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Personal Loan Data in Birmingham
For more information contact: Richard Browne – Partnership Manager Birmingham City Council [email protected] Background In December major lenders in the UK published details of borrowing to individuals and businesses at a local
level for the first time. This voluntary move by select institutions provides details of more than £1 trillion of
lending across Britain comprised of residential mortgage balances, loans to small and medium‐sized
enterprises (SMEs) and unsecured loans to personal customers.
The industry‐wide data has been compiled jointly by the British Bankers’ Association (BBA) and the Council
for Mortgage Lenders (CML).
This briefing note will focus on the “personal loan” data and outline what the level of borrowing is across
Birmingham.
The Data
The data set features only a select number of lenders. Participating lenders in the personal loan datasets
are: Barclays, Lloyds Banking Group, HSBC, RBS, Santander UK, Clydesdale & Yorkshire Banks and
Nationwide Building Society. Obviously there are a great deal of other lenders within the market, however
the institutions above account for about 60 per cent of bank lending to SMEs, 73 per cent of mortgage
lending and 60 per cent of unsecured personal loan markets in Britain.
Individual institutions have released their own data, with the BBA and CML providing aggregated totals.
Data has been released at a postcode sector level, and show a simple total amount outstanding balances
that have been advanced to, and drawn down by, borrowers (explanation of postcode sectors is outlined
below) as of the end of June 2013. Personal loan figures are based on Bank of England reporting
classifications, and reflect unsecured borrowing by individuals and households. The data does not show
the number of loans.
As already stated this information is only a snapshot of the whole picture of personal lending. The figures
for participating lenders represent under 30% of the total national unsecured credit market and around
60% of all personal loans. There is a need to be careful when interpreting local level information as it will
not necessary truly representative of the picture of unsecured credit as a whole. Indeed in Birmingham our
diverse population may mean that there are higher proportions of residents who use alternate providers.
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What is a postcode sector and how do they relate to Birmingham?
A postcode has two parts, an Outward and Inward code, separated by a space
A postcode operates at four levels – Area, District, Sector and Unit. There are 9,000 postcode sectors in the
UK. The diagram below shows how the B4 7DG postcode relates to these different levels.
Area District Sector Unit
B 4 7 DG
To ensure customer confidentiality, data is sometimes not disclosed such as where fewer than 10
borrowers exist in the sector or where borrowing is highly concentrated in a small number of the largest
borrowers in the sector. In addition individual lenders are not obliged to publish borrowing at sector level if
they hold less than 10 per cent of SME borrowing, 3 per cent of mortgages or 3 per cent of personal loans
in a sector. Although when applied to the aggregate dataset, the total value of borrowing that needs to be
redacted is relatively small (less than 0.5 per cent of personal loans).
Postcodes are not uniform and the population and geographical size of postcode sectors vary greatly. They
are also not conterminous with other boundaries such as local authorities, wards and constituencies.
For example the postcode area for “Birmingham” (228 sectors) is much larger than the local authority
boundary area for Birmingham City Council, incorporating areas such as Bromsgrove, Redditch, Tamworth
and parts of Solihull (shown below left). Where the published data summarises “Birmingham” it is for this
area and not the local authority boundary. However to make this data more meaningful for local decision
makers, this briefing looks at only those postcode sectors which relate to the Birmingham boundary (below
right – 126 sectors).
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Postcode
Sector
Loan per
Adult
population
B5 5 £125.39
B15 1 £167.23
B12 0 £211.45
B29 6 £246.39
B19 3 £267.22
B1 1 £269.45
B18 4 £277.68
B29 7 £292.87
B15 2 £300.83
B12 8 £319.29
Postcode
Sector
Loan per
Adult
population
B76 2 877.75£
B45 9 861.87£
B31 5 804.80£
B30 3 804.54£
B31 1 771.56£
B44 8 749.00£
B32 4 747.48£
B38 8 743.79£
B32 3 739.29£
B42 2 738.96£
What does the Birmingham data tell us?
Number of
Postcode Sectors
Total Population
(Census 2011)
Total Population
18+ Census
Total Unsecured
Personal Loans
Average per
capita
Average per
Adult (18+)
England
Average
per capita
England
Average per
Adult (18+)
126 1,122,074 838,352 462,956,113£ 412.59£ 552.22£ £ 488.51 £ 621.40
Totalling the outstanding loans in the126 postcode sectors aligned to Birmingham City boundary indicates
that there is £462,956,113 still outstanding (the figure for the “Birmingham” postcode area is
£852,449,764). While the absence of data showing the number of loans in each postcode sector makes it
impossible to get a true reflection of the average loan in each area; by using census data, it is possible to
get a better comparison of areas by looking at the value of loans per capita (both total population and that
of adults). As the table above indicates the average per capita for both total population and adults only is
less than the England average.
The postcode sectors with the largest population will usually have the highest levels of personal loans.
However, using per capita information the table and maps below shows those 2011 Census it is possible to
show the postcode sectors with the highest level of personal loans on a per capita basis. The areas where
the lowest loans per adult were recorded where a mixture of inner city areas, sectors with high student
residents, and more deprived areas. These are areas are outlined in detail in the appendix.
Highest loan levels Lowest Loan Levels
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Mapping personal loan data
The following pages show the personal loan data across Birmingham in a number of ways. All maps seem
to indicate that there is lower level of lending in inner city areas of Birmingham, both in terms of volume of
outstanding loans and loans per capita. However without the number of individual transactions or loans,
itis difficult to draw completely accurate conclusions from this information.
The maps display the information in the following ways:
MAP 1: Value of Personal Lending Loans – This map just looks at the raw aggregated value of outstanding
loans in each postcode sector.
MAP 2: Value of Personal Loans per Capita – This map uses the Census 2011 population estimates for each
postcode sector to provide a rate of lending per person in the sector.
MAP 3: Value of Personal Loans per Adult – This map uses the Census 2011 population estimates for each
postcode sector to provide a rate of lending per adult in the sector.
MAP 4: Average Loan vs England Average – this compares the personal loans per capita calculated above
with the England average per capita amount (Note this vs England average NOT UK average)
MAP 5: Average Loan vs England Average (Adults) – this compares the personal loans per capita calculated
above with the England average per adult amount (Note this vs England average NOT UK average)
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Lending versus Deprivation
One interesting piece of analysis that can be undertaken with this data is to see if there is any correlation between lending and levels of deprivation in local areas. There are a number of ways of measuring deprivation.
1. One of the most established is to use the Indices of Deprivation published by the Department for Communities and Local Government (most recently in 2010) which attempt to measure a broad concept of ‘multiple deprivation’, made up of several distinct dimensions, or domains, of deprivation. The Index of Multiple Deprivation 2010 can be used to rank every Lower Super Output Area1 in England according to their relative level of deprivation. Each LSOA in the country is given an IMD “score” which is relative to the national position. Each LSOA is also “ranked” on its position out of the other 32,000+ LSOAs in the country.
2. Another way is to use the Census 2011 “Households by deprivation dimensions” dataset. This dataset provides 2011 estimates that classify households in England and Wales by four dimensions of deprivation: Employment, Education, Health and disability, and Household overcrowding. A household is classified as being deprived in none, or one to four of these dimensions in any combination.
These datasets have been mapped below. The IMD maps shows those LSOA in Birmingham which are in the top 1%, 3%, 5% 10% areas nationally. The Census map shows the proportion of households in each postcode sector which hare deprived in AT LEAST two of the dimensions above.
The maps are shown below against the lending per adults maps shown earlier. As mentioned it appears on the surface there is some correlation between deprived areas and areas of lower lending. However this is not conclusive.
1 Super Output Areas (SOAs) are a geography designed for the collection and publication of small area statistics. They typically have a population of around 1,500 people.
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To try and get a more definitive view on whether there is correlation, the charts below plot the deprivation
of each postcode sector (as defined by the census) against the lending per adult in each sector. As the
charts indicate there is a small level of correlation (especially with the proportion of households with at
least 1 domain) although these correlations are not really statistically significant.
Summary
This data does help establish a picture of lending practices within Birmingham, and on the surface there
does seem to be some geographical disparity in lending. However, while this new data is welcomed, it is
many ways limited. It would be helpful additional datasets an data attributes such as released by the
United State Federal Reserve in their data set (HDMA). Additional information could include: the number
of transactions; the applicants ethnicity; the individual loan amounts; the number of loan denials and
perhaps markers on the amount of interest people are paying. This will increase the ability to look at
ethnic and geographic disparities in lending.
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Appendix 1 – Areas of Zero lending or data not available
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Appendix 2 ‐ Locations of lowest loans per adult lending
Postcode Sector: B5 5 £125.40 per adult.
This area covers parts of the city centre,
including Digbeth, the Bullring and parts of
Deritend.
Postcode Sector: B15 1 £167.23 per adult.
This area covers parts of theare around 5 ways island
Postcode Sector: B12 0 £211.45 per adult.
This area covers Highgate and parts of DIgbeth
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Postcode Sectors: B29 6 £246.39 per
adult and B29 7 £292.87 per adult
This area covers predomoniatley student
areas of Selly Oak and Selly Park.
Postcode Sector: B19 3 £267.21 per adult
Mostly industrial area of Newtown and
Hockley
Postcode Sector: B1 1 £269.45 per adult
City Centre area around Holloway Head
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Postcode Sector: B18 4 £277.68 per adult
Area covering Winson Green area
Postcode Sector: 15 2 £300.83 per adult
Large sector covering University of Bimringham’s campuses,
the Queen Elizabth hospital and more affluent areas of
Edgbaston.
Postcode Sector : B12 8 £319.29 per adult
Sector covering Balsall Heath