PersonalityPersonalityWhat is your personality?

What are the ideas about What are the ideas about personality?personality?

PsychoanalyticHumanisticTraitSocial cognitiveThe self

What is the Psychoanalytic What is the Psychoanalytic perspective?perspective?

Sigmund Freud◦The mind is like an

iceberg◦Conscious

(Above the water)

◦Unconscious Largely unaware (Below the water) Thoughts Feelings Memories

What happened?What happened?

How do we evaluate the How do we evaluate the unconscious?unconscious?Projective tests

◦ Ambiguous stimuli that people “project” information onto E.g. describe or tell a story

Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)◦ Patient makes up a story based on ambiguous pictures

What do you see?What do you see?

Rorschach TestRorschach Test

10 inkblots - people discuss what they see in the inkblots

Designed to identify people’s inner unconscious feelings

Not successful in predicting behavior or diagnosis

What is Freud’s personality theory?What is Freud’s personality theory?Id = Pleasure principle

◦Sex & violence◦Hedonistic

Ego = Reality principle◦Mediates between Id and Superego

Superego = conscience◦Pride and guilt◦Right & wrong◦Ideal standards

What are ego defense mechanisms?What are ego defense mechanisms?Repression

◦ Underlies all other defense mechanisms◦ Keeps repressed urges (e.g. incest) from becoming

consciousRegression

◦ Retreating to an earlier, more infantile stage of development

Reaction formation◦ Doing the opposite of what you actually feel◦ Inadequate feelings become bravado◦ “I hate him” becomes ” I love him”◦ Makes unacceptable impulses more acceptable

Ego defense mechanisms (Cont.)Ego defense mechanisms (Cont.)Projection

◦ Projecting your unacceptable impulses to others◦ E.g. “He is lying like everyone else.”

Rationalization◦ Thinking up socially acceptable reasons for your

negative behavior.◦ E.g. “I only steal from rich people”

Displacement◦ Diverts sexual or aggressive energies toward a more

acceptable target. E.g. Mad child kicks the pet.

Do you remember?Do you remember?Where is the unconscious in the

iceberg?If you feel guilty, what part of

Freud’s personality theory is operating?

What are two methods attempting to measure the unconscious?

What are the ego defense mechanisms?

What is the Humanistic Perspective?What is the Humanistic Perspective?

The self concept – “Who am I”◦A basic focus of the Humanistic

perspectiveMaslow’s Self-actualization

◦People strive for self-actualization To be the best you can be

◦After other needs are met for physiological, safety, love, and self-esteem

What is the Humanistic Perspective?What is the Humanistic Perspective?

Carl Rogers - Person Centered Perspective◦Unconditional positive regard

If we feel accepted, we will be more open and expressive.

What is the Trait Perspective?What is the Trait Perspective?Traits = Characteristic behaviors or

dispositionMyers-Briggs type indicator

◦Describes personalities in complimentary terms

◦Extroversion or introversion◦Thinking or feeling

Trait Perspective (cont.)Trait Perspective (cont.)MMPI = Minnesota Multiphasic

Personality Inventory◦Most widely used personality inventory◦Used to identify emotional disorders

MMPI = Minnesota Multiphasic MMPI = Minnesota Multiphasic Personality InventoryPersonality Inventory

Do you remember?Do you remember?What is Maslow’s “Self-

actualization”?What is Carl Rogers’ “unconditional

positive regard”?What is one of the main tests used

to determine your personality traits?

What is the most widely used inventory used to identify personality disorders?

What is the Social Cognitive What is the Social Cognitive Perspective?Perspective?How does learning & thinking & society

influence each other?Reciprocal Determinism

◦Albert Bandura◦Behavior, internal personal factors, and the

environment all operate to determine each other.

Reciprocal DeterminismReciprocal Determinism

What is your locus of control?What is your locus of control?

Internal locus of control◦“I personally control my destin

y.”

External locus of control◦“Outside forces which I can not

control determine my destiny.”

What is Learned Helplessness?What is Learned Helplessness?Repeatedly faced with traumatic events

over which people have no control, people feel helpless, hopeless, and depressed.

Exploring yourExploring your““self conceptself concept”” Benefits of positive self

esteem:More persistent at tasksLess likely to use drugs and

conform to group pressureHappier

Self serving biasWe like to perceive ourselves

favorablyWe contribute successes to our

own effort and failure to factors beyond our control.

Do you remember?Do you remember?What is an example of Bandura’s

reciprocal determinism?Do you tend to have an internal or

external locus of control?What is an example of learned

helplessness with humans?What is an example of self serving

bias in the stock market?