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Transcript of Personality. Gordon Alport defined personality as the; “Dynamic organization within the individual...
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Personality
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Gordon Alport defined personality as the;
“Dynamic organization within the individual of those psychophysical systems that determine his or her unique adjustment to the environment”
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Personality = temperament + character + intelligence
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Basic functions of personality are :
to feel,
to think, and
to perceive, and
to incorporate these into purposeful behaviors.
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Regarding BEHAVIOUR:
TemperamentHOW
CharacterWHAT
WHY
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Four major temperament traits have been identified:
Harm avoidance از دوریخطرNovelty seeking طلبی تنوعReward dependence نظر به وابستگی دیگران
Persistence مداومت
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Ancient four temperaments:
Melancholic (harm avoidance),
Choleric (novelty seeking),
Sanguine (reward dependence), and
Phlegmatic (persistence).
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Character
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CharacterSelf – directedness
Cooperativeness
Self - transcendence
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DSMIV-TR defines personality disorders as:
An enduring pattern of inner experience and behavior that deviates markedly from the expectations of the individual`s culture.
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Personality disorder is manifested in two (or more) of the following areas:
1. Cognition (i.e. ways of perceiving and interpreting self, other people, and events)
2. Affectivity (i.e.the range, intensity, liability and appropriateness of emotional response)
3. Interpersonal functioning4. Impulse control
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The pattern is stable and of long duration
and its onset can be traced back at least
to adolescence or early adulthood.
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It is inflexible and pervasive across a broad range of personal and social situations and leads to clinically significant distress or impairment in social, occupational or other important areas of functioning.
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Cluster A (detachment, reward dependence)
Schizoid
Paranoid
schizotypal
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Cluster B (impulsivity, novelty seeking)
Borderline
Antisocial
Histrionic
Narcissistic
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Cluster C (fearfulness, harm avoidance)
Avoidant
Dependent
Obsessive - compulsive
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Personality disorders are
ego-syntonic and Alloplastic
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Schizoid p.dSocial detachment and restricted
range of expressed emotions
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Men> Women
7.5% of general population
may progress to delusional disorder or schizophrenia
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Paranoid p.dExcessive suspiciousness and distrust of
others
Men > Women
0.5-2.5% in general population
may progress to delusional disorder
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Schizotypal p.d.Social and interpersonal deficit plus
cognitive and perceptual disturbances and eccentric behavior
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Sex. Ratio is unknown
3 percent of gen.pop
May progress to schizophrenia, delusional disorder, brief psychotic disorder
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Borderline p.d
Instability of affects , self – image, interpersonal relationships + marked impulsiveness
Female > male
2 percent of g.p.
are at increased risk M.D.D , substance abuse and eating disorder
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Antisocial p.d
Disregard for and violation of rights of others
Male > Female
1-3 percent of g.p.
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Narcissistic p.d
Sense of grandiosity, need for admiration lack of empathy, chronic intense envy
M>F
1% of g.p.
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Histrionic p.d.
Self – dramatization , excessive emotionality and attention seeking
F>M
2-3% of g.p.
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Avoidant p.d
hypersensitivity to negative evaluation, social inhibition and feelings of inadequacy.
F=M 0.5-1 of g.p.
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Dependent p.d
Excessive need to be taken care, clinging behavior, submissiveness, fear of separation, interpersonal dependency.
F=M
most frequent of p.d.s
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Obsessive – compulsive p.d.
Preoccupation with orderliness, perfectionism mental and interpersonal control.
M>F
1% of g.p.
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Treatment:Psychotherapy
pharmacotherapy
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Pharmacotherapy:
AggressionLow dose antipsychoticLithiumSSRISAuticonvulsantsB-Blockers
Emotional liabilityLithiumantipsychotics
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DepressionAntidepressants
Emotional detachmentAtipical antipsychotics
Anxiety SSRIS
MAOIS
BZDs
B-Blockers
Low dose antipsychotics
Psychotic symptomsAntipsychotics