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“Enhanced food and income security in SWCA through potato varieties with improved

tolerance to abiotic stress” (a project funded by BMZ/GTZ)

14th Steering Committee MeetingTashkent, 20-22 Sept., 2011

CIP's results in the evaluation and selection of potato clones tolerant to

abiotic stress

(Tolerance of CIP-bred clones to drought and salinity under field conditions in Uzbekistan)

Firuz Yuldashev(CIP Research Assistant in Potato Plant Breeding)

- Staff of the Biotechnology Dept. of National University, Tashkent- Staff of the Uzbek Scientific Research Institute of Vegetables and Potato, Tashkent

- Staff of the Research Institute of Soil Science and Agrochemistry, Tashkent

Colombia 0º

Ecuador

PeruCenter of Origin of PotatoDiverse Agro-ecologies, 0 – 18 SL

Brazil

3º

6º

9º

Chile

Boliv

ia

12º

15º

18º

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Potato is a drought-susceptible crop….• What is drought?- a period without rain of sufficient duration to cause injury to the crop and significantly

reduce the economic yield;- According to Kramer (1983), drought begins when the readily available soil water in the

BUT

According to Kramer (1983), drought begins when the readily available soil water in the root zone is exhausted;

- Drought can be permanent, periodic, or accidental, occurring early, late, or in the middle of the crop season.

• Potato has a shallow root system (20-30 cm) with yield dropping to 50 – 90% under drought

• We know that in Peru there is a high biodiversity, represented by:- Andean landraces with different kinds of stress tolerance, and- Wild potato species which grow in a desert-like environment (coastal area of Peru).

• Potato is also characterized by a high water productivity (up to 11.6 kg of dry matter produced per m3 of water), while wheat: 0.6-1.9 kg/m3, maize: 1.2-2.3 kg/m3, rice: 0.5-1.1 kg/m3

Main features of elite clones from LTVR (Lowland Tropic Virus Resistant) population

• Virus resistant (PVY, PVX, PLRV)• Mid-early to late tuber production cycle (95-120

days)T l t t id diti• Tolerant to warm arid conditions

• Chipping quality (high dry matter content)• Good tuber appearance• Cooking and organoleptic quality

CLONE: 388615.22REICHE

CLONE: 392797.22UNICA

CLONE: 388615.22 CLONE: 397073.16 CLONE: 397077.16 CLONE: 399101.1

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Abiotic stress in Central Asia and the Potato crop

• Drought, heat and salinity are among the major constraints which reduce crop productivity in the lowlands of CA. p p y

• Overall, 40 to 60% of irrigated soils of the Aral Sea Basin, which occupies approx. 150 million hectares are salt-affected, with 29% of them having a strong to moderate degree of salinity (Qadir et al. 2009).

• Water deficit leads to important tuber yield and quality reduction.

Major goals and objectives of the researchMajor goals and objectives of the research

• To test CIP-bred potato clones for tolerance to abiotic stress (drought, heat and salinity) as well as their suitability for long day conditions of Central Asia.

Materials & Methods• 35 CIP-bred potato clones were evaluated under different irrigation

regimes and 17 of them under salinity for tuber yield and phenotypic/biometric performance. They were compared with Dutch var. Sante, the most popular potato variety in Uzbekistan.

Locations of the Drought and Salinity Tolerance Trials in Uzbekistan

Tashkent province Altitude: 476 m asl; Latitude: 41°36’,

Sirdarya province, Altitude: 207 m asl; Latitude: 40°69’;,

Longitude: 69°39’. Latitude: 40 69 ; Longitude. 68°66’

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Materials & Methods - ObservationsPhenotyping:• Meteorological data: temperature (min, Max, mean), RH, rainfall, photosynthetically active radiation

(PAR), by means of HOBO Meteorological station;• Soil moistureMorphological measurements:• Plant Height (cm): at 50-70-90 DAPPlant Height (cm): at 50 70 90 DAP• No. of stems/plant: 50 DAP• Plant canopy (%): at 50-70-90 DAP• Leaf area (cm2): at 50-70-90 DAPVisual evaluations:• Wilting (1-9): 1= plants not wilted - 9= plants heavily wilted (at 50-70-90 DAP). Observations taken at

13:00;• Plant Vigour (1-9): 1= lowest vigor - 9= highest vigor (at 50-70-90 DAP)• Flowering time (1-9); 1= latest flowering - 9= earliest flowering• Senescence time (1-9): 1= very late, plants are still green - 9= very early (at 80 DAP)( ) y , p g y y ( )• Disease incidence: at 50-70-90 DAP

At harvesting time:Tuber number/plant; Tuber fresh weight per plant (kg); Tuber dry weight per plant (g); % marketable tubers (>25 mm); Total biomass dry weight per plant (stems and leaves, tubers); Deformed tubers (%): tubers with knobbies, secondary growth, cracks, etc.

Materials & Methods –Other observations at harvesting time

From data gathered at harvesting time, we obtain: • Harvest index• Geometrical yield: square root of yielddrought x yieldcontrol

• Drought tolerance index: Y x Y /(Y )2• Drought tolerance index: Ypt x Yst/(Yp)2

• DI = 1-Ys/Yp

• Drought susceptibility index: DSI = (1-Yst/Ypt)/DI

Where: • Yst = Yield of cultivar under moisture stress conditions• Ypt = Yield of cultivar under irrigated conditions• Ys = Mean yield of all cultivars under moisture stress conditions• Yp = Mean yield of all cultivars under irrigated conditions

• Stress indices are used to screen and identify the drought tolerant genotypes.

• Drought resistant genotypes are those with high drought tolerance index (DTI) and minimum drought susceptibility index (DSI).

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Materials & Methods - Equipment used for observations and data collection

Leaf Area Meter Electronic ScaleLeaf Area Meter Electronic Scale

Ruler Grid

Soil Moisture Meter

90 degree V-notch weir flumes, to measure water in and out-flow HOBO Weather Station

(to measure Temp., PAR, RH and Rainfall)Soil Moisture Meter PAR, RH and Rainfall)

Thermometers to measure soil and canopy temperatures

Oven for recording dry weight of foliage,

stems and tubers

Materials & Methods - Details of Drought and Salinity Tolerance Trials

Design Drought trial: Factorial Strip Plot Design (FSPD)Design Salinity trial: Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD)Replications: 3

Planting: July.Harvest: NovemberMethod of Irrigation: furrowp

Spacing: 0.70 x 0.25 cm Plot size: 5.25 m2, 3 rows/plot

Treatments• Drought trial:Vertical factor: Irrigation regimes (3) - Control;

• Salinity trial:17 CIP-bred clones + standard variety (Sante)

- Deficit irrigation; - Terminal drought(Blocks were separated by a 3 m. corridor)

Horizontal factor: 35 CIP-bred clones + standard variety (Sante)

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Irrigation Treatments in the Drought tolerant trial, Tashkent, Uzbekistan

• Well watered (control):

• Normal irrigation, water supplied every 8 – 10 d d d 10 d(control):

• Deficit irrigation:

days and stopped 10 days before harvest;

• Normal irrigation until hilling-up (35-40 days), then every 20 days (60 and 80 DAP);

• Terminal drought:

and 80 DAP);

• Normal irrigation until hilling-up, after irrigation suspended until harvest.

Drought tolerant trial at different growth stages and irrigation regimes

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50,0

60,0

70,0

Effect of different irrigation regimes on marketable yield of LTVR clones

(12 July - 05 Nov. 2010: 116 DAP)

LSD=8.6 LSD=9.0 LSD=6.0

0,0

10,0

20,0

30,0

40,0

Well watered Deficit irrigation Terminal droughtWell watered Deficit irrigation Terminal drought

Sante 388611.22 388615.22 388676.1 390478.9 390663.8 3911180.6392797.22 397029.21 397035.26 397069.11 397073.16 397077.16 397099.4397099.6 397054.3 720087 720141 720139 720148 720150301024.14 301029.18 301040.63 370120 370121 380389.1 380506.10380583.8 380606.6 381381.13 381381.26 392785.15 393536.16 393617.1394034.7

Interaction of Irrigation Treatments (I) x Clones (C) underdifferent irrigations regimes (Mean marketable yields, t/ha)

LSD=8.2

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397077.16301029.18 Sante

0 800

0,900

1,000

Variation in LTVR clones for marketable yield under drought (12 July – 05 Nov. 2010: 116 DAP)

TOLERANT

x

370121380606.6

392797.22 393617.1 388615.22 720139

720148397054.30,300

0,400

0,500

0,600

0,700

0,800

ught

tole

ranc

e in

dex

380506.10397069.11

0,000

0,100

0,200

0,550 0,600 0,650 0,700 0,750 0,800 0,850 0,900 0,950

SUSCEPTIBLE

Harvest index

Dro

u

Water stress measured under different irrigation regimes, in fonction of Soil Water Content and Soil Temperature

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StagesDays after

planting

Dry residue

НСО3%

Cl%

SO4%

Salinity

type level

Before planting 0.31 0.026 0.013 0.161

lf t li ht0 55 0 030 0 017 0 300

Exp. on salinity tolerance in Syrdarya prov. - Analysis of salts contained in the soil samples (3) taken from the field at different potato growing stages and at 30 cm depth.

sulfate slightmax 0.55 0.030 0.017 0.300

min 0.18 0.024 0.007 0.086

Tuber initiation 40 0.61 0.024 0.020 0.335

sulfate slightmax 0.77 0.027 0.021 0.430

min 0.32 0.021 0.017 0.156

Flowering 60 0.99 0.021 0.115 0.442

sulfate slight to d tmax 1.10 0.021 0.129 0.524 moderate

min 0.87 0.021 0.094 0.350

Harvesting 102 0.51 0.024 0.066 0.212

chloride-sulfate moderatemax 0.51 0.024 0.066 0.212

min 0.14 0.021 0.010 0.047

Soil analysis was undertaken at the Soil and Agro-Chemistry Institute, Tashkent

Effect of salinity level on canopy cover (%) at different growth stages

70 0

80,0

90,0

100,0

20,0

30,0

40,0

50,0

60,0

70,0

0,0

10,0

Sant

e

3970

73.1

6

3970

77.1

6

3010

24.1

4

3010

29.1

8

3010

40.6

3

3701

20

3701

21

3803

89.1

3805

06.1

0

3805

83.8

3806

06.6

3813

81.1

3

3813

81.2

6

3927

85.1

5

3935

36.1

3

3936

17.1

3940

34.7

50 DAP, 7 SEP 2010 70 DAP, 27 SEP 2010 90 DAP, 18 OCT 2010

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Effect of Salinity on Tuber Yield and Quality of CIP-bred Clones (19 July – 29 Oct., 2010: 102 DAP)

25.0

30.0

LSD=4,18 LSD=0.02

10.0

15.0

20.0

,

0.0

5.0

Marketable tubers (>25 mm), t/ha Dry matter (%)

Sante 397073.16 397077.16 301024.14 301029.18 301040.63370120 370121 380389.1 380506.10 380583.8 380606.6381381.13 381381.26 392785.15 393536.13 393617.1 394034.7

Exposure of LTVR Clones to Exposure of LTVR Clones to High Temperatures & SalinityHigh Temperatures & Salinity

Syrdarya, Uzbekistan, 2010

Saalt accum

ulation40 DAP 50 DAP

70 DAP (397077.16)Plants suffering (var. Sante, left)

and growing well (right)

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Most potato var. do not tuberize under heat + salinity, in general

17 CIP-bred clones showed good tuber appearance and yield in Syrdarya prov. (2010)

CIP 397073.16 -SERKHOSIL

CIP 390478.9 - PSKEM CIP 397077.16 - SARNAV

SELECTED CIP CLONES – Varieties and Candidate Varieties in Uzbekistan

Growing period, days - 110Mean tuber weight, g - 80-100Tuber shape - OvalTuber skin - Cream Tuber flesh – light cream Yield, t/ha - 30-35

Growing period, days - 110Mean tuber weight, g - 90-100Tuber shape - Round-flattenedTuber skin - Cream Tuber flesh - White Yield, t/ha - 25-30

Growing period, days - 105Mean tuber weight, g - 80-90Tuber shape - ProlongedTuber skin - Cream Tuber flesh - Yellow Yield, t/ha - 35-40

CIP 388611.22 CIP 388615.22 CIP 392797.22

Growing period, days - 110Mean tuber weight, g - 70-80Tuber shape - Round-ovalTuber skin - Cream Tuber flesh – light cream Yield, t/ha - 30-35

Growing period, days - 95Mean tuber weight, g - 90-120Tuber shape - Round-ovalTuber skin - Cream Tuber flesh - White Yield, t/ha - 30-35

Growing period, days - 110Mean tuber weight, g - 80-100Tuber shape - Oval-flattenedTuber skin - Red Tuber flesh – light cream Yield, t/ha - 30-35

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LD-28.23 LD-33.18 LD-94.89 LD-92.42

LD-88.19 LD-88.104 LD-73.17 LD-58.7

LD-73.92 LD-32.15 LD-57.67 LD-65.110

60 clones with virus resistance,heat and drought tolerance, early maturingare in process of cleaning up and in-vitro

introduction for distribution

LD-95.24 LD-94.70 LD-34.15LD-33.118

PhD Firuz YuldashevCIP Research Assistant on Plant

Breeding and SelectionCIP-Liaison Office for CGIAR-CACc/o ICARDA-PFU 6, Osiyo Street

100000, Tashkent, UzbekistanTel: (+998-71) 237 17 82Mob: (+998-97) 420 09 42

THANKS FOR YOUR ATTENTION!

Fax: (+998-71) 120 71 25E-mail: f.yuldashev@cgiar.org

Web site: www.cipotato.org

Research was sponsored by Deutsche Gesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit - Project No: 07.7860.5-001.00