Persian Gulf War. Iran-Iraq War (1980-1988) US “tilted” toward Iraq.
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Transcript of Persian Gulf War. Iran-Iraq War (1980-1988) US “tilted” toward Iraq.
Persian Gulf War
Iran-Iraq War (1980-1988)
• US “tilted” toward Iraq
How can the US aid a terrorist nation like Iraq?
Removed Iraq from the list of state sponsored
terrorist countries (1983)
US Helped Iraq during Iran-Iraq War
• Gave Iraq $200 million in arms– Set up credit and secret bank loans
• Approved shipments of biological agents for research, including anthrax
Problem: An Iraqi Frankenstein
• Iraq -4th largest army by 1991
Iraq invasion of KuwaitAugust 2,1990
Results of Iraqi Invasion
Oil Reserves
• Iraq = 10%• Kuwait = 10%
• Saudi Arabia = 25%
UN Resolution 660
• Condemned invasion and
said Iraq must withdraw from
Kuwait immediately
• Deadline:
January 15, 1991 War was a last resort option only
Operation Desert Shield
Troops (Persian Gulf War)• United States• Saudi Arabia• Turkey• United Kindgom• Egypt• Syria• France• Kuwait• Pakistan• Canada
• Spain
• Bangladesh
• Morocco
• United Arab Emirates
• Oman
• Niger
• Afghanistan
• Bahrain
• Czechoslovakia
• Netherlands
• Honduras
Ships, Planes, or Medical Units• Afghanistan
• Argentina
• Australia
• Belgium
• Canada
• Czechoslovakia
• Denmark
• Greece
• Hungary
• Italy
• Netherlands
• New Zealand
• Norway
• Poland
• Portugal
• Qatar
• Romania
• Senegal
• South Korea
International Support
Turkey• Access: Military Air Bases
Germany and Japan• Each $8 billion in aid
Congressional Vote
House
250 – 183
Senate
52 - 47
Narrow authorization for use of force against Iraq
General “Stormin’” Norman Schwarzkopf
Operation Instant Thunder January 17, 1991
• 109,876 sorties in 43 days
What Do You Bomb in War?
Bombing Targets
• A-A Facilities• Power Grids
• Communication Systems• Fuel Supplies
• Transportation SystemsColonel
“Mad John”
Warden
“Destroy enemy but not the people”
Live War Reporting
Circle of Error
World War II
Circle of ErrorPersian Gulf
Saddam’s Reaction
1. Lit oil fires in Kuwait.
2. Dumped a million barrels of oil into the Persian Gulf.
3. Launched SCUD missiles into Israel.• 39 fired, 74 killed
Ground War (February 23 – 27)
690,000 Troops (540,000 American)
Persian Gulf War Battles
• Battle of Khafi
• Battle of 73 Easting
• Battle of Norfolk
Battle of Medina RidgeFebruary 27, 1991
• US lost 1 killed and 4 Abrams hit• Iraq lost 186 tanks and 127 APCs
Dhahran Scud AttackFebruary 25
28 killed and 99 wounded
Iraqi Withdrawal
February 26
Kuwaiti Oil Fires
Iraqi Quitting or Regrouping?
B-52
StratofortressA-10
Thunderbolt
Easy Target?
“Sheep in a Barrel”
Highway of Death February 26-27, 1991
• Over 10,000 Iraqis killed• Over 2,000 vehicles destroyed• Used napalm, phosphorous, and incendiary bombs
– Outlawed by 1977 Geneva protocols
Highway of Death
Iraqi SoldierNapalm Death
Ground War = 100 Hours
Why the US did not invade Iraq?
“Whose life would be on my hands as the commander-in-chief because I, unilaterally,
went beyond the international law, went beyond the stated mission, and said we're
going to show our macho? We're going into Baghdad. We're going to be an occupying
power — America in an Arab land — with no allies at our side. It would have been
disastrous.“
-President George H. W. Bush (1998)
“And the question in my mind is, how many additional American causalities is Saddam worth? And the answer is, not that damn many. So, I think we got it right, both when we decided to expel
him from Kuwait, but also when the President made the decision that we’d achieved our objectives and were not
going to get bogged down in the problems of trying to take over and
govern Iraq.”
Secretary of
Defense
DickCheney
Results of the Persian Gulf War
• Victory – “Kicked the Vietnam Syndrome”• Herby’s popularity -89%• Human Cost -148 killed, 458 wounded• Economic Cost -$7 billion (Total $61 billion)• Oil prices down• Powell Doctrine worked
The Recipe for Success:The Powell Doctrine
• Military action as a last resort
• Overwhelming / Disproportionate
Force
• Exit Strategy
Dan Quayle and “Potatoe”
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yTwAGmDLW4M
Kuwait
• Sovereignty
• Lit 732 oil fires
United Nations
• An international organization has stopped an aggressor for the second time.
• Korean War
Iraq
• Lost (Withdrew from Kuwait)
Iraqi Military (post war)(or what is left of it)
• Military Personnel– 100,000 killed– 300,000 wounded
• Military destroyed– 4,000 tanks– 2,140 artillery pieces– 1,856 APC– 7 helicopters– 240 planes
Iraq (Civilian Destruction)
• Electrical Capacity– 4%
• Water Capacity– 5-10%
• Harvard Medical Team– Over 170,000 Iraqi
children were killed as a result of the Persian Gulf War
Protected
Kurds (North)
Shiites (South)
No Fly Zones
UN Resolution 687Must fully disclose all chemical, biological, and
nuclear weapons.
• Destroyed over 100 Scuds, 70 tons of nerve gas and 400 tons of mustard gas.
Oil For Food Program
• Iraq can only exchange oil for food.