Pest Management in Feed Mills - Kansas State University
Transcript of Pest Management in Feed Mills - Kansas State University
Pest Management in Feed MillsPest Management in Feed Mills
Bh. Subramanyam (Subi)Bh. Subramanyam (Subi)Department of Grain Science and IndustryDepartment of Grain Science and Industry
[email protected]@wheat.ksu.eduTel: 785Tel: 785--532532--40924092
June 7, 2002June 7, 2002
AFIA Feed Management Short CourseAFIA Feed Management Short Course
External FeedersExternal Feeders
Cigarette beetleCigarette beetle
Rusty grain beetleRusty grain beetle
Larger black flourLarger black flourbeetle larvaebeetle larvae
Sawtoothed grain beetleSawtoothed grain beetle
Spider beetleSpider beetle
Develop on broken kernels, grain dustDevelop on broken kernels, grain dust
External Feeders External Feeders -- MothsMoths
Almond mothAlmond moth
Moth larvaeMoth larvae
Indianmeal mothIndianmeal moth
Moth scalesMoth scales
Mold FeedersMold Feeders
Foreign grain beetleForeign grain beetle
Psocids or booklice
Hairy fungus beetleHairy fungus beetle
Flourish under humid conditionsFlourish under humid conditionsMold/cheese miteMold/cheese mite
Range of Tolerance for Temperature and Range of Tolerance for Temperature and MoistureMoisture
•• Multiply rapidly when conditions are favorable.Multiply rapidly when conditions are favorable.–– Cold bloodedCold blooded–– Temperatures, 8Temperatures, 8--41 41 ooCC–– Optimum Optimum -- 30 30 ooC and 50C and 50--70% RH70% RH–– Moistures 12Moistures 12--18% (4018% (40--80% RH) 80% RH)
•• Survive unfavorable conditions.Survive unfavorable conditions.–– DiapauseDiapause–– Retrogressive developmentRetrogressive development–– Survive in hot spotsSurvive in hot spots–– Survive in heated facilities or insulated Survive in heated facilities or insulated refugiarefugia
Reproductive Rates and Population CharacteristicsReproductive Rates and Population Characteristics
•• Beetles Beetles -- longlong--livedlived–– Mate and lay eggs throughout adult lifeMate and lay eggs throughout adult life
•• Moths Moths -- shortshort--livedlived–– Mate a few times and lay eggs within 1 Mate a few times and lay eggs within 1 week.week.
•• High reproductive rates.High reproductive rates.•• Dispersal.Dispersal.
Morphological AdaptationsMorphological Adaptations
•• Small size.Small size.•• Flattened shape of many beetles. Flattened shape of many beetles. ((CucujidaeCucujidae) helps them hide in cracks ) helps them hide in cracks and crevices.and crevices.
•• Easily overlooked.Easily overlooked.•• Need special tools to detect them.Need special tools to detect them.
The Truth About PestsThe Truth About Pests
•• Pests are always present (ubiquitous) Pests are always present (ubiquitous)
•• Level of pest management determines Level of pest management determines the risk of infestationthe risk of infestation
Perception vs. RealityPerception vs. Reality
––Is the facility really clean?Is the facility really clean?
What is clean for you may be What is clean for you may be dirty for the pests!dirty for the pests!
Important Pest Management Important Pest Management Concepts for the Feed IndustryConcepts for the Feed Industry
•• Keep pests below levels that do not Keep pests below levels that do not result in economic losses result in economic losses
•• Apply pesticides only when needed Apply pesticides only when needed
•• Use alternatives where feasible Use alternatives where feasible
Suggested Pest Management Suggested Pest Management Practices Practices
•• SanitationSanitation•• Stock rotationStock rotation•• Inspection of inInspection of in--coming ingredientscoming ingredients•• MonitoringMonitoring•• Selection and use of effective pest Selection and use of effective pest
control agentscontrol agents•• EvaluationEvaluation
What is “Food”?What is “Food”?
•• “…“….articles used for food or drink .articles used for food or drink for man or other animals.”for man or other animals.”
•• FeedsFeeds--Commercial and pet foodsCommercial and pet foods
Adulterated Food Adulterated Food –– Important Important SectionsSections
•• 402 (a)(3) 402 (a)(3) –– consists in whole, or in part, of any filth, consists in whole, or in part, of any filth, putrid, or decomposed substance, or if it is otherwise putrid, or decomposed substance, or if it is otherwise unfit for foodunfit for food
•• 402 (a)(4) 402 (a)(4) –– it has been prepared, packed, or held under it has been prepared, packed, or held under unsanitary conditions whereby it may have become unsanitary conditions whereby it may have become contaminated with filth or where it may have been contaminated with filth or where it may have been rendered injurious to health rendered injurious to health
CURRENT GOOD MANUFACTURING PRACTICES (CURRENT GOOD MANUFACTURING PRACTICES (CGMPsCGMPs))
Sanitation is the Single Most Sanitation is the Single Most Important Pest Management Practice!Important Pest Management Practice!
•• Raw grainRaw grain•• Grain handling equipmentGrain handling equipment•• Inside processing facilityInside processing facility
–– EquipmentEquipment–– Floors/walls/IFloors/walls/I--beams/supportsbeams/supports–– Food contact surfacesFood contact surfaces–– Electrical boxes Electrical boxes
StoredStored--product insects can product insects can develop on very little food! develop on very little food!
Energy Loss Energy Loss
Wheat Wheat -- 1 kernel (34 mg) 1 kernel (34 mg) -- 752 J752 JT. T. castaneumcastaneum Dev 237 J Dev 237 J C. C. ferrugineusferrugineus Dev 35 J Dev 35 J S. S. granariusgranarius Dev 345 J Dev 345 J S. S. oryzaeoryzae Dev 130 JDev 130 JR. R. dominicadominica Dev 33 Dev 33 E. E. cautellacautella Dev 605 J Dev 605 J
Inspect for Insects Once a Inspect for Insects Once a Month in IngredientsMonth in Ingredients
Probe trap for beetlesProbe trap for beetles
Moth trapMoth trap
Probe trapProbe trap
Heat Treatment, Sanitation, and Heat Treatment, Sanitation, and Population Rebound of InsectsPopulation Rebound of Insects
August 4-6, 1999 Heat Treatment of KSU Pilot Feed Mill
Time (hours)0 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32 36
Tem
pera
ture
(o F)
80
90
100
110
120
130
140
150
160
170
Basement1st floor2nd floor3rd floor4th floor
Basement
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
y=19.1+13.3 exp(-x/2.35)); r2=0.88
1st floor
Time (hours)
Tem
pera
ture
(o C) o
r Rel
ativ
e hu
mid
ity (%
)
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Observed temperature Predicted temperature Observed RH Predicted RH
y=31.4+33.5(1-1/(1+33.5*0.011x)); r2=0.95
y=33.4+33.3(1-1/(1+33.3*0.008x)); r2=0.99
y=19.9+11.9 exp(-x/2.47)); r2=0.74
2nd floor
3rd floor
0 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32 3610
20
30
40
50
60
70 4th floor
0 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32 36
y=31.9+32.1(1-1/(1+32.1*0.013x)); r2=0.90
y=18.9+13.8 exp(-x/2.90)); r2= 0.84
y=31.8+31.8(1-1/(1+31.8*0.011x)); r2=0.93
y=19.9+11.3 exp(-x/2.77)); r2=0.75
y=31.1+28.8(1-1/(1+28.8*0.007x)); r2=0.95
y=19.4+16.8 exp(-x/4.6)); r2=0.87
Relative humidity
Temperature
7 /18 /00 8 /1 /00 8 /15 /00 8 /29 /00 9 /12 /00
Num
ber o
f adu
lts
0 .0
0 .5
1 .0
1 .5
2 .0
0
20
40
60
80
100
0.0
0.4
0.8
1.2
1.6
2.0
0
2
4
6
8
0 .0
0 .2
0 .4
0 .6
0 .8
1 .0
7 /18 /00 8 /1 /00 8 /15 /00 8 /29 /00 9 /12 /00 0
20
40
60
80
100
120
0
5
10
15
D ate (m onth /day/year)
Trogoderm a variab ile
T ribo lium castaneum Tribo lium confusum
C ryp to les tes fe rrug ineus
C ryp to les tes pus illus S itoph ilus sp .
To ta l adu lts
Feed mill basement
Num
ber o
f adu
lts
0
20
40
60
80
0
4
8
12
16
20
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
0
1
2
3
4
0
2
4
6
8
07/18/00 08/01/00 08/15/00 08/29/00 09/12/00 0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
07/18/00 08/01/00 08/15/00 08/29/00 09/12/00 0
20
40
60
80
100
Trogoderma variabileTribolium castaneum
Cryptolestes ferrugineus Cryptolestes pusillus
Sitophilus sp.Rhyzopertha dominica
Typhaea stercorea Total adults
Date (month/day/year)
Outside, Southside of feed mill
D a te (m o n th /d a y /y e a r)
Num
ber o
f adu
lts
0
2 0
4 0
6 0
8 0
0
1 0
2 0
3 0
4 0
0
2
4
6
0 .0
0 .5
1 .0
1 .5
2 .0
2 .5
0
1
2
3
4
5
0 7 /1 8 /0 0 0 8 /0 1 /0 0 0 8 /1 5 /0 0 0 8 /2 9 /0 0 0 9 /1 2 /0 0 0
2 0
4 0
6 0
8 0
1 0 0
0 .0
0 .4
0 .8
1 .2
1 .6
7 /1 8 /0 0 8 /1 /0 0 8 /1 5 /0 0 8 /2 9 /0 0 9 /1 2 /0 0 0
5
1 0
1 5
2 0
T ro g o d e rm a v a r ia b ile
T r ib o liu m c a s ta n e u m
T r ib o liu m c o n fu s u m
C ry p to le s te s fe r ru g in e u s C ry p to le s te s p u s illu s
R h y z o p e r th a d o m in ic a
T y p h a e a s te rc o re a T o ta l a d u lts
On feed mill roof
Total Number of BeetlesKSU Pilot Feed Mill
July 8 - December 1, 1999
Julian date, 1999180 200 220 240 260 280 300 320 340 360
Num
ber o
f adu
lts/4
0 tr
aps
0
200
400
600
800
10006,033 total adults
Outdoor and Indoor Trapping Just Before and After Heat Treatment of KSU Feed Mill (Aug. 14-16, 2000)
IMM ALM BeetlesLocation Before After Before After Before After
Inside 335 2 108 1 473 141
Outside 44 23 14 2 208 94
Roof 5 17 2 4 107 167___________________________________________ Inside the mill a total of 20 traps were used.Outside the mill and on roof, a total of 5-7 traps were used.
Feed Mill, After August 4-6, 1999 Heat Treatment
Trap location No. beetles/trap
Under pellet die stand 193 Pellet mill 73Spouting from bins 46Forberg mixer 9North side of control room 8Sewing machine 7
March 17-20, 2000 steam heat treatmentFlour mill, KSU
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
16
20
24
28
32
36
40
44
48
52
56
60
Roll stand
Sifter
Flour
Bran
Tem
pera
tur e
(o C)
Time (hours)
Maximum temperatures attained at floor level during a gas heat treatment, June 25-27, 1999. Dowdy and Subramanyam (1999, unpublished data)
40°C
45°C
50°C
55°C
60°C
65°C
70°C
75°C
80°C
85°C
Floor 1
Floor 2
Floor 3
Floor 4
Floor 5
N>
Subramanyam and Campbell (unpublished data)
Indianmeal moth trap catchNovember 13-17, 2000
01234567891011
Figure 1
5 10 15
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
0
2
4
6
8
10
Back room
Dis
tanc
e fro
m le
ft fr
ont (
m)
Distance from left front (m)
A
A
A
C
B
5 10 15
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
0
2
4
6
Back room
Distance from left front (m)
A
A
A
C
B
1 2
A=Wild bird food B=Small animal food C=Cat and dog food
Stegobium paniceum
5/18/01 6/1/01 6/15/01 6/29/01 7/13/01 7/27/01 8/10/01 8/24/01 0
2
4
6
8
10Total of adult beetles
5/18/01 6/1/01 6/15/01 6/29/01 7/13/01 7/27/01 8/10/01 8/24/01
Sanitation
Tempo spray
SanitationTempo spray
Rhyzopertha dominicaCryptolestes spp
0
2
4
6
8
10
SanitationTempo spray
No.
adu
lts/tr
ap/w
k (m
ean
+ se
)
Lasioderma serricorneOryzaephilus spp
Date (month/day/year)
0
2
4
6
8
10
Tempo spray
Tempo spraySanitation
Sanitation
Sanitation Tempo spray
Store 2Fig 3
Retail store
Time spent on various IPM activitiesTime spent on various IPM activities
ActivityActivity Person hoursPerson hours
Assembling trapsAssembling traps 1 1 –– 22
Placing trapsPlacing traps 1 1 –– 22
Checking trapsChecking traps 1 1 –– 2.52.5
Sanitation Sanitation 8 8 –– 10 (21)10 (21)
Sanitation and Gentrol spraySanitation and Gentrol spray 8 8 –– 1010
Sanitation and Tempo spraySanitation and Tempo spray 8 8 –– 1010
Counting insectsCounting insects 2 2 –– 1616
Date (month/day/year)4/27/01 5/11/01 5/25/01 6/8/01 6/22/01 7/6/01 7/20/01 8/3/01 8/17/01 8/31/01
No.
adu
lt be
etle
s (m
ean
+ se
)
0
4
8
12
16
20
PSB1, Kansas CityPSB2 , TopekaDPS , Manhattan
Sanitation
Tempo spray
Beetles in PSB1
May 25 - June 1 June 8 - 15June 1 - 8 June 15 - 22
June 22 - 29 June 29 - July 6 July 6 - 13 July 13 - 20 July 20 - 27 July 27 - Aug 3
May 11 - 18 May 18 - 25
5 15 25 35
10
20
30
40
5 15 25 35 5 15 25 35 5 15 25 355 15 25 35
5 15 25 355 15 25 35 5 15 25 35 5 15 25 35
5 15 25 35
5 15 25 35
10
20
30
40
5 15 25 35
036912151821242730333639Aug 3 - 10 Aug 10 - 20 Aug 20 - 27 Aug 27 - Sept 1
5 15 25 35
10
20
30
40
5 15 25 35 5 15 25 35 5 15 25 35
Distance from left front (m)
Dis
tanc
e fro
m le
ft fro
nt (m
)
A
B
C
Before sanitation
After sanitation before Tempo
After Tempo
Food Increases Insect SurvivalFood Increases Insect Survival
•• Cyfluthrin (205 WP, 9.5 g/94 m2)Cyfluthrin (205 WP, 9.5 g/94 m2)•• No food No food –– 100% 100% knockeddownknockeddown within within 120 minutes, and none recovered120 minutes, and none recovered
Food Food –– 100% 100% knockeddownknockeddown within within 120 minutes, but 40% recovered 120 minutes, but 40% recovered after being placed on food after being placed on food
Poor Sanitation Decreases Poor Sanitation Decreases Efficacy of Applied InsecticidesEfficacy of Applied Insecticides
Chemical ControlChemical Control
•• Crack/crevice applicationCrack/crevice application–– Cyfluthrin, Cyfluthrin, fenvaleratefenvalerate, , hydroprenehydroprene
•• General surface applicationGeneral surface application–– Diatomaceous earthDiatomaceous earth
•• FoggingFogging–– ResmethrinResmethrin, DDVP, DDVP
•• FumigationFumigation–– PhosphinePhosphine–– Methyl bromideMethyl bromide–– ProfumeProfume
SummarySummary•• Sanitation has many benefitsSanitation has many benefits•• Sanitation has to be followed by fumigation of Sanitation has to be followed by fumigation of
infested products or application of residual infested products or application of residual products (IGRs, inert dusts, Tempo)products (IGRs, inert dusts, Tempo)
•• Need seal all openings, cracks/crevices where Need seal all openings, cracks/crevices where dust accumulatesdust accumulates
•• Evaluate effectiveness of sanitation by Evaluate effectiveness of sanitation by continuous monitoring and precision targeting of continuous monitoring and precision targeting of control measurescontrol measures
•• Apply pesticides only when needed.Apply pesticides only when needed.