Personality: Theory, Research, and AssessmentPersonality)… · • The word comes from the Latin...
Transcript of Personality: Theory, Research, and AssessmentPersonality)… · • The word comes from the Latin...
![Page 1: Personality: Theory, Research, and AssessmentPersonality)… · • The word comes from the Latin persona, meaning “ ” • Personality: An individual’s distinct and relatively](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022022004/5aa6fb857f8b9aee748b7af3/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Personality: Theory, Research, and Assessment
Chapter 11
![Page 2: Personality: Theory, Research, and AssessmentPersonality)… · • The word comes from the Latin persona, meaning “ ” • Personality: An individual’s distinct and relatively](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022022004/5aa6fb857f8b9aee748b7af3/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Assessing personality
![Page 3: Personality: Theory, Research, and AssessmentPersonality)… · • The word comes from the Latin persona, meaning “ ” • Personality: An individual’s distinct and relatively](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022022004/5aa6fb857f8b9aee748b7af3/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Defining Personality
• The word comes from the Latin persona, meaning “ ”
• Personality: An individual’s distinct and relatively enduring pattern of , feelings, motives, and .
• : Stability in behavior over time and across situations
• : Behavioral differences among people reacting to the same situation
![Page 4: Personality: Theory, Research, and AssessmentPersonality)… · • The word comes from the Latin persona, meaning “ ” • Personality: An individual’s distinct and relatively](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022022004/5aa6fb857f8b9aee748b7af3/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Defining Personality:Personality Traits
• Personality Traits– and dimensions
• The Model – Extraversion
– .
– Openness to experience
– Agreeableness
– .
![Page 5: Personality: Theory, Research, and AssessmentPersonality)… · • The word comes from the Latin persona, meaning “ ” • Personality: An individual’s distinct and relatively](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022022004/5aa6fb857f8b9aee748b7af3/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Studying Personality
• The Approach– The five factor model
• Psychodynamic Perspective
• Behavioral Approaches
• Perspective
• Biological Perspective
![Page 6: Personality: Theory, Research, and AssessmentPersonality)… · • The word comes from the Latin persona, meaning “ ” • Personality: An individual’s distinct and relatively](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022022004/5aa6fb857f8b9aee748b7af3/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Perspectives
• psychoanalytic theory– Structure of personality
• ‐ Pleasure principle• Ego ‐ Reality principle• ‐Morality
– Levels of awareness• Conscious• Unconscious• .
![Page 7: Personality: Theory, Research, and AssessmentPersonality)… · • The word comes from the Latin persona, meaning “ ” • Personality: An individual’s distinct and relatively](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022022004/5aa6fb857f8b9aee748b7af3/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Psychodynamic Perspectives
• Freud’s psychoanalytic theory– .
• and Aggression• Anxiety• Defense .
![Page 8: Personality: Theory, Research, and AssessmentPersonality)… · • The word comes from the Latin persona, meaning “ ” • Personality: An individual’s distinct and relatively](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022022004/5aa6fb857f8b9aee748b7af3/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Figure 11.2 Freud’s model of personality structure
![Page 9: Personality: Theory, Research, and AssessmentPersonality)… · • The word comes from the Latin persona, meaning “ ” • Personality: An individual’s distinct and relatively](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022022004/5aa6fb857f8b9aee748b7af3/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Figure 11.3 Freud’s model of personality dynamics
![Page 10: Personality: Theory, Research, and AssessmentPersonality)… · • The word comes from the Latin persona, meaning “ ” • Personality: An individual’s distinct and relatively](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022022004/5aa6fb857f8b9aee748b7af3/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Defense Mechanisms• .
– Keeping distressing thoughts and feelings buried in .• Projection
– Attributing your thoughts, feelings, or motives to someone else• .
– Divert emotional feelings (anger) from original source to substitute• Reaction formation
– Behaving exactly opposite of your true feelings• .
– Reverting to immature patterns of behavior• Rationalization
– Creating a false excuse to justify unacceptable behavior• .
– Increasing self image by forming with person / group
![Page 11: Personality: Theory, Research, and AssessmentPersonality)… · • The word comes from the Latin persona, meaning “ ” • Personality: An individual’s distinct and relatively](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022022004/5aa6fb857f8b9aee748b7af3/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Freud on Development:Stages
• = physical pleasure
• Psychosexual stages – Oral, , Phallic, Latency, .
• = Excessive gratification or frustration
• Overemphasis on psychosexual during fixated stage
![Page 12: Personality: Theory, Research, and AssessmentPersonality)… · • The word comes from the Latin persona, meaning “ ” • Personality: An individual’s distinct and relatively](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022022004/5aa6fb857f8b9aee748b7af3/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Stage
![Page 13: Personality: Theory, Research, and AssessmentPersonality)… · • The word comes from the Latin persona, meaning “ ” • Personality: An individual’s distinct and relatively](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022022004/5aa6fb857f8b9aee748b7af3/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Stage
• Early or delayed weaning leads to:
talkativeness
.
over eating
a lot
“biting” sarcasm
![Page 14: Personality: Theory, Research, and AssessmentPersonality)… · • The word comes from the Latin persona, meaning “ ” • Personality: An individual’s distinct and relatively](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022022004/5aa6fb857f8b9aee748b7af3/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Stage
![Page 15: Personality: Theory, Research, and AssessmentPersonality)… · • The word comes from the Latin persona, meaning “ ” • Personality: An individual’s distinct and relatively](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022022004/5aa6fb857f8b9aee748b7af3/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Stage
• Adults who remain fixated at the anal stage tend to be:
• .
• Stubborn
• Obsessed with orderliness
• Sloppy, , disorganized
![Page 16: Personality: Theory, Research, and AssessmentPersonality)… · • The word comes from the Latin persona, meaning “ ” • Personality: An individual’s distinct and relatively](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022022004/5aa6fb857f8b9aee748b7af3/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Stage
![Page 17: Personality: Theory, Research, and AssessmentPersonality)… · • The word comes from the Latin persona, meaning “ ” • Personality: An individual’s distinct and relatively](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022022004/5aa6fb857f8b9aee748b7af3/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Stage• The Complex
– Boy’s id impulses involve sexual desire for , and a desire to eliminate the . Eventually, identifies with his .
• The Complex– Girl has strong attachment to mother,
and develops envy, where she blames her mother for not having a penis. Eventually transfer love to father, identifies with .
![Page 18: Personality: Theory, Research, and AssessmentPersonality)… · • The word comes from the Latin persona, meaning “ ” • Personality: An individual’s distinct and relatively](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022022004/5aa6fb857f8b9aee748b7af3/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Stage
• If fixated at this stage, adults tend to have:– .– Problems with .– sexual identity– Problems with stable love relationship
![Page 19: Personality: Theory, Research, and AssessmentPersonality)… · • The word comes from the Latin persona, meaning “ ” • Personality: An individual’s distinct and relatively](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022022004/5aa6fb857f8b9aee748b7af3/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Period
![Page 20: Personality: Theory, Research, and AssessmentPersonality)… · • The word comes from the Latin persona, meaning “ ” • Personality: An individual’s distinct and relatively](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022022004/5aa6fb857f8b9aee748b7af3/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Stage
![Page 21: Personality: Theory, Research, and AssessmentPersonality)… · • The word comes from the Latin persona, meaning “ ” • Personality: An individual’s distinct and relatively](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022022004/5aa6fb857f8b9aee748b7af3/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Evaluating Psychodynamic Perspectives
• Strengths – The importance of early experiences
– Spurred other research and theories
– The .
– The role of internal conflict
– The use of to respond to unpleasant experiences
![Page 22: Personality: Theory, Research, and AssessmentPersonality)… · • The word comes from the Latin persona, meaning “ ” • Personality: An individual’s distinct and relatively](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022022004/5aa6fb857f8b9aee748b7af3/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Evaluating Psychodynamic Perspectives
• Weaknesses– Violates the scientific principle of falsifiability –poor .
– Inadequate base• Based on experiences of a few atypical individuals
– Theory is based on retrospective accounts and fallible memories
– views
![Page 23: Personality: Theory, Research, and AssessmentPersonality)… · • The word comes from the Latin persona, meaning “ ” • Personality: An individual’s distinct and relatively](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022022004/5aa6fb857f8b9aee748b7af3/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Perspectives
• views– Conditioning and response tendencies
• Bandura’s social theory– Observational learning
– Behavior is shaped by models
– Self‐efficacy
• Mischel’s views– The controversy
• Situational factors determine behavior, rather than traits
![Page 24: Personality: Theory, Research, and AssessmentPersonality)… · • The word comes from the Latin persona, meaning “ ” • Personality: An individual’s distinct and relatively](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022022004/5aa6fb857f8b9aee748b7af3/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Figure 11.5 A behavioral view of personality
![Page 25: Personality: Theory, Research, and AssessmentPersonality)… · • The word comes from the Latin persona, meaning “ ” • Personality: An individual’s distinct and relatively](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022022004/5aa6fb857f8b9aee748b7af3/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Figure 11.6 Personality development and operant conditioning
![Page 26: Personality: Theory, Research, and AssessmentPersonality)… · • The word comes from the Latin persona, meaning “ ” • Personality: An individual’s distinct and relatively](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022022004/5aa6fb857f8b9aee748b7af3/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Evaluating Behavioral Perspectives
• Pros– Based on , controlled research
– Explains different behaviors in different situations
– Major events in life can change “ ”
• Cons– Over‐dependence on animal research
– “Personality” not a valid .
![Page 27: Personality: Theory, Research, and AssessmentPersonality)… · • The word comes from the Latin persona, meaning “ ” • Personality: An individual’s distinct and relatively](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022022004/5aa6fb857f8b9aee748b7af3/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Perspectives
• Carl Rogers’s theory– Self‐concept
• Conditional/unconditional regard
• and anxiety
• Abraham Maslow’s theory of .– of needs
– The healthy personality
![Page 28: Personality: Theory, Research, and AssessmentPersonality)… · • The word comes from the Latin persona, meaning “ ” • Personality: An individual’s distinct and relatively](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022022004/5aa6fb857f8b9aee748b7af3/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Figure 11.7 Rogers’s view of personality structure
![Page 29: Personality: Theory, Research, and AssessmentPersonality)… · • The word comes from the Latin persona, meaning “ ” • Personality: An individual’s distinct and relatively](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022022004/5aa6fb857f8b9aee748b7af3/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Figure 11.8 Rogers’s view of personality development and dynamics
![Page 30: Personality: Theory, Research, and AssessmentPersonality)… · • The word comes from the Latin persona, meaning “ ” • Personality: An individual’s distinct and relatively](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022022004/5aa6fb857f8b9aee748b7af3/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Figure 11.9 Maslow’s hierarchy of needs
![Page 31: Personality: Theory, Research, and AssessmentPersonality)… · • The word comes from the Latin persona, meaning “ ” • Personality: An individual’s distinct and relatively](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022022004/5aa6fb857f8b9aee748b7af3/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Figure 11.10 Maslow’s view of the healthy personality
![Page 32: Personality: Theory, Research, and AssessmentPersonality)… · • The word comes from the Latin persona, meaning “ ” • Personality: An individual’s distinct and relatively](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022022004/5aa6fb857f8b9aee748b7af3/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Evaluating Humanistic Perspectives
• Pros– Recognized importance of subjective views– Recognized importance of self‐ .– Led to some effective .– Laid foundation for psychology
• Cons– Many aspects of theory are difficult to test– Unrealistic .– More empirical research needed
![Page 33: Personality: Theory, Research, and AssessmentPersonality)… · • The word comes from the Latin persona, meaning “ ” • Personality: An individual’s distinct and relatively](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022022004/5aa6fb857f8b9aee748b7af3/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Biological Perspectives
• theory– Determined by genes– Extraversion‐introversion
• Behavioral genetics– studies– Heritability estimates
• The evolutionary approach– Traits conducive to reproductive .
![Page 34: Personality: Theory, Research, and AssessmentPersonality)… · • The word comes from the Latin persona, meaning “ ” • Personality: An individual’s distinct and relatively](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022022004/5aa6fb857f8b9aee748b7af3/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Figure 11.11 Eysenck’s model of personality structure
![Page 35: Personality: Theory, Research, and AssessmentPersonality)… · • The word comes from the Latin persona, meaning “ ” • Personality: An individual’s distinct and relatively](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022022004/5aa6fb857f8b9aee748b7af3/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Evaluating Biological Perspectives
• Pros– Convincing evidence for influence– Extensive, carefully controlled research– of neural/brain patterns and personality traits
• Cons– Too much reliance on estimates– Cannot explain all behavior (no comprehensive theory of )
![Page 36: Personality: Theory, Research, and AssessmentPersonality)… · • The word comes from the Latin persona, meaning “ ” • Personality: An individual’s distinct and relatively](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022022004/5aa6fb857f8b9aee748b7af3/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Personality Tests
• projective tests – Thematic Test (TAT)
– .
• Self‐report inventories– Factor Trait Inventory
![Page 37: Personality: Theory, Research, and AssessmentPersonality)… · • The word comes from the Latin persona, meaning “ ” • Personality: An individual’s distinct and relatively](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022022004/5aa6fb857f8b9aee748b7af3/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
![Page 38: Personality: Theory, Research, and AssessmentPersonality)… · • The word comes from the Latin persona, meaning “ ” • Personality: An individual’s distinct and relatively](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022022004/5aa6fb857f8b9aee748b7af3/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Psychoanalysis Personality Tests
• Tests– Allow people to “ ” unconscious needs, wishes, and conflicts onto stimuli
– .• A test in which people are asked to report what they see in a set of inkblots
![Page 39: Personality: Theory, Research, and AssessmentPersonality)… · • The word comes from the Latin persona, meaning “ ” • Personality: An individual’s distinct and relatively](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022022004/5aa6fb857f8b9aee748b7af3/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Psychoanalysis Personality Tests
• Tests– Thematic Test (TAT)
• A test in which people are asked to make up from a set of ambiguous pictures
• Activity 11.3
![Page 40: Personality: Theory, Research, and AssessmentPersonality)… · • The word comes from the Latin persona, meaning “ ” • Personality: An individual’s distinct and relatively](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022022004/5aa6fb857f8b9aee748b7af3/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
![Page 41: Personality: Theory, Research, and AssessmentPersonality)… · • The word comes from the Latin persona, meaning “ ” • Personality: An individual’s distinct and relatively](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022022004/5aa6fb857f8b9aee748b7af3/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
![Page 42: Personality: Theory, Research, and AssessmentPersonality)… · • The word comes from the Latin persona, meaning “ ” • Personality: An individual’s distinct and relatively](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022022004/5aa6fb857f8b9aee748b7af3/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
![Page 43: Personality: Theory, Research, and AssessmentPersonality)… · • The word comes from the Latin persona, meaning “ ” • Personality: An individual’s distinct and relatively](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022022004/5aa6fb857f8b9aee748b7af3/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
Review of TAT
• We will go over each picture and discuss what you found
• There are no “right” answers
![Page 44: Personality: Theory, Research, and AssessmentPersonality)… · • The word comes from the Latin persona, meaning “ ” • Personality: An individual’s distinct and relatively](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022022004/5aa6fb857f8b9aee748b7af3/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
![Page 45: Personality: Theory, Research, and AssessmentPersonality)… · • The word comes from the Latin persona, meaning “ ” • Personality: An individual’s distinct and relatively](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022022004/5aa6fb857f8b9aee748b7af3/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
![Page 46: Personality: Theory, Research, and AssessmentPersonality)… · • The word comes from the Latin persona, meaning “ ” • Personality: An individual’s distinct and relatively](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022022004/5aa6fb857f8b9aee748b7af3/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
![Page 47: Personality: Theory, Research, and AssessmentPersonality)… · • The word comes from the Latin persona, meaning “ ” • Personality: An individual’s distinct and relatively](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022022004/5aa6fb857f8b9aee748b7af3/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
![Page 48: Personality: Theory, Research, and AssessmentPersonality)… · • The word comes from the Latin persona, meaning “ ” • Personality: An individual’s distinct and relatively](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022022004/5aa6fb857f8b9aee748b7af3/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
Personality Scales
• Answer a series of question about self– ‘I am easily ’ T or F
– ‘I like to go to ’ T or F
• Assumes that you can accurately report
• There are no right or wrong answers
• From responses, develop a picture of you called a ‘ profile’
![Page 49: Personality: Theory, Research, and AssessmentPersonality)… · • The word comes from the Latin persona, meaning “ ” • Personality: An individual’s distinct and relatively](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022022004/5aa6fb857f8b9aee748b7af3/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
![Page 50: Personality: Theory, Research, and AssessmentPersonality)… · • The word comes from the Latin persona, meaning “ ” • Personality: An individual’s distinct and relatively](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022022004/5aa6fb857f8b9aee748b7af3/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
Minnesota Personality Inventory
• Most widely used personality instrument– Now the MMPI ‐ 2
• Clinical & settings
• Measures aspects of personality that, if extreme, suggest a problem – e.g., extreme .
• Long test ‐ questions
![Page 51: Personality: Theory, Research, and AssessmentPersonality)… · • The word comes from the Latin persona, meaning “ ” • Personality: An individual’s distinct and relatively](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022022004/5aa6fb857f8b9aee748b7af3/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
Characteristics of the MMPI‐2
• Has several different (multiphasic)• Scales thought to measure different kinds of psychological .– e.g., depression
• Scale scores indicate how you compare with others
• Overall assessment is .– From inspecting profile of different scales
![Page 52: Personality: Theory, Research, and AssessmentPersonality)… · • The word comes from the Latin persona, meaning “ ” • Personality: An individual’s distinct and relatively](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022022004/5aa6fb857f8b9aee748b7af3/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
MMPI Score Profile
![Page 53: Personality: Theory, Research, and AssessmentPersonality)… · • The word comes from the Latin persona, meaning “ ” • Personality: An individual’s distinct and relatively](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022022004/5aa6fb857f8b9aee748b7af3/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
The Model
• Some version of the factors reliably appear in many cultures/countries… may be basic component of human .
• However, there are some drawbacks to adopting this view of personality– theories are better at describing people than them.
![Page 54: Personality: Theory, Research, and AssessmentPersonality)… · • The word comes from the Latin persona, meaning “ ” • Personality: An individual’s distinct and relatively](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022022004/5aa6fb857f8b9aee748b7af3/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
. Artistic, curious, imaginative, insightful
. Efficient, organized, reliable, ethical
. Active, assertive, energetic, gregarious
. Appreciative, forgiving, generous, considerate
. Anxious, self-pitying, tense, impulsive, touchy
The Model
![Page 55: Personality: Theory, Research, and AssessmentPersonality)… · • The word comes from the Latin persona, meaning “ ” • Personality: An individual’s distinct and relatively](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022022004/5aa6fb857f8b9aee748b7af3/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
Influences on Personality
• 123 pairs of identical twins and 127 pairs of fraternal twins
• Measured on “Big ” personality dimensions
• Results suggest that personality differences in the population are 0 ‐50% genetically determined.
![Page 56: Personality: Theory, Research, and AssessmentPersonality)… · • The word comes from the Latin persona, meaning “ ” • Personality: An individual’s distinct and relatively](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022022004/5aa6fb857f8b9aee748b7af3/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
Evaluating Tests
• Strengths– Normed against a variety of samples
• Allows you to determine what is outside the bounds of “normal” in comparison to a group
– .• Relies on self‐report• But with caveats to catch .
– Elevated scores on MMPI correlate to a variety of different disorders (suggests some kind of utility)
![Page 57: Personality: Theory, Research, and AssessmentPersonality)… · • The word comes from the Latin persona, meaning “ ” • Personality: An individual’s distinct and relatively](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022022004/5aa6fb857f8b9aee748b7af3/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
Evaluating Objective Tests• Limitations
– measures• Deception• Social .
• Response sets (e.g., “nay ”)
– utility• Particularly for tests other than .
• You’re outgoing: so ?
![Page 58: Personality: Theory, Research, and AssessmentPersonality)… · • The word comes from the Latin persona, meaning “ ” • Personality: An individual’s distinct and relatively](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022022004/5aa6fb857f8b9aee748b7af3/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
Bias• Characteristic of almost all personality theories/tests
– Know the pattern
– Correlate it to other things to explain where it came from and how it will affect future behavior
• Easy to different ways that your personality could have been .