Persuasive Speech · 8/10/2015 · Organizational Patterns Cont. Criteria Satisfaction Pattern....
Transcript of Persuasive Speech · 8/10/2015 · Organizational Patterns Cont. Criteria Satisfaction Pattern....
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Persuasive Speaking: Reasoning with Your
Audience
Persuasive Speech
►A speech whose goal is to influence the attitudes, beliefs, values, or behavior of audience members
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Elaboration Likelihood ModelPeople process information in one of two ways:
►Central route
- intense and more time consuming, listen carefully,
think about what is said, mentally elaborate on message.
►Peripheral route
- relies on simple cues, quick evaluation of the
speaker’s credibility, check about what the listener feels about the message.
Elaboration Likelihood Model Cont.
►What determines if we use the central or peripheral route is how important we perceive the issue to be for us.
►We are less likely to change our mind when our attitudes are based on central processing.
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Persuasive Appeals
►Logos – logical appeals, evidence used
►Ethos – speaker’s credibility
►Pathos – emotional appeals, evoke feelings in listeners
Preparing a Persuasive Speech
►Construct a persuasive speech goal
►Identify good reasons and sound evidence
►Avoid fallacies of reason
►Organize your main points into a pattern the audience can follow
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Adapting Your Persuasive Goal to Audience Attitude
►Attitude – a general or enduring positive or negative feeling about some person, object, or issue
● Opposed
● No opinion
● In favor
Phrasing Persuasive Speech Goals
►Proposition – a declarative sentence that clearly indicates the position that the speaker will advocate in a persuasive speech
● Proposition of fact
● Proposition of value
● Proposition of policy
● Example: I want to convince my audience that smoking causes cancer.
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Example Propositions
Finding Reasons to Use as Main Points
►Reasons – main point statements that summarize several related pieces of evidence and show why you should believe or do something
● Is the reason directly related to proving the proposition?
● Do I have strong evidence to support the reason?
● Will the reason be persuasive for this audience?
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Selecting Evidence to Support Reasons
►Does the evidence come from a well-respected source?
►Is the evidence recent and, if not, is it still valid?
►Does the evidence really support the reason?
►Will the evidence be persuasive for this audience?
Reasoning with Audiences
►Reasoning – the mental process of drawing inferences (conclusions) from factual information
►Arguments – the process of proving conclusions you have drawn from reasons and evidence
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Basic Elements of Reasoning
►Claim – a conclusion to be proven
►Support – support a claim with reason or evidence
►Warrant – logical statement that connects the support to the claim.
Types and Tests of Arguments
►Arguing from example
● Are enough examples cited?
● Are the examples typical?
● Are negative examples accounted for?
►Arguing from analogy
● Are the subjects being compared similar in every important way?
● Are any of the ways in which the subjects are dissimilar important to the outcome?
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Types and Tests of Arguments Cont.
►Arguing from causation
● Are the events alone sufficient to cause the stated effect?
● Do other events accompanying the cited events actually cause the effect?
● Is the relationship between the causal events and the effect consistent?
Types and Tests of Arguments Cont.
►Arguing from sign
● Do the signs cited always or usually indicate the conclusion drawn?
● Are a sufficient number of signs present?
● Are contradictory signs in evidence?
►Combining arguments in a speech
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Avoiding Fallacies of Reasoning
►Hasty generalization – wrong assumption
►False cause – failed to
relate to the effects
►Either-Or – not two but
more than two
►Straw Man
►Ad Hominem
Organizational Patterns
►Statement of Reasons Pattern
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Organizational Patterns Cont.
►Comparative Advantages Pattern
Organizational Patterns Cont.
►Criteria Satisfaction Pattern
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Organizational Patterns Cont.
►Refutative Pattern
Persuasive Speeches
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Websites
►Persuasive appeals
http://www.public.asu.edu/~macalla/logosethospathos.html
►Persuasive fallacies
http://www.iep.utm.edu/f/fallacy.htm