Personality
Transcript of Personality
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CHAPTER TWO
PERSONALITY
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Q: What is Personality?
A: are all people the same?
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PERSONALITY-DEFINITION
a. Salvatore MaddiPersonality is a stable set of characteristics and tendencies that determine those commonalties and differences in the psychological behaviour (thoughts, feelings and actions) of people that have continuity in time and that may not be easily understood as the sole result of the social and biological pressures of the moment.
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PERSONALITY-DEFINITION (Contd.)
b. Gordon AllportPersonality is the dynamic organization within the individual of those psychophysical systems that determines his unique adjustment to his environment.
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PERSONALITY-DEFINITION (Contd.)
c. R.T. HoganPersonality refers to the relatively stable pattern of behaviours and consistent internal states that explains a persons behavioural tendencies.
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PERSONALITY-DEFINITION (Contd.)
d. Stephen RobbinsPersonality is the sum total of ways in which an individual reacts and interacts with others.
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PERSONALITY DETERMINANTS
HEREDITY Vs. ENVIRONMENT NATURE Vs. NUTURE Also- SITUATION
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PERSONALITY AND OB
Personality and performance
Personality and work behaviour
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MAJOR PERSONALITY ATTRIBUTES INFLUENCING
OB1. Type A Behaviour2. Authoritarianism3. Bureaucratic4. Machiavellianism5. Locus of control6. Goal orientation
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1. TYPE A BEHAVIOUR
Restless, Impatient, Does several things at once, Starts another before completing
one, Schedules too many work in less
time, Has no time to relax and enjoy Is stress prone
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2. AUTHORITARIANISM
Blind acceptance of authority Conservation, strong parental
control Make good followers Dogmatic
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3. BUREAUCRATIC
Respect for authority not totally blind
Rule bound; do not take risks Better supervisors in routine,
repetitive, proceduralised work.
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4. MACHIAVELLIANISM
Cool, calculating Use others to serve their own goals Do not hesitate to lie Not swayed by friendship, trust,
loyalty. Exploit vulnerable people
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5. LOCUS OF CONTROL
Extent to which individuals believe they control their own lives
(internals) external factors control their
lives(external)
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6. GOAL ORIENTATION
Goal orientation Predisposition toLearning -develop new skills
and mastering new situations.
Performance -demonstrate and validate competence
by seeking favourable judgemet from others
and avoiding negative judgements.
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PERSONALITY THEORIES1. PSYCHO ANALYTICAL
THEORYFreud-unconscious nature of personality psycho analytical concepts:Id- reservoir of thoughts, biological pleasuresEgo- conscious in natureSuper ego- higher level of restraining force
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2. TRAIT THEORIES
Visualises personality as a reflection of certain traits of the individual
Many traits are common to most people
Some traits are unique to some people
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3. SELF CONCEPT THEORY
Personality and behaviour are largely determined by the individual himself.
We act in ways consistent with our image
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4. SOCIAL LEARNING THEORY
Personality more a result of social variables rather than biological drives.
Motives can be traced to known and conscious needs rather than unconscious desires
Learning by observation of others rather than interaction
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OTHER SIGNIFICANT PERSONALITY CONCEPTS
Risk taking propensity Self monitoring Self esteem
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PERSONALITY DIMENSIONS- PERSONALITY TRAITS
Personality traits are enduring characteristics that describe an individual’s behaviour.
Early research identified- 17,953 traits
R.B. Cattell reduced it to- 171 traits. He further reduced it to-16 primary
traits
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Cattell 16 PF
1. Reserved Vs. Outgoing2. Less intelligent Vs. More intelligent3. Affected by feeling Vs. Emotionally
stable4. Submissive Vs. Dominant5. Serious Va. Happy go lucky6. Expedient vs. Conscientious
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Cattell 16 PF (Contd.)
7. Timid Vs Venturesome8. Tough minded Vs. Sensitive9. Trusting Vs Suspicious10.Practical Vs Imaginative11. Forthright Vs Shrewd
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Cattell 16 PF (Contd.)
12. Self assured Vs. Apprehensive13. Conservative Vs. Experimenting14. Group dependant Vs. Self
sufficient15. Uncontrolled Vs. Controlled16. Relaxed Vs. Tense
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MYERS & BRIGS TYPE INDICATORS(MBIT)
1. E or I- Extroversion or Introversion
2. S or N- Sensing or Intuitive3. T or F- Thinking or Feeling4. J or P- Judging or Perceiving
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ESTJ- Corporate executives, organizers
ENTJ- Natural Leaders ISFJ- Have high sense of duty INTJ- Visionaries ENTP-Conceptualisers
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BIG FIVE PERSONALITY FACTORS- FACTOR 1
HIGH CONSCIENTIOUSNESS LOWFOCUSSED BALANCED FLEXIBLE
Stable, measures of Impulsive,Confident, reliability IrresponsibleCareful, Distracted,Organized, Disorganized,Dependable Unreliable,Persistent, Spontaneous,Cautious, Fun loving,Stubborn. Experimental.
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FACTOR 2
HIGH EMOTIONAL STABILITY LOWRESILIENT (ADJUSTMENT) REACTIVE
RESPONSIVE
Relaxed, measures of persons Depressed,Secure, ability to with Anxious,Calm, stand stress Indecisive,Poised, Have mood swings,Unflappable,
Insecure,Guilt free, Excitable,
Worrying,High strung.
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FACTOR 3
HIGH OPENESS TO EXPERIENCE LOW Explorer MODERATE PRESERVER
Creative, measures an Practical,Curious, individuals range Conservative,Artistically of interests Efficient,
sensitive, fascination to Expert,Broad interests, novelty Conventional,Impractical. Finds comfort in
familiar.
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FACTOR 4
HIGH AGREEABLENESS LOW ADAPTER NEGOTIATOR CHALLENGER
Courteous, measures Uncooperative,Good-natured, individuals Short tempered,Empathic, propensity to Irritable,Caring , defer to Cold,Warm, others Rude.Tactful,Considerate.
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FACTOR 5
HIGH SOCIABILITY LOW EXTROVERT AMBIVERT INTROVERT
Assertive, measures Private,Sociable, one’s comfort
Independent,Warm, level with Works alone,Optimistic, relationships Reserved,Talkative, Timid,Outgoing. Quiet,
Hard to read.
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HOLLANDS TYPOLOGY OF PERSONALITY AND CONGRUENT
OCCUPATIONSTYPE PERSONALITY
CONGRUENT (Prefers Activities) CHARACTERISTIC OCCUPATION1. Realistic: Shy, genuine, stable Mechanic, Skill, Strength Persistent, confirming farmer, Drill Press & coordination. practical. operator, assembly
line worker.2. Investigative: Analytical, original Biologist, Economist, Thinking, organizing Curious, Mathematician, & understanding. independent. News Reporter. 3). Social: Sociable, friendly Social worker,Helping & developing cooperative, Teacher, Counsellor,
Others. Understanding. Clinical psychologist.
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HOLLANDS TYPOLOGY (Contd.)
TYPE PERSONALITY CONGRUENT (Prefers Activities) CHARACTERISTIC OCCUPATION4. Conventional: Conforming, efficient, Accountant rule regulated, Orderly practical, unimaginative, Corporate managerunambiguous. in flexible. , Bank Teller, File
clerk.
5.Enterprising: self confident Lawyer, Real estateOpportunities to ambitious, energetic agent, Public
relations Influence others & domineering. & specialist,And attain power small-business manager.
6. Artistic: Imaginative, Partner,Ambiguous& disorderly, Musician,Unsystematic that idealistic, Writer,allow creative emotional, Interior decorator.expression. Impractical.
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CONCLUSION
Personality and job, occupation and organization fit.
Know your associates personality to function better.
Know your personality for self development.