PES Chemistry Webcast

7/23/2019 PES Chemistry Webcast

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/pes-chemistry-webcast 1/60

AP® Chemistry: Exploring Atomic Structure

Using Photoelectron Spectroscopy (PES) Data

with Jamie enigna



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College Board Equity and Access

Policies

e!ore we "egin# a !ew wor$s a"out %



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)he College Board stronglyencourages educators to "a%e

equitable access a guiding principle

$or their AP progra"s by giving all

willing and acade"ically prepared

students the opportunity to

participate in AP* +e encourage the eli"ination o$

barriers that restrict access to AP $or

students $ro" ethnic, racial and

socioecono"ic groups that have been

traditionally underserved*

!chools should "a%e every e$$ort toensure their AP classes re$lect the

diversity o$ their student population*

)he College Board also believes thatall students should have access toacade"ically challenging coursewor% be$ore they enroll in APclasses, which can prepare the" $orAP success*

#t is only through a co""it"ent toequitable preparation and accessthat true equity and ecellence canbe achieved*

E*uity an$ Access Statement

4



+hat does it "ean to provide all students with accessto acade"ically challenging course wor% be$ore they

enroll in AP classes.

#n what way has your "ath, science or !)E progra"

already either addressed or been challenged by thisgoal

+hat opportunities "ust be provided in the curricula at

all grades to ideally prepare students to co"pete and

succeed in a global econo"y

E*uity an$ Access: +ui$ing ,uestions



+ar" welco"e to our instructor 01a"ie Benigna2

Be sure to budget about 34 "inutes to listen,read and co"plete the webcast and eercises

-ime to "egin %



Jamie enigna

• AP Che"istry )eacher,

5epart"ent Coordinator

)he &oeper !chool,Bir"ingha", ichigan

• AP Ea" &eader

• College Board Consultant

• 5evelop"ent Co""itteee"ber

• Food !tylist and &ecipe

Contributor to VizChef

coo%ing app

.ello !rom the /nstructor



Che"ists rely heavily on various"ethods o$ spectroscopy to

understand the structure o$

ato"s and "olecules that are

too s"all to see directly

Photoelectron !pectroscopy'PE!( is a power$ul instru"ental

tool $or probing the electronic

structure o$ any o$ the naturally-

occurring ele"ents, as well as

"aterials that contain "itures

o$ these ele"ents )his topic has been included in

the redesigned AP6 Che"istry

course, and "ay not be well

understood by students

hy a we"cast on PES0

#"age !ource7 !PEC! 8"b9

http://www.specs.de/cms/front_content.php?idart=267

http://www.specs.de/cms/front_content.php?idart=267



&eview the data that have led to various revisions o$the ato"ic "odel

#nvestigate the basic setup o$ PE! instru"entation

Eplore the abilities and li"itations o$ PE!, and the

analysis o$ the spectra produced by PE!* !hare "any ea"ples o$7

• !pectra

• !tudent handouts appropriate $or classroo" use

• !a"ple assess"ent ite"s &eveal data sources and resources to learn "ore about

PE!

Course 1'er'iew/n this we"cast we will:



9ow PE! can be used to probe the electronic structure

o$ ato"s,

9ow the data $ro" PE! con$ir"s the shell/subshell

"odel o$ the ato", 9ow PE! data can be used alongside instruction on

electron con$igurations, electron shielding, and the

quantu" "echanical "odel

2earning 1"3ecti'esy the en$ o! this we"cast# AP® Chemistry teachers will "eprepare$ to teach:



Setting the Stagewith a $ew $oundational questions



Setting the Stage

[Enter Presentation Title in Header and Footer] 13



/ntro$uction to Photoelectron

Spectroscopy (PES)

[Enter Presentation Title in Header and Footer]



-

-- -

--

-

-

- +

+

++ +

+

+

+

++++ ++++- -

-

-

-

--

-

5alton )ho"son &uther$ord Bohr

++++++++

#"age sources7

http7//library*thin%quest*org/:;;<=/angiels%/atho"pd*ht"l

http7//abyss*uoregon*edu/> ?s/@:stcenturyscience/lectures/lec::*ht"l http7//"ail*colonial*net/>h%aiter/astrono"yi"ages:4::/hydrogene"isspect*?pg

http7//upload*wi%i"edia*org/wi%ipedia/co""ons/</</ANew!yste"o$Che"icalPhilosophy$p*?pg

4arious 5o$els o! the Atom

http://library.thinkquest.org/13394/angielsk/athompd.html

http://abyss.uoregon.edu/~js/21st_century_science/lectures/lec11.html


http://mail.colonial.net/~hkaiter/astronomyimages1011/hydrogen_emis_spect.jpg

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/97/A_New_System_of_Chemical_Philosophy_fp.jpg












1s

2s

3s

4s

5s

6s

7s

2p

3p

4p

5p

6p

3d

4d

5d4f

5f

1s2s 2p

3s 3p 3d4s 4p 4d4f

5s 5p 5d5f 6s 6p 6d

7s 7p

6urther re!inements to these mo$els ha'e occurre$ with newexperimental results



3d

4d

5d

6d

4f

5f

1s1s

4s

5s

6s

7s

3s

2s

4p

5p

6p

7p

3p

2p

[Ar]4s1

3d5 [Ar]4s1

3d10

ut not all elements 7!ollow the rules8



.ow $o we 9now0

hν

+

-

-

h ν


http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/pes-chemistry-webcast 19/60Image source: a!ah" #ichael$ %!namic Periodic Ta&le$' (ccessed )e*t$ " ,13$ htt*

Image source: htt*:..

chemistr!$&eloit$edu.stars.images.IEe*and$gi2

/oniation Energy

http://ptable.com/

http://chemistry.beloit.edu/stars/images/IEexpand.gif






http://ptable.com/



Element IE1 IE2 IE3 IE4 IE5 IE6 IE7

a 4 4"5

#g 63 1"44 6"63

(l 7 1"71 ,"64 11"5

)i 67 1"6 3",, 4"3 15"1

P 1"5 1"7 ," 4" 5",6 ,1",

) 1" ,",5 3"36 4"5 5" 7"4 ,6"

8l 1", ,", 3"7 "15 5"5 "35 11"(r 1",6 ,"55 3"4 "66 6",3 7"67 1,"9 1$ - The student is a&le to e*lain the distri&ution o2electrons in an atom or ion &ased u*on data$

9 1$5 - The student is a&le to anal!0e data relating to electronenergies 2or *atterns or relationshi*s$

/oniation Energy



11+

-

-

-

-

- -

-

-

-

-

-hν

RadiationTpe

! E Aspe"ts #ro$ed

#icro<a=es 1 > 111 H01-6 > 1-4 #?.mol

#olecular rotations

In2rared @IAB 111 > 114 H01-4 > 1-1 #?.mol

#olecular =i&rations

Cisi&le@ADCB

4114 >6$114 H0

$, - $3#?.mol

Calence electrontransitions in atoms and

molecules

Gltra=iolet@GCB

114 > 115 H0$3 > 1#?.mol

Calence electrontransitions in atoms and

molecules

-ra! 115 > 11 H0 1, > 1 #?.mol

8ore electron transitionsin atomshν

IE1 % 4&5

'()mol

.ow $o we pro"e !urther into the atom0



11+

-

-

-

-

- -

-

-

-

-

-hν

RadiationTpe

! E Aspe"ts #ro$ed

-ra! 115 > 11 H01, > 1 8ore electron transitions

emo'ing Core Electrons



11+

--

-

-

- -

-

-

-

-

-hν

hν

(n! 2reuenc! o2 light that is suJcient toremo=e electrons 2rom the 1st shell can

remo=e electrons 2rom an! o2 the othershells$

emo'ing Core Electrons

% IE + KE



PES /nstrument

Image )ource: )PE8) m&H" htt*:..<<<$s*ecs$de.cms.2rontKcontent$*h*L



,ineti" EnerAnal.er

egati=eColtage

Hemis*here

)lightl! 9essegati=eColtage

Hemis*here



egati=eColtage

Hemis*here

Positi=eColtage

Hemis*here

If ,ineti" ener is too/i/

egati=eColtage

Hemis*here


Hemis*here



egati=eColtage

Hemis*here

Positi=eColtage

Hemis*here

If oltae is too /i/

egati=eColtage

Hemis*here


Hemis*here



Analying Data !rom PES

Experiments



Binding Energy '1/"ol(

<4 D4 4 34 4 =4 ;4 @4 :4 4

D=*4 =*

@*4

;s <s

<p

=

+hich o$ the $ollowing ele"ents "ight this spectru"

represent

'A(9e

'B(N

'C(Ne

'5(Ar

A e l a t i = e 3 u m & e r o 2

E l e c t r o n s

Analying $ata !rom PES




:44 :4 :

:: :*4<

;s<

<p>

A e l a t i = e 3 u m & e r o 2

E l e c t r o n s

:@*:

*<

4*D

8iven the spectru" above, identi$y the ele"ent and its electroncon$iguration7

<s< ?s< ?p;

'A(B

'B(Al

'C(!i

'5(Na

Analying $ata !rom PES



eal Spectrum



11+

-

-

-

-

- -

-

-

- -

-hν

h ν

Auger -ransitions



4

3*

5

3

2*

5

2

1*

5

1

*5

0

I n t e n s i t

2 1 0 5

" o 4 n t s ) s

eal Spectrum



6

5

43

2

1

0

I n t e n s i t

2 1 0 3

" o 4 n t s ) s

Copper 's@ Chromium



I n t e n s i t

2 1 0 5

" o 4 n t s

) s

indin Ener +()mol

4

3*

5

3

2*

5

2

1*

5

1 100 &0 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0

5ixtures o! Elements



PES Sample ,uestions



Sample ,uestion ;

hich element coul$ "e represente$ "y the complete

PES spectrum "elow0

'A( i 'B( B 'C( N '5( Ne

0.1110100

Binding Energy (MJ/mol)

Relative Number of Electrons



Sample ,uestion <

hich o! the !ollowing "est explains the relati'e positioning an$intensity o! the <s pea9s in the !ollowing spectra0

'A( Be has a greater nuclear charge than i and "ore electrons in the @s orbital

'B( Be electrons eperience greater electron-electron repulsions than i electrons

'C( i has a greater pull $ro" the nucleus on the @s electrons, so they are harder to re"ove'5( i has greater electron shielding by the :s orbital, so the @s electrons are easier to re"ove

Binding Energy '1/"ol(:= :@ :4 D 3 = @ 4

# n t e n s i t y

Be

Binding Energy '1/"ol(:= :@ :4 D 3 = @ 4

i

# n t e n s i t y



Sample ,uestion ?+i'en the photoelectron spectra a"o'e !or phosphorus# P# an$ sul!ur# S# which o!the !ollowing "est explains why the <p pea9 !or S is !urther to the le!t than the <p

pea9 !or P# "ut the ?p pea9 !or S is !urther to the right than the ?p pea9 !or P0

'A( ! has a greater e$$ective nuclear charge than P, and the ;p sublevel in ! has greater electron repulsions than in P*

'B( ! has a greater e$$ective nuclear charge than P, and the ;p sublevel is "ore heavily shielded in ! than in P*

'C( ! has a greater nu"ber o$ electrons than P, so the third energy level is $urther $ro" the nucleus in ! than in P*

'5( ! has a greater nu"ber o$ electrons than P, so the Coulo"bic attraction between the electron cloud and the nucleus isgreater in ! than in P*

inding Energ!



Sample ,uestion B2oo9ing at the complete spectra !or &a an$ "elow# which o! the!ollowing woul$ "est explain the relati'e positioning o! the ?s

electrons0

inding Energ! @#?.molB

I n

t e n s i t ! @ c . s B

13 1 6 5 4 3 1


I n t e n s i t !

@ c . s B

4 3 3 , , 1 1

a

,



Sample ,uestion Ba2oo9ing at the spectra !or &a an$ "elow# which o! the !ollowingwoul$ "est explain the $i!!erence in "in$ing energy !or the ?s

electrons0


I n t e

n s i t ! @ c . s B

4 3$ 3 ,$ , 1$ 1 $

7 a -

3 s

, - 3 s

'A( G has a greater nuclear charge than Na

'B( G has "ore electron-electron repulsions than Na

'C( Na has one valence electron in the ;s sublevel

'5( Na has less electron shielding than G



Sample ,uestion B"2oo9ing at the spectra !or &a an$ "elow# which o! the !ollowingwoul$ "est explain the $i!!erence in signal intensity !or the ?s

electrons0

'A( G has a greater nuclear charge than Na

'B( G has "ore electron-electron repulsions than Na

'C( Na has one valence electron in the ;s sublevel

'5( Na has less electron shielding than G


I n t e

n s i t ! @ c . s B

4 3$ 3 ,$ , 1$ 1 $

7 a -

3 s

, - 3 s



Sample ,uestion +i'en the photoelectron spectrum "elow# which o! the !ollowing"est explains the relati'e positioning o! the pea9s on the

horiontal axis0

'A( H has "ore valence electrons than )i or C, so "ore energy is required to re"ove

the"

'B( H has "ore electron-electron repulsions in the @p sublevel than )i and C

'C( )i ato"s are present in a greater quantity than H can C in the "iture*

'5( )i has a greater nuclear charge, but the @p sublevel eperiences greater shieldingthan the :s sublevel*

I n t e

n s i t

2 " o 4

n t s ) s

Image source: htt*:..

<<<$rsc$org.eN.?#.,1.&,4a.&,4a-2,$gi2

http://www.rsc.org/ej/JM/2010/b925409a/b925409a-f2.gif









Sample ,uestion >+i'en the photoelectron spectrum o! scan$ium "elow# which o!the !ollowing "est explains why Scan$ium commonly ma9es a ?=

ion as oppose$ to a <= ion0

'A( &e"oving ; electrons releases "ore energy than re"oving @ electrons*

'B( !candiu" is in 8roup ;, and ato"s only lose the nu"ber o$ electrons that willresult in a noble gas electron con$iguration

'C( )he a"ount o$ energy required to re"ove an electron $ro" the ;d sublevel is

close to that $or the =s sublevel, but signi$icantly "ore energy is needed to

re"ove electrons $ro" the ;p sublevel*

'5( &e"oving @ electrons alleviates the spin-pairing repulsions in the =s sublevel,

so it is not as energetically $avorable as e"ptying the =s sublevel co"pletely*


I n

t e n s i t ! @ c . s B

4 3 4 3 1 7 6 5 4 3, 1

0*77

0*63



inding Energ! @#?.molB1 1 1

I n t e n s i t !

Hint: for additional formative assessments, usespectra from previous multiple choice questions

Example 6ormati'e Assessment1n the photoelectron spectrum o! magnesium "elow# $raw thespectrum !or aluminum

, i 9 Ch 9 C F & - l t t -h t ti !



,uic9 Chec9 Can Fou &ow -ranslate etween -hese epresentations o!5g0

;s

<s

?s

Bs

<p

?p

;s< <s< <p> ?s<


1 1 1

# n t e n

s i t y

#g 1,+

-

-

-

-

- -

-

-

- -

-

-



image source: htt*:..ericsaltchemistr!$&logs*ot$com.,1.1.NN-thomsons-e*eriments-<ith-cathode$html

htt*:..74d123$mediali&$glogster$com.media.2.2a2,4,e&,,5&547&146,d2&3a,2535674d62e&c2a

--- -

---

-

- +

+

++ +

+

+

+

Thomso

n

++++ +++

+- -

-

-

--

-

-

Auther2or

d

++

+++++

+

ohr

Using Data to 5a9es Conclusions A"out Atomic Structure



Element

IE1 IE2 IE3 IE4 IE5 IE6 IE7

a 4 45

#g 63 144 663

(l 7 171 ,64 11"5

)i 67 16 3,, 43 15"1

P 15 17 , 4 5,6 ,1",

) 1 ,,5 336 45 5 74 ,6"

inding Energ! @#?.molB1 1 1

11 1$

1s2

2p6

A e l a t i = e 3 u m & e r o 2

E l e c t r o n s

1,$1

6$

$7

2s2

3s2

3p1

PES Data that Shells are Di'i$e$ into Su"shells



!P ;*@• )he student can re$ine scienti$ic questions

!P ;*;• )he student can evaluate scienti$ic questions

!P 3*;• )he student can articulate the reasons that scienti$ic eplanations

are re$ined or replaced*

Applica"le Science Practices6rom the AP Chemistry Curriculum 6ramewor9:



rap up an$ -a9e Aways

l "l "



:* 0 )he student is able to eplain the distribution o$ electrons in an ato"or ion based upon data*

:*3 0 )he student is able to analyIe data relating to electron energies $or

patterns and relationships*

:* 0 )he student is able to describe the electronic structure o$ the ato",

using PE! data, ioniIation energy data, and/or Coulo"bJs law to construct

eplanations o$ how the energies o$ electrons within shells in ato"s vary* :*D 0 )he student is able to eplain the distribution o$ electrons using

Coulo"bJs law to analyIe "easured energies*

:*:@ 0 )he student is able to eplain why a given set o$ data suggests, or

does not suggest, the need to re$ine the ato"ic "odel $ro" a classical

shell "odel with the quantu" "echanical "odel*

:*:; 0 8iven in$or"ation about a particular "odel o$ the ato", the student

is able to deter"ine i$ the "odel is consistent with speci$ied evidence*

:*:= 0 )he student can ?usti$y the selection o$ a particular type o$

spectroscopy to "easure properties associated with vibrational or

electronic "otions o$ "olecules*

Applica"le 2earning 1"3ecti'es6rom the AP Chemistry Curriculum 6ramewor9:

S i



Classroo" activities• !hells Class Activity

• Fro" !hells to !ubshells Class Activity

)eacher resources•

!pectru" generator spreadsheet• Pea%s co"piled 'D4 ele"ents(

• Frequently as%ed questions

)esting ite"s• !a"ple ite"s re$erenced in this webcast '$or classroo" use,

$or"ative, or su""ative assess"ents(

Supporting esourcesDownloa$ an$ use the we"cast han$outs

S i ( )



AriIona si"ulated photoelectron spectrahttp7//www*che"*ariIona*edu/che"t/Flash/photoelectron*ht"l

8uided inquiry activities on PE!• 1ohn 8elder 'H%laho"a !tate Kniversity(

•

oog and Farrell, Chemistry: A Guided Inquiry • PH8#

Boo%s on PE! technical specs• Lan der 9eide, Paul* X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy: An

Introduction to Principles and Practices* New 1ersey7 1ohn +iley

M !ons, #nc, @4:@*• Ellis, Andrew *, i%los Feher, and )i"othy +right* lectronic

and Photoelectron Spectroscopy: !undamentals and Case Studies*

New or%7 Ca"bridge Kniversity Press, @44*

Supporting esources (cont@)

S i ( )

http://www.chem.arizona.edu/chemt/Flash/photoelectron.html





AP Che"istry )eacher Co""unity 'resources section(https7//apco""unity*collegeboard*org/web/apche"

!pectra search strings• OP!

•O-ray photoelectron spectroscopy

• KLP!

• E!CA spectroscopy

• E!CA spectra

• Photoelectron spectru"

• Photoelectron spectroscopy


S ti ( t )

https://apcommunity.collegeboard.org/web/apchem

https://apcommunity.collegeboard.org/web/apchem




Image )ource: )hen 9a&orator!" )tan2ord

Gni=ersit! and )9(8 ational (ccelerator9a&orator!htt*:..ar*es$stan2ord$edu.2acilitiesKssrl$html

Image source: Inna M Vishik

htt*:..<<<$stan2ord$edu.Oi=ishi.innaK =ishiKQles.Page4,$htm

- 9 A



Eplaining how data in$or"s our understanding o$ theato"

Ksing PE! and eperi"ental evidence to build "ental

"odels o$ ato"ic structure

Eplaining how a PE! instru"ent collects data and howto analyIe spectra

-a9e Away

Fou shoul$ now !eel con!i$ent

C t t / ! ti



1a"ie BenignaAP Che"istry 5evelop"ent Co""ittee e"ber

?a"ie*benignaroeper*org

!erena agrogan5irector, !cience Curriculu" and Content 5evelop"ent

'AP Che"istry(

s"agrogancollegeboard*org

Contact /n!ormation

-h 9 G

mailto:[email protected]






Co"plete a survey on the course and receive 1a"ieJssu""er reading list2

!urvey7 https7//www*survey"on%ey*co"/s/;FNCP8

-han9 youG

https://www.surveymonkey.com/s/3FNCLPG

https://www.surveymonkey.com/s/3FNCLPG

PES Chemistry Webcast

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