Personality and Value (Chap 4) 10019481

8/9/2019 Personality and Value (Chap 4) 10019481

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PersonalityPersonality

andandValuesValues

ChapterFOUR


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What is Personality?

Personality

The sum total of ways in which an individualreacts and interacts with others; measurabletraits a person exhibits.

Personality Traits

Enduring

characteristics thatdescribe anindividuals behavior.

Personality

Determinants

Heredity

Environment

Situation

Personality

Determinants

Heredity

Environment

Situation


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Sixteen

Primary

Traits


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The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator

Personality Types

Extroverted vs. Introverted (E or I)

Sensing vs. Intuitive (S or N)

Thining vs. !eeling (T or !)

"udging vs. Per#eiving (P or ")

S#ore is a #om$ination o%all %our (e.g.& ENT")

Personality Types Extroverted vs. Introverted (E or I)

Sensing vs. Intuitive (S or N)

Thining vs. !eeling (T or !)

"udging vs. Per#eiving (P or ")

S#ore is a #om$ination o%all %our (e.g.& ENT")

'yersriggs Type Indi#ator ('TI)

A personality test that taps four characteristicsand classies people into 1 of 1 personalitytypes.


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Meyers-Briggs, Continued

* 'eyersriggs s#ore

! "an be a valuable tool for self#awareness andcareer guidance

+T! $hould not be used as a selection tool because

it has not been related to %ob performance&&&


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The Big Five Model of Personality i!ensions

Extroversion$ociable' gregarious' and assertive

*greea$leness(ood#natured' cooperative' and trusting.

,ons#ientiousness)esponsible' dependable' persistent' and organi*ed.

-penness to Experien#e"urious' imaginative' artistic' and sensitive

Emotional Sta$ility

"alm' self#condent' secure under stress +positive,' versusnervous' depressed' and insecure under stress +negative,.


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Measuring Personality

Personality is 'easured y

Sel%report surveys -$serverrating surveys

Proe#tive measures

! Rorschach Inkblot Test

! Thematic ApperceptionTest


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Ma"or Personality #ttri$utes Influencing %B

,ore Sel%evaluation! Self-esteem

! Locus of Control

'a#hiavellianism

Nar#issism

Sel%monitoring

/is taing

Type * vs. Type personality

Proa#tive Personality


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Core &elf-'valuation( T)o Main Co!ponents

Sel% Esteem-ndividuals degree of liing or disliingthemselves.

0o#us o% ,ontrol

The degree to which people believe theyare masters of their own fate.Internals (Internal lo#us o% #ontrol)

-ndividuals who believe that theycontrol what happens to them.

Externals (External lo#us o% #ontrol)

-ndividuals who believe that whathappens to them is controlled byoutside forces such as luc orchance.


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Machiavellianis!

,onditions !avoring High 'a#hs

Dire#t intera#tion 1ith others

'inimal rules and regulations

Emotions distra#t %or others

,onditions !avoring High 'a#hs

Dire#t intera#tion 1ith others

'inimal rules and regulations

Emotions distra#t %or others

'a#hiavellianism ('a#h)

/egree to which an individual ispragmatic' maintains emotional distance'and believes that ends can %ustify means.


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*arcissis!

* Nar#issisti# Person

0as grandiose sense of self#importance

0)e2uires excessive admiration

0as a sense of entitlement

0-s arrogant

0Tends to be rated as less e3ective


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&elf-Monitoring

Sel%'onitoringA personality trait thatmeasures an individualsability to ad%ust his or her

behavior to external'situational factors.

High Sel%'onitors

/e#eive $etter per%orman#e

ratings 0iely to emerge as leaders

Sho1 less #ommitment to

their organi2ations

High Sel%'onitors

/e#eive $etter per%orman#e

ratings

0iely to emerge as leaders

Sho1 less #ommitment to

their organi2ations


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+is-Taing

High /istaing 'anagers! 4ae 2uicer decisions

! 5se less information to mae decisions

! 6perate in smaller and more entrepreneurialorgani*ations

0o1 /istaing 'anagers

! Are slower to mae decisions

!)e2uire more information before maingdecisions

! Exist in larger organi*ations with stableenvironments


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Personality TypesType *3s

. are al)ays !oving, )aling, and eating rapidly/

0. feel i!patient )ith the rate at )hich !ost events tae place/

1. strive to thin or do t)o or !ore things at once/

2. cannot cope )ith leisure ti!e/

3. are o$sessed )ith nu!$ers, !easuring their success in

ter!s of ho) !any or ho) !uch of everything they ac4uire.

Type 3s

. never suffer fro! a sense of ti!e urgency )ith its

acco!panying i!patience/

0. feel no need to display or discuss either their achieve!entsor acco!plish!ents/

1. play for fun and rela5ation, rather than to e5hi$it their

superiority at any cost/

2. can rela5 )ithout guilt.


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Personality Types

Proa#tive Personality

-dentiesopportunities' showsinitiative' taes

action' andperseveres untilmeaningful changeoccurs.

"reates positivechange in theenvironment'regardless or even in

spite of constraints or


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De%inition4 Mode of conduct or end state ispersonally or socially prefera$le 6i.e., )hat is right 7good8

!Terminal 7alues

esira$le 'nd &tates! -nstrumental 7alues

The )ays9!eans for achieving one:s ter!inalvalues

;alues


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I!portance of ;alues

Provide understanding o% the attitudes&motivation& and $ehaviors o% individuals and

#ultures.

In%luen#e our per#eption o% the 1orld around us.

/epresent interpretations o% 5right6 and 51rong.6

Imply that some $ehaviors or out#omes are

pre%erred over others.


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Types of ;alues


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Values in

the

/oea#h

Survey

E 7 H I I T 89

Source: M. +oeach, The Nature of Human

Values 6*e) =or( The Free Press, >18.


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Values in

the

/oea#h

Survey

(#ont3d)

E 7 H I I T 89 (#ont3d)

Source: M. +oeach, The Nature of Human

Values 6*e) =or( The Free Press, >18.


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Mean ;alue +anings of

'5ecutives, @nion

Me!$ers, and #ctivists

E 7 H I I T 88

Source: Based on W. C. Frederic and A. We$er, The ;alues of

Corporate Managers and Their Critics( #n '!pirical escription and

*or!ative I!plications, in W. C. Frederic and D. '. Preston 6eds.8

Business Ethics: Research Issues and Empirical Studies 6Ereen)ich,

CT( A#I Press, >>8, pp. 01


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;alues, Doyalty, and 'thical Behavior

Ethical Climate inEthical Climate inEthical Climate inEthical Climate in

Ethical Values anEthical Values an

!eha"iors of!eha"iors of

LeaersLeaers


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Po1er Distan#e

Individualism vs. ,olle#tivism

'as#ulinity vs. !emininity

+n#ertainty *voidan#e

0ongterm and Shortterm orientation

Values a#ross ,ultures4 Ho%stede3s

!rame1orfor assessing cultures


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Gofstede:s Fra!e)or for #ssessing Cultures

Po1er Distan#eThe extent to which a society acceptsthat power in institutions andorgani*ations is distributed une2ually.

Lowdistance9 relatively e2ual powerbetween those with status:wealth andthose without status:wealth

Highdistance9 extremely une2ualpower distribution between those withstatus:wealth and those withoutstatus:wealth


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Gofstede:s Fra!e)or 6cont:d8

,olle#tivism

A tight socialframewor in whichpeople expect others in

groups of which theyare a part to loo afterthem and protectthem.

Individualism

The degree to whichpeople prefer to act

as individuals ratherthan a member ofgroups.

Vs.


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'as#ulinity

The extent to whichthe society values worroles of achievement'

power' and control'and whereassertiveness andmaterialism are alsovalued.

!emininityThe extent towhich there is littledi3erentiation

between roles formen and women.

Vs.


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+n#ertainty *voidan#eThe extent to which a society feelsthreatened by uncertain and ambiguoussituations and tries to avoid them.

High +n#ertainty *voidan#e4

So#iety does not lie

am$iguous situations : tries to

avoid them.

0o1 +n#ertainty *voidan#e4

So#iety does not mind

am$iguous situations :

em$ra#es them.


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0ongterm -rientationA national cultureattribute thatemphasi*es the

future' thrift' andpersistence.

Shortterm -rientationA national cultureattribute thatemphasi*es the present

and the here and now.

Vs.


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#chieving Person-Ao$ Fit

Personality Types

/ealisti#

Investigative

So#ial

,onventional

Enterprising

*rtisti#

Personality Types

/ealisti#

Investigative

So#ial

,onventional

Enterprising *rtisti#

Personality"o$ !itTheory (Holland)

-denties sixpersonality types and

proposes that the tbetween personalitytype and occupationalenvironmentdetermines satisfactionand turnover.


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Holland3s

Typology o%

Personality

and

,ongruent

-##upations

E 7 H I I T 8;1,

>H3, >>0 $y Psychological #ssess!ent +esources, Inc. #ll rights reserved.


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%rganiational Culture Profile 6%CP8

+se%ul %or determining personorgani2ation %it

Survey that %or#es #hoi#es>ranings o%

one3s personal values

Help%ul %or identi%ying most importantvalues to loo %or in an organi2ation (in

e%%orts to #reate a good %it)

Personality and Value (Chap 4) 10019481

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