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Personality Disorders
Dr Andrea WilliamsConsultant Psychiatrist in Psychotherapy
Personality Disorder and Homelessness TeamNHS Greater Glasgow and Clyde
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What we will cover
• Overview• Definitions• Prevalence and course• Types of personality disorder
– Dissocial– Borderline
• Attachment basis• Treatment/ management• PD and Legislation
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Overview
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Personality Disorder: What’s in a name?
Stigma
Untreatable?
Excluded from Services
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Stigma
People with a PD can be seen as troublesome patients in medical terms/ troublesome people in society.
They do not improve rapidly; offer few rewards to those treating them; can make us feel impotent/ guilty/ angry and many other things.
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Stigma – changing?
All of this improves if more effort to UNDERSTAND and ADDRESS the nature of the difficulty
Requires attention to how services delivered
User groups claiming the diagnosis as a useful tool for accessing services
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Untreatable?
not true
Emerging evidence that a number of psychological approaches can help – particularly in BORDERLINE PD
• Mentalisation Based Therapy
• DBT(Dialectical behavioural therapy)
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Excluded from Services ?
shouldn’t be• “Personality Disorder – no longer a diagnosis of
exclusion” document in England
• NICE guidelines for treatment
• Scotland – “Personality Disorder – Demanding patients or Deserving People?” (CCI, 2005)
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Excluded from Services ?
• Scottish Personality Disorder Network (SPDN) co-ordinates regular conferences to share expertise and good practice
• More recently- Borderline PD included as one of categories in Integrated Care Pathways being implemented across all Health Boards in Scotland.
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Definitions
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What Do we mean by Personality Disorder?
• Deeply ingrained maladaptive patterns of behaviour
• Extreme/ significant deviation from the way the average person in that culture perceives/ thinks/ feels and relates to others. (MAKES THEM DIFFERENT)
• Recognisable from adolescence
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What Does it Mean?
• Disturbed ways of RELATING
• Difficulties with MOOD CONTROL and IMPULSIVITY
• Disturbed ways of THINKING
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What Does it Mean?
• Enduring – long lasting
• Pervasive – affects all areas of person’s life
• Considerable personal distress
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Prevalence
and
Course
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How Enduring?
• Most recent studies have shown with Borderline Personality Disorder:
• at 2 years, 1/3 no longer meet criteria for diagnosis
• at 4 years, 1/2 no longer meet criteria
• at 6 years 2/3 no longer meet criteria(Zanarini et al 2003)
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How enduring? (cont)
Older wisdom was that personality mellowed with age, but this had limited support from long-term follow up
Studies show that marked disturbance continues, although some of the more noticable behaviours became less frequent
i.e. TRAITS are enduring, but expression of these may modify with age/ experience
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How Common Is It?
• 5-10% of general adult population(zimmerman and coryell, 1990)
• 35% + of those in Psychiatric Hospital
• 50% of female prisoners
• 60-80% of male prisoners
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Types of Personality
Disorder
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Psychiatric Classifications
ICD-10 Categories
(similar to DSM-IV)CLUSTER 1
•PARANOID
•SCHIZOID
CLUSTER 2 CLUSTER 3
•DISSOCIAL
•BORDERLINE•DEPENDENT
•ANXIOUS/ AVOIDANT
•ANANKASTIC
•HISTRIONIC
•SCHIZOTYPAL
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• New DSM – V due May 2013
After much debate – little change to classifications
• New ICD – 11 due 2015
Likely to move to Dimensions (how badly affected is the person) rather
than Categories (what type)
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Dissocial Personality Disorder
• Callous unconcern for the feelings of others
• Irresponsible. No regard for social norms, rules and obligations.
• Unable to maintain lasting relationships, though having no difficulty in starting them.
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Dissocial Personality Disorder
• Easily becomes frustrated, angry or violent.
• Not able to feel guilt or to profit from experience or punishment.
• Tends to blame others, or to offer explanations, for the behaviours that has brought the patient into conflict with society.
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“Psychopathy”
• Extreme form of antisocial/ dissocial personality disorder
• Psychopathy Check-List – Revised– Cold, callous self-centred, predatory
individuals– Strongly correlated with risk of future violence
• Narrower group than dissocial category – often also fulfil antisocial/ narcissistic/ histrionic and paranoid
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Borderline Personality Disorder
• Does NOT mean the person may or may not have a PD
• Historical terminology designating a condition on the “borderline” between Neurotic (anxiety/ phobias/ depression) and Psychotic (schizophrenia) conditions
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Borderline Personality Disorder
• BPD is called
Emotionally Unstable Personality Disorder in the ICD-10 classification
• It is sub-divided into – Impulsive Type
And– Borderline Type
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Borderline Personality Disorder
• Emotionally unstable.
• Person’s self-image, aims and internal preferences (including sexual) are often unclear or disturbed.
• Chronic feelings of emptiness.
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Borderline Personality Disorder
• Becomes involved in intense and unstable relationships, with repeated emotional crisis.
• Extreme efforts to avoid real or imagined abandonment.
• Recurrent suicidal threats, gestures and behaviours or self-harming behaviours.
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Borderline Personality Disorder
• Tend to act without considering consequences
• Lack of Impulse control
• Transient stress-related paranoid ideas or severe dissociative symptoms.
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Psychiatric Model of Personality Disorder
• Not very accurate, despite all efforts to pin categories down
• Looked at again for ICD-11 and DSM-V• People often fit more than one category• 2 people with BPD might have very
different symptoms• Types have been shown to alter and
change
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PSYCHODYNAMIC APPROACH
WHAT DOES IT OFFER?
• Theory of Unconscious motivations – not all “manipulative” behaviour is consciously under the person’s control
• Takes a developmental view
• Defence mechanisms – the way people have to act at times to protect themselves from overwhelming emotional states
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What does it offer? (cont)
• The way the person’s internal state impacts emotionally on others
• The importance of Attachment
• THESE ARE ALL TOOLS TO INCREASE UNDERSTANDING
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ATTACHMENT
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Healthy development
The caregiver’s emotionally attuned responses to the infant’s states becomes a source of information to the infant about his internal states
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When things go wrong
Still face experiment
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Overview of Brain Development
• How does a brain
become a brain?
– Adult brain weighs 3lb– Quadruples in size between birth and 6 years– White matter increases throughout childhood;
increasing speed of communication
The Anatomy of Mentalization: A view from developmental neuroimaging (Giedd 2003)
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Overview of Brain Development (2)
• Overproduction of cells• Competitive elimination – “survival of the fittest”• Arborisation and pruning• Sensitive periods of development• Enormous plasticity of developing brain
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This means that brain pathway development is affected by environmental (particularly Attachment) factors.
People with Personality disorder have problems with how their brain functions, particularly under stress
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Treatment/ Management
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Treatment/ Management
• Growing evidence for psychotherapy approaches – MBT, DBT – Long-term, fairly intensive treatment– Not widely available
• Growing consensus on general principles for good management – NICE guidelines, Integrated Care Pathway (ICP)
• Above mainly for BPD
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Management principles - NICE
• Manage endings and transitions• Training, supervision and support of staff• Specialist Psychological Treatment
PLUS• Structured care (incl. crisis management)• SHARED theoretical approach• No short term psychotherapy (<3 months)• Crisis – explore reason for distress/ empathic/
open questioning
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Management principles (from ICP for BPD)
• Promote reflection• Tolerate intense aggression/ hate• Set necessary limits• Understand dynamics and monitor the
relationship, thereby reducing the potential for splitting
• Monitor countertransference feelings with a view to using this to understand the patient’s difficulties
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Treatment/ Management
• Little evidence that standard psychiatric in-patient care is helpful – may be harmful
• Limited role for medication – poor evidence base– Important to treat co-morbid conditions– May be groups of symptoms that respond to
some medications
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Legislation
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Mental Health (care and treatment) (Scotland) Act 2003
MENTAL DISORDER
MENTAL ILLNESS
LEARNING DISABILITY
PERSONALITY DISORDER
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Use of Compulsory Measures and Personality Disorder
• PD is included in 2003 Mental Health Act, but people with PD often not thought to meet criteria for compulsory measures
• Requires that– “person has a mental disorder which causes their
ability to make decisions about treatment to be significantly impaired”
– ? Impaired decision making
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Use of Compulsory Measures and Personality Disorder
• CTO– requires that “medical treatment is
available which is likely to prevent disorder worsening or likely to alleviate the symptoms or effects of the disorder”
- and that there is significant risk to the patient or any other person if the patient were not provided with such treatment
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“Medical treatment”
is defined as :• Pharmacological or physical treatment (such as
ECT)• Psychological and social interventions• Nursing• Care• Habilitation – including education and training in
work, social and independent living skills• Rehabilitation
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Criminal Procedures (Scot) Act 1995, amended by MH(C&Tr)
(Scot) Act 2003• PD included in 2003 Act as mental disorder• Criterion of “significantly impaired ability to make
decisions about treatment” is EXCLUDED for mentally disordered offenders,
therefore• Issues of treatability are prominent• Treatability harder to argue for antisocial/
psychopathic disorders
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Treatability of Dissocial/ Antisocial disorders
• Many treatment models thought to be useful to some degree
– anger management, – CBT approaches, – therapeutic community models
No great evidence base for any of these
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Use of Compulsory Measures and Personality Disorder - FORENSIC
• Routine practice in Scotland NOT to admit on compulsory basis, individuals with a primary diagnosis of PD to forensic units
• Focus of forensic mental health services is on psychotic disorders
• 1976 Carstairs incident (Darjee and Crichton 2003)
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(cont)
• Challenges re “treatability” – unconditional discharge of a patient from Carstairs on grounds that he was untreatable - 1999
• Led to MH(public safety and appeals)(Scotland) Act 1999 – changed legislative definition of mental illness to include PD and added a criterion of serious risk to others – so untreatable restricted pts could still be detained
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Adults with Incapacity (Scotland) Act 2000
• Usually applies to people with Dementia/ Learning Disability/ Brain Injury
• Can also be used in other severe and enduring mental disorders where CAPACITY shown to be impaired
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AWI (Scotland) 2000 (cont.)
• For the purposes of the Act, 'incapable' means incapable of:
• acting on decisions; or• making decisions; or
– communicating decisions; or– understanding decisions; or– retaining the memory of decisions
• in relation to any particular matter due to mental disorder
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Adult Support and Protection (Scotland) Act 2007
• Adult is engaging (or is likely to engage) in conduct which causes (or is likely to cause) self-harm
• Almost the definition of many personality disorders
• Principles– Must provide benefit– Least restrictive