lower risk to bees.

Mangoes are generally planted on gently sloped hillsides from sea level to low altitudes of around 500

meters. They are sometimes planted near water bodies, mostly near small streams and creeks.

9. Availability of other pesticides or non-chemical control methods.

Other pesticides used against Anastrepha obliqua are Malathion and Lebayeid, which are moderately toxic

and are not recommended for use in Haiti. Dipterex and Bravik are highly toxic and not recommended.

The majority of mango production in Haiti takes place in a non-orchard environment. Quite often the

Francisque variety is grown beside other mango varieties and alternate hosts. This generous mix of fruiting

trees provides the fruit fly (Diptera: Tephritidae, Anastrepha spp.), the main insect pest of mango, and

almost year round supply of fruit for laying its eggs.

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10. Host country’s ability to regulate or control the distribution, storage, use, and disposal of the

requested pesticide.

The Ministry of Agriculture, Natural Resources and Rural Development (MARNDR) regulates pesticide

import, distribution, storage, use and disposal of pesticides and also has agricultural extension officers in

various parts of the country. However, enforcement of regulations is generally not implemented, especially

at the local level. For a product to obtain a permit for sale on the market, it must submit paperwork to the

MARNDR specifying toxicity information (LD50), target pests, required PPE, etc. The MARNDR does not

currently maintain a database of pesticides approved for use in the country, nor does it implement a

pesticide container collection program. At agro supply stores, most products have a toxicity labeling system

based on color. Labels are usually in English or sometimes French. MarChE will work in synergy with

MARNDR to improve enforcement of regulations in MarChE project regions where spinosad is in use (see

#11).

MarChE will train spinosad users on appropriate use, storage and disposal of spinosad through a

comprehensive training program described in number 11 below.

11. Provision for training of users and applicators.

The following is a summary of pesticide safer use training topics to be addressed:

Chemical knowledge: registration, correct use, application procedures and label specifications. This training includes an in-depth review of label information (resources in Creole and/or with photos will be provided wherever possible), as well as a discussion of dosage rates, application rates, equipment calibration and maintenance, application intervals, re-entry and pre-harvest intervals and demonstrations of proper equipment use. Pest knowledge: farmers will be trained to recognize fruit fly pests and damaging threshold levels, as well as key cultural practices to promote plant health and when pesticide use is necessary and appropriate.

Storage: proper storage of chemicals in relation to other structures on the property. The need for a separate, clearly marked and locked facility will be emphasized for exclusive storage of farm chemicals. Pesticides should be kept away from food for human or animal consumption or sources of drinking water. Pesticides should always be stored in their original containers.

Transport: safe transport of pesticides will be discussed (i.e. not using public transportation if possible, keeping chemicals in a closed environment, how to avoid punctures and torn bags, etc).

Worker protection: Types of personal protective equipment (PPE), when they should be worn and why, and how they should be cared for. The basic PPE recommended for all pesticide applications includes long-sleeved shirts, long pants, shoes and socks. According to the toxicity and label directions of spinosad, chemical-resistant gloves, aprons, and masks are required, which will be provided by MarChE and are available at local agro supply stores. Participants must wash PPE separate from everyday clothing and to keep their PPE in good condition.

Safety practices: proper mixing techniques, the importance of using clean water for mixing, and the importance of not contaminating water sources. The types of containers used in chemical preparation, their

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proper use, cleaning and storage will be addressed. Applicators are taught not to eat, drink or smoke while applying pesticides.

First aid and medical facilities: first aid materials must be made available (soap, clean water and a towel) in case of spills. Participants will be taught to identify the primary symptoms of chemical exposure and what do to in an emergency.

Waste Management: how to clean up and safely dispose of any chemical not used. For liquids, empty containers should be rinsed 3 times, and emptied into the spray tank as part of the application mixture. When the product is used completely, chemical containers should be triple-rinsed and punctured before being buried. Containers should NEVER be reused.

Protection of drinking water: Training will emphasize the importance of protecting potable water sources and avoiding contamination of ground and surface waters. Participants will be trained to identify their drinking water source and to keep all pesticides away from that source. Characteristics of the water source and mitigation measures to avoid contamination will be addressed.

Environmental safety: the importance of protecting natural resources and the proper use of pesticides to avoid environmental contamination and impacts on non-target organisms will be addressed. An additional training phase will be targeted towards women and children who may come into the production fields or who may be exposed to residues on the clothing of their spouses at home. Basic training materials in Creole with illustrations will be developed for this purpose.

12. Methodology to monitor the use and efficacy of the pesticide.

Please see the Environmental Mitigation Plan and Environmental Monitoring and Evaluation Tracking Table

(Annex A), for details on environmental mitigation measures and monitoring indicators for fruit fly control and

spinosad use. MarChE’s agronomists and field staff spend the majority of their time in the field and on

farms, monitoring cultural practices, plant nutrition, crop health and pest control, and providing technical

assistance to farmers when problems arise. Pesticide safer use will be monitored as part of these field visits.

Fruit fly population monitoring will also occur in mango orchards. Farmers and field staff will be required to

keep records of any pest problems and pesticide applications.

D - SAFER USE ACTION PLAN

Though the human and environmental health risks of GF-120 are minimal compared to other alternatives, MarChE will implement a comprehensive safer use action plan to mitigate potential adverse impacts of fruit fly control and to raise awareness and establish good pesticide handling practices in the area. Thus, training on pest management and proper pesticide use, storage and disposal will be implemented on mango fields. Despite the fact that spraying of GF-120 will be handled entirely by MARNDR technicians for the trial phase, pesticide use is still fairly uncommon in some areas of the project; for this reason, an awareness campaign in Creole targeting producer family members, particularly women and children, will be implemented. This campaign will cover the dangers of improper pesticide use and handling, entering treated fields during REI, possible health and environmental risks of improper use, and will discourage re-use of pesticide containers for water collection or other purposes. Depending on the local context, these campaigns may be implemented through radio programs, schools, or in conjunction with health centers. Trainings on chemical safety and pesticide risks, labeling, and less toxic alternatives will also target agro supply store staff and Ministry of Agriculture agronomists.

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In Haiti, MarChE faces obstacles in reducing risks locally. MarChE will make every effort to promote the locally-available options that do exist:

1. Cultural controls through IPM strategies (see Section 3 of the Pesticides Evaluation Report) will be recommended first and farmers will be trained to a) monitor and recognize economically damaging pest levels, and b) to properly apply pesticides (spinosad) at the correct time, in order to reduce the need for applications. Economic incentives for organic pest control, such as higher prices paid by organic markets, will be explored by MarChE. MARNDR and MarChE field extension officers will provide technical assistance in pest monitoring, as well as proper pesticide use, throughout the growing season.

2. As newer and/or less toxic alternatives become available on the Haitian market, these alternatives will be recommended and more toxic chemicals will be phased out of the program. A PERSUAP amendment will be completed for any new products to be recommended which are not included in the present document.

3. Use of several different population control mechanisms to maximize success and minimize probability of resistance development.

4. To the extent possible, the program will discourage planting of alternate host crops near mango fields and will encourage continued IPM measures during the “off-season” when non-export, lower quality fruit is grown for household and local market consumption.

Emphasis on pesticide awareness is especially important for non-target Haitians. The MeterJet gun and spraying when winds are low aims to avoid spray drift; nevertheless, any residents on or around property that is being sprayed should receive information through direct contact, brochures, posters, radio, and any other medium that is quick and relevant. Schools prone to pesticide drift need to wipe off water fountains. Toys found on sprayed areas need to be either washed or more safely disposed. Any safety hazard to non-target surrounding Haitians should involve awareness materials. MarChE will provide backpacks and accessories, jet guns, goggles, rubber-reinforced gloves, disposable jumpsuits with head cover, rubber boots, and masks as part of their Safer Use Action Plan. PPE will be provided to MARNDR representatives, either through and is available in agro supply stores in Thiotte and Port-au-Prince. Water contamination is a potential concern, since inhabitants of Haiti wash in rivers. MarChE will discourage washing of pesticide containers or sprayer tanks in or near rivers, irrigation canals, or potable water sources. PPE should not be washed in rivers and women and children are prohibited from washing PPE – PPE washers should wear gloves when washing. PPE washing stations designated strictly for this purpose may need to be established to avoid any problems. Used pesticide containers must NOT be reused – farmers will be taught to rinse 3 times and add rinsate to tank mix, puncture, and dispose.

Storage and Transportation Warning signs should be posted around pesticide storage areas. In these areas, an emergency kit should be

prepared for accidental spills. Pesticides should always be kept in the original container with the label on it. If a

container leaks and the contents must be removed, a food, drink, or medicine container never be used to replace it.

The label should be transferred to any replacement container. Pesticide storage locations should always be kept

locked. Pesticides should be stored in a well-ventilated building or room or in a cabinet where children will not be able

to reach them and where no one will be accidentally exposed to them. Food, drinks, clothing, and other belongings

should be kept away from the pesticides at all times. Pesticides should not be kept in the passenger compartment of

a car or truck. Pesticide containers should be tied when moving them.

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Disposal of Containers and Pesticide-Treated Substrates –

Water contamination is a potential concern, since inhabitants of Haiti wash in rivers. MarChE will discourage washing of pesticide containers or sprayer tanks in or near rivers, irrigation canals, or potable water sources. PPE should not be washed in rivers and women and children are prohibited from washing PPE – PPE washers should wear gloves when washing. PPE washing stations designated strictly for this purpose may need to be established to avoid any problems. Used pesticide containers must NOT be reused – farmers will be taught to rinse 3 times and add rinsate to tank mix, puncture, and dispose.

In Haiti, the reality of disposal of pesticide containers is reuse, burn, or dump; it is even common in Haiti to reuse

pesticide containers for water storage. For disposal, it is recommended that MARNDR assume responsibility. It is

strongly recommended that there be no additional use for containers. An option for disposal recommended by

Gordon Tween is chipping plastic barrels and providing them to the cement plant for burning in the production of

cement. Any substrates dipped in GF-120, such as corn cobs, rolled paper, or palm hearts, should be buried

(preferably) or burned after use.

See Annex A, Table 2: Environmental Mitigation Plan and Table 3: Environmental Monitoring and Evaluation

Tracking Table, for more details.

E - CONCLUSION AND SUMMARY OF RECOMMENDATIONS

It is under this plan that CNFA aims to establish leadership in promoting best IPM practice and pesticide awareness

in the MarChE program. This document aims to meet and surpass the minimum USAID environmental regulations

under 22 CFR 216. It is also hoped that the work of MarChE will serve as an example within all USAID implementing

organizations in Haiti.

The following is a summary of the environmental mitigation measures and recommendations made throughout this

PERSUAP:

Pesticide Evaluation Report

The recommended dose or the rate per hectare will be 1.6 liters of GF-120 + 2.4 liters of water (40% GF-

120 + 60% water) which will yield a total mixture of ca. 4.0 liters per ha..

For spot applications a backpack applicator is recommended with the MeterJet gun.

An effort should be made to avoid applying the bait on the fruit. Treatments will be made moving the nozzle

in a parabolic/circular motion so the mixture falls back down on foliage in distinct droplets.

The mixture needs to be applied the same day it is mixed as prolonged storage will promote fermentation

and foaming.

Monitor fruit fly populations using traps to determine population levels and need for treatment.

To the extent possible, avoid planting host crops, such as coffee and other fruiting trees, in the vicinity of

mangoes, and avoid establishing new mango plantations in areas with heavy host crop production.

Ensure plant health by using nursery grown seedlings, resistant mango varieties as available, and by

properly managing irrigation, pruning (annually to every other year), and fertilization.

Explore the use of pheromone traps to control male fruit fly populations and suitable soil insecticide

applications for larval control.5

5 The program will conduct a PERSUAP for any additional pesticides to be recommended before beginning use, as per USAID Regulation 216.

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If possible, remove from tree and destroy any mangoes unsuitable for the market to kill any remaining eggs

or larvae.

When it is not feasible to remove remnant mangoes (such as those at the tops of large trees), post-harvest

applications of spinosad may be necessary for up to 1 month post-harvest.

In the U.S. where worker projection standards apply, spinosad products have the minimum REI allowable by

law of 4 hours. Workers entering treated areas less than 4 hours after application should wear coveralls and

shoes plus socks.

As a provision for training of users and applicators (Pesticide Evaluation Report #11), the topics of chemical

knowledge, storage, transport, worker protection, safety practices, first aid and medical utilities, waste

management, protection of drinking water, and environmental safety all need to be addressed.

Farmers and field staff must keep records of any pest problems and pesticide applications.

Safer Use Action Plan

Because pesticide use is still fairly uncommon in some areas of the project, an awareness campaign in Creole targeting producer family members, particularly women and children, should be implemented. This campaign will cover the dangers of improper pesticide use and handling, entering treated fields during REI, possible health and environmental risks of improper use, and will discourage re-use of pesticide containers for water collection or other purposes. Depending on the local context, these campaigns may be implemented through radio programs, schools, or in conjunction with health centers. MARNDR technicians and agro store staff will also be targeted by the campaign and trainings.

Cultural controls through IPM strategies (see Section 3 of the Pesticides Evaluation Report) will be recommended first and farmers will be trained to a) monitor and recognize economically damaging pest levels and b) to properly apply pesticides at the correct time, in order to reduce the need for pesticides. MARNDR and MarChE field extension officers will provide technical assistance in pest monitoring, as well as proper pesticide use, throughout the growing season.

As newer and/or less toxic alternatives become available on the Haitian market, these alternatives will be recommended and more toxic chemicals will be phased out of the program. A PERSUAP amendment will be completed for any new products to be recommended which are not included in the present document.

Use of several different population control mechanisms to maximize success and minimize probability of resistance development.

To the extent possible, the program will discourage planting of alternate host crops near mango fields and will encourage continued IPM measures during the “off-season” when non-export, lower quality fruit is grown for household and local market consumption.

Any residents on or around property that involves spray should receive information through direct contact, brochures, posters, radio, and any other medium that is quick and relevant. Schools prone to pesticide drift need to wipe off water fountains. Toys found on sprayed areas need to be either washed or more safely disposed. Any safety hazard to non-target surrounding Haitians should involve awareness materials.

MarChE will provide backpacks and accessories, jet guns, goggles, rubber-reinforced gloves, disposable jumpsuits with head cover, rubber boots, and masks as part of their Safer Use Action Plan.

Warning signs should be posted around pesticide storage areas. In these areas, an emergency kit should be prepared for accidental spills. Pesticides should always be kept in the original container with the label on it. If a container leaks and the contents must be removed, a food, drink, or medicine container never be used to replace it. The label should be transferred to any replacement container. Pesticide storage locations should always be kept locked. Pesticides should be stored in a well-ventilated building or room or in a cabinet where children will not be able to reach them and where no one will be accidentally exposed to them.

13

Food, drinks, clothing, and other belongings should be kept away from the pesticides at all times. Pesticides

should not be kept in the passenger compartment of a car or truck. Pesticide containers should be tied when

you are moving them. Carry a copy of the label and emergency equipment in the truck for use in case of a

spill.

MarChE will discourage washing of pesticide containers or sprayer tanks in or near rivers, irrigation canals, or potable water sources. PPE should not be washed in rivers and women and children are prohibited from washing PPE – PPE washers should wear gloves when washing. PPE washing stations designated strictly for this purpose may need to be established to avoid any problems. Used pesticide containers must NOT be reused – farmers will be taught to rinse 3 times and add rinsate to tank mix, puncture, and dispose. Appropriate disposal should be the responsibility of MARNDR for the trials. Through these trials, MarChE will determine the most appropriate disposal method for farmers performing the spraying themselves in the future.

13

F – Annexes

Annex A.

Table 2. Environmental Mitigation Plan

1. ENVIRONMENTAL MITIGATION PLAN

Activity Description of Impact Prescribed mitigation measures

Fruit Fly Management

1. Lack of awareness in fruit fly population and crop health may lead to an excess in pesticide use

a. Monitor fruit fly populations using traps to determine population levels and need for treatment.

b. To the extent possible, avoid planting host crops, such as coffee and other fruiting trees, in the vicinity of mangoes, and avoid establishing new mango plantations in areas with heavy host crop production.

c. Ensure plant health by using nursery grown seedlings, resistant mango varieties as available, and by properly managing irrigation, pruning (annually to every other year), and fertilization.

2. Lack of Integrated Pest Management methods may lead to an excess in pesticide use

a. Explore the use of pheromone traps to control male fruit fly populations and suitable soil insecticide applications for larval control.

b. If possible, remove from tree and destroy any mangoes unsuitable for the market to kill any remaining eggs or larvae.

c. Record any pest problems and pesticide applications within MarChE and the Ministry of Agriculture.

3. Unawareness of labeling may lead to hazardous usage of pesticides

a. Train pesticides users on labeling information, recognition, etc. The information should contain a USEPA or other registration number, a brand name, a common name, a chemical name, an ingredient statement, the amount of an active ingredient, net contents, signal words and symbols, precautionary statements, route of entry, protective clothing and equipment, a reentry statement, and storage and disposal.

b. Train suppliers on providing labeling information to buyers/users

4. Pesticide runoff into surface waters causes harmful environmental consequences downstream

a. Utilize highly precise spray nozzles wherever possible to minimize spray drift. Avoid spraying when rains are imminent. See also 5d.

Spraying 5. Increased risk of exposure from contaminated fruit or spray drift

a. Avoid applying the bait on the fruit. Treatments will be made moving the nozzle in a parabolic/circular motion so the mixture falls back down on foliage in distinct droplets.

15

b. In the U.S. where worker projection standards apply, spinosad products have the minimum REI allowable by law of 4 hours. Workers entering treated areas less than 4 hours after application should wear coveralls and shoes plus socks.

c. Provide backpacks and accessories, jet guns, goggles, rubber-reinforced gloves, disposable jumpsuits with head cover, rubber boots, and masks as part of the Safer Use Action Plan.

d. Train pesticide users on how to use PPE. Refer to 5c.

e. Spray when winds are low (i.e. morning or evening).

6. After harvest, remnant fruits attract more pests for the following harvest.

a. Continue pest management measures after the export mango harvest.

Storage

7. Un-informed persons with access to pesticides are at risk to exposure.

a. Post warning signs around pesticide storage areas.

b. Keep away food, drinks, clothing, and other belongings from the pesticides at all times.

c. Prepare an emergency kit for accidental spills.

d. Keep pesticides in the original container with the label on it.

e. Transfer labels to any replacement container.

f. Keep all pesticide storage locations locked.

g. Store pesticides in a well-ventilated building or room or in a cabinet where children will not be able to reach them and where no one will be accidentally exposed to them.

8. Excess storage time may degrade the product a. Apply the mixture the same day it is mixed as prolonged storage will promote fermentation and foaming.

Transportation 9. Lack of awareness in safe transportation practices may cause spills

a. Never keep pesticides in the passenger compartment of a car or truck.

b. Tie all pesticide containers when moving them.

c. Carry a copy of the label and emergency equipment in the truck in case of a spill.

Disposal 10. Improper disposal of pesticide equipment may cause safety and environmental hazards.

a. Discourage washing of pesticide containers or sprayer tanks in or near rivers, irrigation canals, or potable water sources. Never wash PPE in rivers and prohibit women and children from washing PPE – make sure PPE washers wear gloves when washing. Never reuse pesticide containers – train disposers to rinse 3 times and train to add rinsate to tank mix, puncture, and disposals.

b. Chip plastic barrels and provide to the cement plant for burning in the production of cement.

16

c. Bury any substrates dipped in GF-120, such as corn cobs, rolled paper, or palm hearts. Bury (preferably) or burn after use.

Community Impact 11. Lack of knowledge pesticide spray in the area may cause safety hazards in the community.

a. Implement an awareness campaign in Creole targeting residents around the spray area, particularly women and children. In the campaign, cover the dangers of improper pesticide use and handling, entering treated fields during REI, possible health and environmental risks of improper use, and discourage re-use of pesticide containers for water collection or other purposes. Depending on the local context, implement these campaigns through radio programs, schools, or in conjunction with health centers. Target MARNDR technicians and agro store staff in the campaign and trainings.

a. Inform any residents on or around property that involves spray through direct contact, brochures, posters, radio, and any other medium that is quick and relevant. Train schools prone to pesticide drift to wipe off water fountains, wash or more safely dispose toys found on sprayed areas. Give awareness materials to any non-target surrounding Haitians with exposure to any safety hazard.

Table 3: Environmental Monitoring and Evaluation Tracking Table.

2. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND EVALUATION TRACKING TABLE

Organization: MarChE

Location Name: Sud-Est Department, Haiti

Project Name: Mango Production Improvement Project Nearby Communities: Ouest and Nippes Departments

Host Country: Haiti Proposed Project Size: $

Project Manager: Monitoring Period: March 2010 - July 2010

Imp

act No

.

Description of Mitigation

Measure

Resp

on

sible

Party

Monitoring Methods Estimated

Co

st

Results Recom

men

ded

Ad

justm

ents

Indicators Methods Frequency

Dates

Mo

nito

red

Pro

blem

s

En

cou

ntered

Mitig

ation

Effectiven

ess

17

1 a. Monitor fruit fly populations using traps to determine population levels and need for treatment.

Yves Robert Personna

(Agricultural Specialist, and Paul Vedner

Zamy, (Monitoring &

Evaluation Specialist)

Grams of fruit fly collected in all traps under project influence

Field Report Weekly during

spraying

1

2

3

4

2 a. Explore the use of pheromone traps to control male fruit fly populations and suitable soil insecticide applications for larval control.



Zamy, (Monitoring &


Grams of fruit fly collected in different individual pheromone traps

Field Report per

individual pheromone-

type trap

Weekly during spraying

1

2

3

4

3

b. Train suppliers on providing labeling information to buyers/users



Zamy, (Monitoring &


Percentage of suppliers under project influence with adequate skills to inform users on labeling

Sample Survey


1

2

3

4

5 c. Provide backpacks and accessories,



Percent of sprayers using appropriate

Field Observation

Checklist and Sample


1

2

18

jet guns, goggles, rubber-reinforced gloves, disposable jumpsuits with head cover, rubber boots, and masks as part of the Safer Use Action Plan.

Zamy, (Monitoring &


PPE Survey

3

4

1 b. To the extent possible, avoid planting host crops, such as coffee and other fruiting trees, in the vicinity of mangoes, and avoid establishing new mango plantations in areas with heavy host crop production.



Zamy, (Monitoring &


Percentage of pesticide users under project influence adopting 4 or more of the promoted best pesticide management (including spraying) practices

Field Observation


Survey


1

2

3

4

c. Ensure plant health by using


(Agricultural Specialist, and

1

2

19

nursery grown seedlings, resistant mango varieties as available, and by properly managing irrigation, pruning (annually to every other year), and fertilization.

Paul Vedner Zamy,

(Monitoring & Evaluation Specialist)

3

4

2 b. If possible, remove from tree and destroy any mangoes unsuitable for the market to kill any remaining eggs or larvae.



Zamy, (Monitoring &


1

2

3

4

c. Record any pest problems and pesticide applications within MarChE and the Ministry of Agriculture.



Zamy, (Monitoring &


1

2

3

4

3 a. Train pesticides users on


(Agricultural Specialist, and 1

20

labeling information, recognition, etc. The information should contain a USEPA or other registration number, a brand name, a common name, a chemical name, an ingredient statement, the amount of an active ingredient, net contents, signal words and symbols, precautionary statements, route of entry, protective clothing and equipment, a reentry statement, and storage and disposal.

Paul Vedner Zamy,

(Monitoring & Evaluation Specialist) 2

3

4

21

4 a. Utilize highly precise spray nozzles wherever possible to minimize spray drift. Avoid spraying when rains are imminent. See also 5d.



Zamy, (Monitoring &


1

2

3

4

5 a. Avoid applying the bait on the fruit. Treatments will be made moving the nozzle in a parabolic/circular motion so the mixture falls back down on foliage in distinct droplets.



Zamy, (Monitoring &


1

2

3

4

b. In the U.S. where worker projection standards apply, spinosad products have

1

2

3

22

the minimum REI allowable by law of 4 hours. Workers entering treated areas less than 4 hours after application should wear coveralls and shoes plus socks. 4

d. Train pesticide users on how to use PPE. Refer to 5c.



Zamy, (Monitoring &


1

2

3

4

e. Spray when winds are low (i.e. morning or evening).



Zamy, (Monitoring &


1

2

3

4

6 a. Continue pest management measures after the export mango harvest.



Zamy, (Monitoring &


1

2

3

4

23

7

a. Post warning signs around pesticide storage areas.



Zamy, (Monitoring &


Percentage of pesticide users under project influence that comply with the advised best pesticide storage practices

Field Observation


Survey


1

2

3

4

b. Keep away food, drinks, clothing, and other belongings from the pesticides at all times.



Zamy, (Monitoring &


1

2

3

4

c. Prepare an emergency kit for accidental spills.



Zamy, (Monitoring &


1

2

3

4

d. Keep pesticides in the original container with the label on it.



Zamy, (Monitoring &


1

2

3

4

e. Transfer labels to any replacement container.



Zamy, (Monitoring &

Evaluation

1

2

3

4

24

Specialist)

f. Keep all pesticide storage locations locked.



Zamy, (Monitoring &


1

2

3

4

g. Store pesticides in a well-ventilated building or room or in a cabinet where children will not be able to reach them and where no one will be accidentally exposed to them.



Zamy, (Monitoring &


1

2

3

4

8 a. Apply the mixture the same day it is mixed as prolonged storage will promote fermentation and foaming.



Zamy, (Monitoring &

Evaluation Specialist

1

2

3

4

9 a. Never keep pesticides in the passenger compartment of a car or



Zamy,

Percentage of pesticide users / handlers under

Sample Survey


1

2

3

4

25

truck. (Monitoring & Evaluation Specialist

project influence that comply with the advised best pesticide transportation practices

b. Tie all pesticide containers when moving them.



Zamy, (Monitoring &


1

2

3

4

c. Carry a copy of the label and emergency equipment in the truck in case of a spill.



Zamy, (Monitoring &


1

2

3

4

10 a. Discourage washing of pesticide containers or sprayer tanks in or near rivers, irrigation canals, or potable water sources. Never wash PPE in rivers and prohibit women and children from washing PPE washing PPE – make sure



Zamy, (Monitoring &


No evidence of re-use or improper disposal of containers seen

Field Observation


Survey


1

2

3

4

26

PPE washers wear gloves when washing. Never reuse pesticide containers – train disposers to rinse 3 times and train to add rinsate to tank mix, puncture, and disposals.

b. Chip plastic barrels and provide to the cement plant for burning in the production of cement.



Zamy, (Monitoring &


1

2

3

4

c. Bury any substrates dipped in GF-120, such as corn cobs, rolled paper, or palm hearts. Bury (preferably) or burn after use.



Zamy, (Monitoring &


1

2

3

4

27

11 a. Implement an awareness campaign in Creole targeting residents around the spray area, particularly women and children. In the campaign, cover the dangers of improper pesticide use and handling, entering treated fields during REI, possible health and environmental risks of improper use, and discourage re-use of pesticide containers for water collection or other purposes. Depending on the local context,



Zamy, (Monitoring &


Number of community members under project influence practicing the promoted safety practices

Household/Community

Survey


1

2

3

4

28

implement these campaigns through radio programs, schools, or in conjunction with health centers. Target MARNDR technicians and agro store staff in the campaign and trainings.

a. Inform any residents on or around property that involves spray through direct contact, brochures, posters, radio, and any other medium that is quick and relevant. Train schools prone to pesticide drift to wipe off water fountains, wash or more safely dispose



Zamy, (Monitoring &


1

2

3

4

29

toys found on sprayed areas. Give awareness materials to any non-target surrounding Haitians with exposure to any safety hazard.

30

ANNEX B: Detailed Information on target fruit flies

West Indian fruit fly, Anastrepha obliqua

The West Indian fruit fly, Anastrepha obliqua (Macquart), occurs from the Caribbean to Southern Brazil. It is the most abundant species of Anastrepha in the West Indies. A. obliqua is a major pest of mangoes in most tropical countries, making the production of some varieties unprofitable. Some varieties, however, are little damaged. It, like the Carribean Fruit Fly, A. suspensa (Loew), also attacks other tropical fruits of little economic importance. A. obliqua has also been called the Antillean fruit fly.

A. obliqua was first discovered in Florida in 1930. As a result of that discovery, a large fruit fly survey and eradication campaign was conducted from 1930 until 1936. Eradication actions began in 1934 and included widespread fruit removal and destruction, and biweekly insecticidal sprays. During this time, numerous A. obliqua specimens were collected, all from Key West.

A. obliqua is intercepted frequently in mangoes and several other fruits from various countries. There are Florida records for several adult females in 1957 [since disputed - specimens were probably actually collected in 1935 (Steck 2001)] from Key West and one larva in mango from Ft. Lauderdale, June 25, 1963, which was identified by Dr. R.H. Foote as "Anastrepha species, possibly mombinpraeoptans (obliqua)." In fact this larva may have been a harbinger of the large colonization by Caribbean fruit fly, Anastrepha suspensa in south Florida, where adults were first detected in 1965 (Steck 2001).

Caribbean fruit fly, Anastrepha suspensa

31

The Caribbean fruit fly, Anastrepha suspensa (Loew), has also been called the Greater Antilliean fruit fly, the guava fruit fly and the Caribfly. It is a near relative of the Mexican fruit fly, Anastrepha ludens (Loew), and is one of several species of fruit flies which are indigenous to the West Indies and the larvae of which attack several kinds of tropical and subtropical fruits. A. suspensa is viewed with some concern as a potential pest of commercial citrus, mangoes, and peaches in Florida. Found in Cuba, Jamaica, Hispaniola, Puerto Rico, southern Florida. A. suspensa was described originally from specimens collected in Cuba. Its geographic distribution and host range are very similar to two other species -- A. obliqua and A. striata.

ANNEX C: Mediterranean Fruit Fly threat to Haiti Mango Production - Presented by; Scott Solberg, Hans Eysenbach and Ophny Carville at National Mango Forum April 27, 2010 PRESENTATION OUTLINE Slide 1: Title

- Ceratitis capitata, Mediterranean Fruit Fly: Risks and Preventative Measures for Haiti

Slide 2: C. Capitata- The Medfly • Most significant agricultural pest • Dangerous for over 300 types of fruits • Leads to major crop losses

- According to the California Food and Agriculture Department it is the most important agricultural pest in the world - Adult females lay eggs in skin of fruits and vegetables (1 to 10 eggs per fruit); eggs develop into larva which feed

on the fruit; fruit decays and larva enter the ground to pupate; adult flies emerge from the ground and mate continuing the cycle

- Major crop losses: o Example: Infestation in 1981in California led to the destruction of millions of dollars worth of crops.

Threat of permanent infestation in California estimated at 1.3 to 1.8 billion annually and 14 000 jobs lost o First government ground response was inadequate and within one month millions of dollars of crops

lost and billions of dollars more threatened o Where Medfly is endemic crop losses of 25% to 50% are common by some reports

Slide 3: Crops affected - Temperate and tropical thin skinned fruits most at risk. - High: Mango, Citrus, Peppers, Coffee** - Moderate: Papaya, Avocado, Passion fruit, Jocotes, Tomatoes, Sirouelle, - Low: Banana, Plantain - Major export and staple crops at risk **Coffee is a major host crop but, Hawaii and experts’ reports indicate quality is not affected -Some reports indicate that production might suffer

32

- Affects a very wide range of fruits, nuts and vegetables. Some commonly threatened crops have been: apple, apricot, avocado, bell pepper, fig, grape, grapefruit, lemon, lime, melon, nectarine, orange, peach, pear, persimmon, plum, pomegranate, tangerine, tomato and walnut

Slide 4: Economic Threat

Significant farmer income loses and major obstacles to international trade and agricultural diversification

$8-10 million dollars worth of mangos exported annually

US strict phytosantiary and fruit fly import controls

300 000 - 500 000 Haitians receive income from mangos Important source of nutrients, especially for those lacking food security

- Losses of 25% to 50% of crops are not uncommon in countries around the world where Medfly is endemic

(Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, New Zealand) o Scenario for Haiti:

15 million dollar industry Risk of spread to other corps and therefore significant losses in these crops Economic quarantine: Ex. US block on Haiti mango exports in July 2007.

50 containers returned to Haiti; US blocked the shipment of more than 40,000 boxes containing at least a dozen mangoes each.

Slide 5: History of Med Fly in the Americas

• 1955 - First reported in Costa Rica • 1970 - Estimated $2.4 mil in crop loses between Costa Rica, Panama and Nicaragua • 1975 – Guatemala • 1978 – *MoscaMed Program (US, Mexico, Guatemala)

2004 $30 million donated by the US • 1981 – Infestation in CA:

$260 mil in crop loses $100 mil eradication effort

Slide 6: Existing and Emerging Fruit Fly Threats

• Haiti/Caribbean – West Indian and Caribbean Fruit Flies (A. obliqua and suspensa) • MexFly – A. ludens* • Surinam and Guyana - Oriental and carambola Fruit Flies (Bactrocera dorsalis* and carambolae) • Brazil – A. fraterculus

Slide 7: Available Preventative Measures

• Avoid establishing Mango stands near pre-existing host crop plantings (Coffee, citrus, avocadoes, peppers)

• Plant sanitation • Post harvest treatments • Host crop sampling program • Keep infected products out*

• Inspection of potential host imports • Custom controls/info. for travelers • Quarantine systems in place

33

• Monitoring traps (Jackson traps are best) at potential points of entry (ex. Ports; air and sea, UN camps, diplomatic buildings and residences, ship garbage disposal sites, etc.)

*Added difficulty in food insecure nation Slide 8: Vulnerability in Haiti

• Imports or donations of host products • Lacking implementation of quarantines at ports • Individuals transporting infected products

• Monitoring capacity • Lack of training and capacity of inspection agents • Weak law enforcement • Nepotism/Corruption • Haitian Ministry of Ag. (MARNDR) Direction of Quarantine lack of human and material resources • Open ship stores and garbage disposal

Slide 9: Infestation Control and Eradication

• Rapid reporting to MARNDR • Use of effective controls:

▫ Spinosad ▫ Malathion ▫ Sterile Insect Technique (SIT) ▫ Male Annihilation Technique

• Survey to locate perimeters infestation zone • Implementation of buffer zones • Dispose of infected crops correctly

▫ Steaming, burial (+50cm underground), fed to pigs/poultry ▫ Kerosene topped water soak

• Soil applications of Malathion* • Releases of sterile male insects/ Male Annihilation Technique (MAT) • MARNDR collaboration with USDA/APHIS (ex. MoscaMed Program (US, Mexico, Guatemala)

* Fruit disposal

- Medfly infested fruit should be disposed of correctly: “Soaking fruit in water topped by a layer of kerosene (to cut off oxygen supply); freezing fruit for a few days; cooking or pureeing fruit are options. Burial is not recommended at depths of less than 18 inches as medfly can survive a burial” Burial should be greater than 50cm.

Slide 10: Importance of Integrated Pest Management • Sanitary/Cultural, Biological, Chemical controls • Spinosad naturally produced toxin with organic certification

▫ Highly effective against existing fruit flies and Medfly ▫ Foliar sprays or baits in 200m perimeter of infestation for 96% pop. reduction of fruit fly

adult population • Malathion

▫ Soil treatments for larvae control ▫ Potential groundwater contaminant, high toxicity to bees and aquatic species ▫ Suggestive evidence of carcinogenicity

Slide 11: Direction for Haiti

34

• Strengthening of Quarantine, Plant Protection and Customs implementation capacity ▫ Human resources training ▫ Increased equipment for early detection and monitoring ▫ Enhancement of MARNDR fruit fly monitoring ▫ Reinforce legal structures ▫ Promote IPM strategies, plant sanitation, health and technology transfers to farmers

• Continued coordination with USDA-APHIS in above strengthening efforts and agricultural research in preventative techniques

• Development and exploration of sources of sterile male fruit flies Highlights from Research

Fruit flies prompt US to block Haiti mango exports (not specific to Medfly)

http://www.reuters.com/article/idUSN75380623 “Haiti ships several million dollars worth of the tropical fruit to the United States each year.” “U.S. agents discovered fruit flies and their larvae on June 25 and on Monday in shipments of mangoes from three facilities in Haiti, where mangoes are supposed to be washed with hot water to ensure fruit flies are killed.” “Haitian officials said the insects came from the United States in an empty shipping container. They said Haitian exporters, who operate under supervision of USDA agents based in Haiti, had fully followed agreed procedures and regulations.” “In addition to returning the 50 containers to Haitian exporters, the United States blocked the shipment of more than 40,000 boxes containing at least a dozen mangoes per box.” Global Invasive Species Database: Management Information http://www.issg.org/database/species/ecology.asp?si=521&fr=1 Management information Preventative: Early detection is very important to prevent establishment of populations. Detection programs using lures and attractants and constant monitoring are required to ensure early detection. Countries which export fruit have to make sure that a comprehensive detection program is maintained and that strict quarantine procedures are in place to prevent the spread of the pest to flyfree zones. Control options should be started early in spring when temperatures start rising and overwintering adults become active and new adults emerge from the ground (medfly can overwinter as adults, as eggs and larvae in fruit or in their pupal form in the ground). Chemical: An important measure to be taken to ensure success of any chemical control is the disposal of unwanted and medfly infested fruit. Several methods suggested for disposal are: soaking fruit in water topped by a layer of kerosene( to cut off oxygen supply); freezing fruit for a few days; cooking or pureeing fruit. Burial is not recommended at depths of less than 18 inches as medfly can survive a burial. The two main control methods recommended are foliage baiting and cover spraying. The female medfly requires a source of protein for the maturation of her eggs which she sources from fruit juices, bacteria etc from nature. The foliage bait combines a source of protein with an insecticide and is attractive for both the male as well as the female medfly. The bait is usually applied in the morning hours and applies as a spot application aimed at the middle of the trees. Cover spraying controls all life stages through contact and penetrative action. Spraying is carried out when fruits are half or two thirds in size. Depending on the level of infestation the two methods can be used together.

http://www.reuters.com/article/idUSN75380623http://www.issg.org/database/species/ecology.asp?si=521&fr=1

35

Physical: Trapping is not recommended as a control option but is useful for detection. The three types of traps used are those used to trap the male medfly which consists of a pheromone plus insecticide, a trap for the female medfly using a lure and a wet trap used for both the male and the female medfly which consists of a food source ( a sugar or protein) plus an insecticide. It is good to remember that other insects can also be caught in these traps.

Biological: A technique called the sterile insect technique (SIT) is used to contain and exclude populations of medfly. The goal of SIT is to release sterile males to mate with any introduced wild females, resulting in the production of infertile eggs. In California, the SIT program is changing from the release of both male and female sterile flies (bisexual strains) to the use of sterile flies from “male-only” strains (Jang et al. 2003).

Management info from infonet-biovision.org http://www.infonet-biovision.org/default/ct/93/pests Monitoring fruit flies is important to determine when they arrive in the orchard and to decide when treatment is needed. Monitoring can be done using bait traps such as the Lynfield or bucket trap (described in this datasheet under biopesticides and physical methods) For effective monitoring it is important that farmers are able to identify fruit flies from among other insects trapped. Orchard sanitation Poorly managed or abandoned orchards can result in build up of fruit fly populations. Remove fruits with dimples and oozing clear sap. This method, although laborious, is more effective than picking rotten fruits from the ground, as the maggots may have left the fruits to pupate. To be effective this has to be done regularly (twice a week for the entire season). Kill the maggots by burning, burying or tying collected fruits in black plastic bags and exposing them to the heat of the sun for a few hours to kill the maggots. Alternatively, feed fruits to pigs or poultry. When burying fruits, ensure that the fruits are buried at least 50 cm (about two feet) deep to prevent emerging adult flies from reaching the soil surface. Destruction of fallen fruits infested by fruit flies can be achieved by putting them in black plastic bags, tying the bags and exposing them to the sun.

Early harvesting Harvesting crops early, when mature and green, helps protect some crops from fruit fly damage. Fruit flies cannot develop in certain fruits such as papaya, banana and sapodilla when they are green. Only ripe fruits are good hosts. However, in other crops, such as mango this practice is not effective as some fruit fly species like Bactrocera invadens and Ceratitis cosyra are capable of infesting even immature or green mangoes. Case study: Article on treatment of recent medfly outbreak in El Cajon, California http://legacy.signonsandiego.com/news/metro/20081114-1708-bn14medfly.html

“An organic compound is sprayed on individual plants, especially fruit trees that would be susceptible to Medfly infestations. The compound, called Naturalyte, is a fly bait mixed with the organic pesticide spinosad.

Atkins [quoted in article] said Medflies are attracted to the bait, which is a naturally produced toxin registered for organic use. However, other insects such as bees are not attracted to it, he said.

“It (Naturalyte) was selected specifically to be the least toxic and most effective as possible,” Atkins said.

ANNEX D: Additional Information on Spinosad • Spinosad is the active ingredient in a series of insecticide products formulated by Dow AgroSciences, a wholly owned subsidiary of The Dow Chemical Company. Spinosad is formulated using various formulation technologies such as a suspension concentrate (SC), water dispersible granule (WG), wettable powder (WP), bait concentrates and numerous solid insect baits. Liquid formulations have solid spinosad in suspension in propylene glycol (CAS#

http://www.infonet-biovision.org/default/ct/93/pestshttp://legacy.signonsandiego.com/news/metro/20081114-1708-bn14medfly.html

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57-55-6). Spinosad-containing formulations are sold under many trade names around the globe such as Audienz*, Biospin*, Boomerang*, Caribstar*, Conserve® insect control, Entrust® insect control, Flipper, GF-120® NF Naturalyte® Fruit Fly Bait, Laser*, MS Superspin*, Mozkill*, Musdo Gold*, Naturalure* Naturalyte*, SpinTor® insect control , SpY*, Success® insect control , Syneis* and Tracer® insect control. Spinosad was accepted for review and registered under the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Reduced Risk Pesticide Program. • Spinosad is a broad-spectrum insecticide used to control Lepidoptera larvae (caterpillars), Diptera (flies), Thysanoptera (thrips), Coleoptera (beetles) and many other crop-damaging pests. Spinosad is registered for use in over 82 countries for more than 250 crops including uses in turf, tree farms, ornamental plants and trees, plantations, greenhouses, commercial aquatic plants, and control of fire ants. • Spinosad is certified by USDA National Organic Standards Board, Mayacert, BCS Öko-Garantie GmbH, and others; certain formulations are listed for use by the Organic Materials Research Institute (OMRI) for organic use in the US and various other countries. Formulations certified for organic use in certain countries include, Entrust® Naturalyte® insect control for organic agriculture, GF 120® NF Naturalyte Fruit Fly Bait, Success® 0.02 CB and Conserve® Pro fire ant bait. • Eye contact with spinosad in powder formulations may cause slight irritation or pain disproportionate to the level of irritation to eye tissues, but corneal injury is unlikely. Eye contact with spinosad liquid formulations may cause slight temporary irritation. Prolonged skin contact with spinosad may cause slight irritation with local redness and is not likely to result in absorption of harmful amounts. Inhalation of spinosad vapor from powder formulations is unlikely. Prolonged inhalation of spinosad liquid formulations is not expected to cause adverse effects. • Occupational exposure to spinosad could occur in manufacturing or formulating operations during maintenance, sampling, testing, or other procedures. Agricultural workers or groundskeepers could be exposed during field application. Workers using spinosad must wear proper protective equipment and follow label instructions carefully. Consumers could be exposed from dietary sources (food and drinking water), contact with treated turf or nursery stock, or home use of spinosad insecticides. • Spinosad is stable at typical use and storage temperatures. ANNEX E: Photographs from Field Visits

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Photograph 1 – Scutt Rico, with the Haitian Ministry of Agriculture and Scott Solberg, Director of Sun Mountain

International, interviewing farmers on pesticide use in Marigot.

Photograph 2 – Bean farm near Marigot, where the head farmer informed us of pouring Malathion near his bedside.

Photograph 3 – The President of CURO, an association for Mango Production in Marigot, as well as beans,

platanos, tomato, and peppers, demonstrating their pesticide application.

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Photograph 4 – The president of CURO showing seed stock

Photograph 5 – Meeting at MarChE Jacmel Headquarters, where discussions were held over the business realm of

Haitian mangoes.

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SOURCES

Directorate - General for Agriculture and Rural Development. Report of the ad-hoc expert group on

pesticides in organic food production – Request concerning the use of spinosad as an insecticide. January

22 – 23, 2008.

Dow AgroSciences, GF – 120 Naturalyte Fruit Fly Bait Technical Bulletin. 2001 Dow Agrosciences

Dow AgroSciences, Spinosad Technical Bulletin. 2001 Dow Agrosciences

Environmental Protection Agency. EPA approves quarantine exemption to eradicate fruit flies in Florida.

Release date: 05/27/99.

http://yosemite.epa.gov/opa/admpress.nsf/b1ab9f485b098972852562e7004dc686/78baf4929739ae808525

677e0071bf57?OpenDocument

Field Interview, Scutt Rico, Consultant for the Ministry of Agriculture, Haiti. December 15 – 16 2009

Phone Interview, Gordon Tween, Agricultural Consultant for MarChE. January 8, 9, 11, 2010 Solberg, Scott H., Eysenbach, Hans and Carville, Ophny. “Mediterranean Fruit Fly threat to Haiti Mango Production” (ppt). Presented April 27, 2010, Haitian National Mango Forum April 27-29, 2010

Thompson, Gary D., S. H. Hitchins and T. C. Sparks. 2009. Development of Spinosad and Attributes of A New Class of Insect Control Products. Radcliffe’s IPM World Textbook. University of Minnesota Tween, Gordon. September 2009. Support to the implementation of an integrated pest management approach (IPM for Fruit Fly Control in Mango Value Chain in Haiti. Market Chain Enhancement Project. CNFA USAID Guidelines. Environmental Guidelines for Small-Scale Activities in Africa: Environmentally Sound Design for Planning and Implementing Development Activities. Technical Paper No. 2007

Weems, H.V., Jr, Heppner, J.B., Fasulo, T.R., Introduction to the Caribbean Fruit Fly. University of Florida Department of Entomology and Nemotology. March 2001. http://entnemdept.ufl.edu/creatures/fruit/tropical/caribbean_fruit_fly.htm

Weems, H.V., Jr, Heppner, J.B., Fasulo, T.R., Introduction to the West Indian Fruit Fly. University of Florida

Department of Entomology and Nemotology. April 2001.

http://entnemdept.ufl.edu/creatures/fruit/tropical/West_Indian_fruit_fly.htm

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