Persia

Achaemenid Empire (558-330 B.C.)

• Medes and Persians migrated from central Asia to Persia before 1000 B.C.

• The Medes and Persians were a considerable military power

• Cyrus the Achaemenid ruled from 558-530 B.C. and launched the Persians’ first imperial venture

• Darius reigned from 521 to 486 and expanded the empire both east and west

Darius

• Darius’ empire stretched some 1,865 miles from the Indus River in the east to the Aegean Sea in the west and 933 miles from Armenia in the north to the first cataract of the Nile in the south

• Population of some 35 million people encompassing over 70 distinct ethnic groups– Description of the construction of the palace at Susa

testifies to the diversity of the empire

Palace at Susa

… the sun-dried brick was molded, the Babylonian people -- it did (these tasks). The cedar timber, this -- a mountain named Lebanon -- from there was brought. The Assyrian people, it brought it to Babylon; from Babylon the Carians and the Ionians brought it to Susa. The yakâ-timber was brought from Gandara and from Carmania. The gold was brought from Sardis and from Bactria, which here was wrought. The precious stone lapis lazuli and carnelian which was wrought here, this was brought from Sogdiana. The precious stone turquoise, this was brought from Chorasmia, which was wrought here. The silver and the ebony were brought from Egypt.

Palace at Susa

The ornamentation with which the wall was adorned, that from Ionia was brought. The ivory which was wrought here, was brought from Ethiopia and from Sind and from Arachosia. The stone columns which were here wrought, a village named Abiradu, in Elam -- from there were brought. The stone-cutters who wrought the stone, those were Ionians and Sardians. The goldsmiths who wrought the gold, those were Medes and Egyptians. The men who wrought the wood, those were Sardians and Egyptians. The men who wrought the baked brick, those were Babylonians. The men who adorned the wall, those were Medes and Egyptians.

Darius• Governing such a far-flung empire would

be a more difficult challenge than conquering it

• Darius was an excellent administrator• He arrived at a finely tuned balance

between central initiative and local administration

• Centralization– Authority– Persepolis– Royal Road– Standardized taxes

• Localization– Satraps– Tolerance

Authority: Centralization

• Achaemenid rulers held the official title of “The Great King, King of Kings, King of Persia, King of Countries”

• Darius ruled by the grace of Ahura Mazda, the Zoroastrian god of light– "A great god is Ahura Mazda, who created the earth,

who created the sky, who created man, who created happiness for man, who made Darius king.”

• Zoroastrianism was a Persian religion which emphasized the duality of good and evil and the role of individuals in determining their own fate

Authority: Centralization

• King’s decision on all matters of policy was final

• King was commander-in-chief of the army and ceremoniously took his position in the center of the formation– There he was protected

by an elite royal bodyguard

The Greeks called the bodyguard the Ten Thousand Immortals

Persepolis: Centralization

• Soon after Darius came to power he began centralizing his administration

• About 520 he began building a new capital in Persepolis– Would become the

nerve center of the Persian empire Palace of Darius

Persepolis: Centralization

• Persepolis had vast reception halls, lavish royal residences, and a well-protected treasury

• It was designed to be not just an administrative center but also a monument to the Achaemenid dynasty

Gate of All Nations at entrance to city

Persepolis: Centralization

• Persepolis was full of advisors, ministers, diplomats, scribes, accountants, translators, and other bureaucratic officials

• Governors served as agents of the central administration to oversee affairs in the various regions

Persepolis is near modern day Shiraz in Iran

Satraps: Localization

• Darius divided the kingdom into 23 satrapies– Administrative and

taxation districts governed by satraps

• Satraps were royal appointees, often members of the royal dynasty by birth or marriage– Satrapies tended to

become virtually hereditary domains

Satrap receiving a visitor

Satraps: Localization

• Principal duty of the satrap was to collect taxes and deliver them to the central treasury

• Before Darius, Cyrus had accepted irregular, periodic “gifts” as tribute from subject lands and cities

• Though often lavish, these gifts did not provide a consistent and reliable source of income– Darius changed all that

Standardized Taxes: Centralization

• Darius replaced the irregular payments with formal tax levies

• Each satrapy was required to pay a set quantity of silver– and in some cases a levy of horses and slaves also– to the imperial court

• In order to expedite payments, he issued standard coins

Gold coin issued by Darius, known after him

as a daric

Localization: Legal Tolerance

• Darius did not abolish the existing laws of individual lands and peoples

• He had no uniform law code for the entire empire

• He did direct legal experts to codify the laws of the subject people and modify them as necessary to harmonize them with the legal principles observed by the empire as a whole

Localization: Religious Tolerance

• “Now then, Tattenai, governor of Trans-Euphrates, and Shethar-Bozenai and you, their fellow officials of that province, stay away from there. Do not interfere with the work on this temple of God. Let the governor of the Jews and the Jewish elders rebuild this house of God on its site.”– Ezra 6: 6-7

• Darius also funded the project and provided harsh penalties for anyone who interfered

Royal Road: Centralization

• The Royal Road stretched 1,600 miles from the Aegean port of Ephesus to Sardis in Anatolia, through Mesopotamia along the Tigris River, to Susa in Iran, with an extension to Pasargadae and Persepolis

• Caravans took 90 days to travel the route

• Inns along the way provided lodging

• The road was well policed for safety

Royal Road: Centralization

• Darius established 111 postal stations at 25 to 30 mile intervals along the route

• Each station kept a fresh supply of horses so couriers could travel the entire route in one week– Like the Pony Express

• Herodotus praised the couriers saying, “Neither snow nor rain nor heat nor gloom of night stays these couriers from the swift completion of their appointed rounds.”– Motto of the US Postal Service

Checks and Balances

• Since the satraps were often far away from Persepolis, there was always the possibility they might ally with local groups and become independent of the central authority

• To prevent this Darius:– Placed a contingent of military officers and tax

collectors in each satrapy to serve as a check on the satrap’s power and influence

– Appointed agents to serve as “the eyes and ears of the king” by traveling throughout the empire conducting surprise audits and gathering intelligence

Alexander the Great

• Ultimately the Persian Empire is going to fall to Alexander the Great in 330 B.C.– We’ll talk about the military conquests of

Alexander in Lesson 20

• Alexander is going to have an even larger empire and he will rely largely on established Persian institutions such as the satrapies to govern it

How were populations controlled by the Persians?

• Combination of centralization and localization– Centralization

• Authority• Persepolis• Royal Road• Standardized taxes

– Localization• Satraps• Tolerance